Cardioprotective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Lignum dalbergiae odoriferae on rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Aim Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge （SM） and lignum dalbergiae odoriferae （DO） are both traditional Chi- nese medicine that have cardioprotective effects. Here, we further examined the combined effects of SM and DO on rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. The possible mechanism of SM and DO also were elucidated. Methods DO was divided into aqueous extract of lignum dalbergiae odoriferae （DOW） and lignum dalbergiae odoriferae oil （DOO）. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to seven groups： sham group, model group, treatment groups inclu- ding SM （10 g · kg^-1）, DOW （5 g · kg^-1）, DOO （0.5 ml · kg^-1）, SM ＋ DOW （10 g · kg^-1 ＋ 5 g · kg^-1）, SM ＋ DOO （ 10 g · kg^-1 ＋ 0. 5 ml · kg^-1）. Rats were pretreated with homologous drug for 7 days and then subjec- ted to 30 rain of ischemia followed by 180 rain of reperfusion. Electrocardiogram （ECG） and heart rate were moni- tored and recorded continuously. At the end of reperfusion, blood samples were collected to determine the serum levels of creatine kinase-MB （CK-MB） and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）. Hearts were harvested to assess heart- body rate, infarct size and histopathological changes as well. Maximum and minimum effective points were deter- mined by measuring indicators associate with myocardial injury at different time-points of reperfusion （Smin, 15min, 30min, 45rain, 60min, 120min, 180min）. The potential therapeutic mechanism of SM and SM ＋ DOO were carried out by detecting superoxide dismutase （SOD）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-alpha） and interleukin 6 （IL-6）. Results The results showed SM and DO can ameliorate cardiac function respectively, and this cardioprotective effect was further strengthened by their combinations. Among all the combi- nations, SM ＋ DOO showed predominant potential to improve ECG and heart rate, reduce heart-body rate （28.5% ＋ 1.4% , P 〈 0.01 vs model） and myocardial infarct size （ 20.96% ＋ 1.61% , P 〈 0.01 vs model, P 〈 0.05 vs SM） , attenuate histopathological damage, decrease the levels of CK-MB and LDH （P 〈 0.01 vs model, P 〈 0.05 vs SM）. The maximum effective points of SM and SM ＋ DOO were 15min and 30rain respectively, and the minimum effective points of them were 180rain. In reducing serum level of MDA, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and increasing SOD activ- ity, SM ＋ DOO was similar to SM. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that SM ＋ DOO have combined effects that are highly effective than single pretreatment against myocardial ischemie reperfusion injury in rats. The possible mechanism of SM and DO were likely through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and thus may be an effective and promising medicine for both prophylaxis and treatment of ischemic heart disease.

Medical Culture about Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum and its Maritime Silk Road

Initially,Chen Xiang(沉香Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum)was exotic,but it has been playing an important role in the development of traditional Chinese culture and medicine.This article explores the reason for differences in the quality of ancient and modern Chen Xiang(沉香Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum)by analyzing the essential factors including the prosperity and decline of Maritime Silk Road,the relocation of the producing area,and the process of aroma forming.Based on the development and application of Chen Xiang(沉香Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum)in Chinese literature and art,traditional Chinese medicine,and folk life over the past 2000-odd years,this article puts contends that Chen Xiang(沉香Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum),which is endowed with the connotation of Chinese culture and health,should assume its new role as the traditional Chinese medical and cultural carrier on the New Silk Road.

Development of Pharmacological Effects of Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum

Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum is a common medicine for regulating qi.As an ancient medicinal material,Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine.Therefore,this paper introduced the research and progress of pharmacological action of Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum in detail,which lays a foundation for further research and development of Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum.

Study on Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis Effect of Lignum Xanthocerais Sorbifoliae Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objectives]To explore the anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of Lignum Xanthocerais Sorbifoliae by network pharmacology method.[Methods]The chemical constituents and action targets of Lignum Xanthocerais Sorbifoliae were collected by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP).Target genes of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)were obtained from TTD database.ClusterProfiler was used for gene ontology(GO)enrichment,and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment and screening of active component-target core network.[Results]There were 24 intersecting targets between active components and diseases.The analysis of GO enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment indicated that the therapeutic effect of Lignum Xanthocerais Sorbifoliae on rheumatoid arthritis might be related to AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,IL-17 signaling pathway,rheumatoid arthritis pathway,C-type signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.13 drug active components[flavanes,dihydroflavonoids,stigmasterol,oleanolic acid,kaempferol,ellagic acid,Terchebulin B,Copaene,(Z)-β-Caryophyllene,Aromadendrene,β-Elemene,emodin]and 12 core targets(TNF,IL6,ALOX5,MAPK14,PPARA,AKR1B1,CCR5,PLA2G1B,ADAM17,MMP1,PTGS1,SYK)constituted a core network.[Conclusions]This study could provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of RA with Lignum Xanthocerais Sorbifoliae preparation.

基于网络药理学研究沉香在睡眠障碍及焦虑疾病中的作用机制

目的用网络药理学探讨沉香在睡眠障碍及焦虑疾病中的作用机制。方法在Tcmsp和Herb数据库中搜索并下载沉香对应的小分子化合物的数据,然后从Herb数据库中搜索并下载小分子化合物对应的靶基因及睡眠障碍和焦虑(sleep disorders and anxiety)对应的靶基因,并用Cytoscape构建药物-成分-靶点-疾病网络。基于Gene Ontology(GO)数据库、KEGG Pathway Database生物化学通路的数据库,对候选基因进行功能富集分析,用STRING进行蛋白质之间交互作用关系(protein-protein interaction,PPI)分析。结果筛选得到沉香的小分子化合物112个,获得其相对应的靶点,自Herb数据库中搜索得到睡眠障碍及焦虑对应点基因831个,得到成分与疾病关键靶点82个。其中zoomaric acid,6,7-dimethoxy-2-(27-phenylethyl)chromone,acetic acid可能是沉香治疗睡眠障碍及焦虑的重要成分;SRC、CTNNB1、TNF、PPARG、FOS等基因可能是沉香治疗睡眠障碍及焦虑的重要潜在靶点。GO富集分析结果显示,靶点涉及1279个生物过程条目、97个细胞成分条目、123个分子功能条目。KEGG共富集到116条通路,主要涉及癌症通路、多巴胺能突触、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、乳腺癌等关键通路。结论沉香中的zoomaric acid,6,7-dimethoxy-2-(27-phenylethyl)chromone,acetic acid可能是治疗焦虑及睡眠障碍的成分,活性成分可能通过作用于SRC、CTNNB1、TNF、PPARG、FOS靶点发挥治疗焦虑及睡眠障碍的作用。

苏木有效成分抗动脉粥样硬化的实验研究进展

中药苏木性平,味甘、咸,归心、肝、脾经,具有活血祛瘀、消肿止痛的功效。药理研究发现苏木有效成分可大致分为巴西苏木素类、原苏木素、高异黄酮、查尔酮类等,具有降血脂、抗炎、抗氧化、抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡、抗血栓形成及扩张血管等作用。基于动脉粥样硬化是导致心血管疾病的病理基础,且具有明显的病理分期,因此本文就近年来苏木在动脉粥样硬化进程中各时期作用机制的实验研究进行归纳总结,以期为及早防治动脉粥样硬化及心血管疾病提供参考。

Inhibitory activities of Lignum Sappan extractives on growth and growth-related signaling of tumor cells

AIM: To investigate the active constituents of Lignum Sappan(Caesalpinia sappan L.) on growth-related signaling and cell mitosis. METHOD: The influence of the ethyl acetate(EtOAc) extract of Lignum Sappan and its constituents on growth-related signaling were evaluated by a luciferase assay in cells stably- transfected with NF-κB, STAT1, or STAT3 responsive luciferase reporter plasmid. The inhibitory effect on the cell cycle was determined by flow cytometric analysis. The anti-tumor activities were assessed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The EtOAc extract of Lignum Sappan had inhibitory activities on growth-related signaling and cell mitosis. Three major active compounds were sappanchalcone, brazilin, and butein. Sappanchalcone blocked cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase, brazilin inhibited TNFα/NF-κB signaling, while butein inhibited IL-6/STAT3 signaling, as well as TNFα/NF-κB signaling. The three compounds all demonstrated cytotoxic activities against human tumor cells in vitro. In a S180 tumor cell-bearing mice model, the anti-tumor efficacy of the EtOAc extract was better than the individual compounds acting alone. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that Lignum Sappan contains multiple active compounds with different antitumor activities, which act synergistically to enhance their anti-tumor effects. The EtOAc extract of Lignum Sappan may be better than individual active constituent as a novel medicine for the treatment of cancer.

苏木对肺癌干细胞荷瘤小鼠原发肿瘤CD44v6表达的影响

目的研究苏木对肺癌干细胞样细胞PG-BE1荷瘤小鼠原发瘤中CD44v6蛋白表达的影响。方法利用无血清培养法分选PG-BE1细胞中的干细胞样细胞,将干细胞样细胞亚群接种于小鼠下肢脚垫。采用药物对小鼠进行干预,第21天剥取小鼠原发瘤组织,采用Western Blot法、免疫组化法检测原发瘤组织CD44v6的表达。结果原发瘤重方面,苏木联合顺铂组较空白组、苏木组和顺铂组减少(P<0.05)。苏木加顺铂组较顺铂组、苏木组、空白组CD44V6表达较少(P<0.05)。免疫组化法检测苏木在原发瘤组织中CD44v6均有表达。结论苏木可以协同顺铂减少CD44v6蛋白的表达从而增加肺癌干细胞样细胞荷瘤小鼠模型原发肿瘤的抑瘤率。

Inhibitory effect of Sumu(Lignum Sappan) plus Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata) on a lung carcinoma model

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of Sumu(Lignum Sappan) plus Fuzi(Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata)(SF) on the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma.METHODS: A lung carcinoma model was established by subcutaneously inoculating Lewis lung carcinoma cells into C57 BL/6 mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups of 13 mice(control, low-dose, moderate-dose, and high-dose), and gavaged once-daily for 21 consecutive days. The rates of tumor inhibition, metastasis, and metastasis inhibition were observed. The differential expressions of s P-selectin and vascular endothelial growth factor C(VEGFC) were compared between the treatment groups and the control group.RESULTS: The tumor weights differed significantly between the treatment groups and the control group(P < 0.05). Administration of SF in the moderate-dosage and low-dose groups significantly inhibited the expression of s P-selectin and VEGFC(both P < 0.05), suggesting anti-tumor activity.CONCLUSION: SF can inhibit the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma.

基于VOSviewer和CiteSpace的沉香知识图谱可视化分析

目的使用VOSviewer和CiteSpace软件对沉香相关文献进行可视化分析。方法在中国知网和Web of Science数据库中检索1993年11月至2023年11月与沉香研究相关的中英文文献,采用VOSviewer 1.6.19和CiteSpace 6.2.R4软件分别对作者、机构及关键词等进行可视化分析,并结合可视化图谱对沉香研究现状和热点趋势进行分析。结果共纳入沉香相关文献2121篇,其中中文文献1573篇,英文文献548篇,中文文献发文量较多的是魏建和、梅文莉和高晓霞团队,英文文献发文量较多的是戴好富、杨云团队。机构合作分析结果显示,中国医学科学院/北京协和医学院药用植物研究所为中英文文献发文量最多的研究机构。关键词共现、聚类及突现分析结果显示,中文文献侧重于真伪鉴别、化学成分和用药规律研究等,英文文献更侧重于2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones、essential oil和chromone derivative等有效成分的药理活性研究。结论沉香研究受国内外学者重视,中国在该领域的贡献较大;成分研究、质量控制、真伪鉴别、药理作用及作用机制等均是前沿方向,可成为沉香今后的研究热点。

降香药材质量标准历史沿革与现状分析

20世纪60年代以后,本草书籍及各地方标准中降香药材的来源已变为降香檀的心材部位,在质量评价时通常以色紫红、质硬、不带外皮和边材、油润、香气浓者为佳。然而,由于降香供不应求,市场上充斥着伪劣产品,亟须调整相关质量标准以规范降香药材市场。对降香质量标准、炮制规范和商品规格进行综述,以期为降香质量标准的提升和规范研究提供参考。

名中医帅焘主任医师巧用沉香、檀香和木香护脾胃的物质及分子生物学基础概述

目的:分析名中医帅焘主任医师巧用沉香、檀香和木香护脾胃的物质及分子生物学基础,从现代医药学角度阐明帅焘主任医师巧用沉香、檀香和木香的科学依据。方法:借助网络药理学研究方法,收集沉香、檀香和木香的主要活性成分及作用靶标,并与脾胃相关的11种疾病:十二指肠炎、十二指肠溃疡、胃炎、胃溃疡、肠胃气胀、肠吸收不良、肠憩室、肠血管供应不足、胆石病、慢性支气管炎和动脉粥样硬化的靶标进行关联分析。结果:沉香、檀香、木香的主要化学成分有78、72、150种,分别为2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物、倍半萜类和萜类;沉香、檀香和木香均是多成分、多靶标参与调理脾胃虚弱、运化失常、气机升降失调。沉香、檀香和木香与11种疾病均有共同靶标分别为8、6和5个,活性成分为21、10和16种;除IL-6外,沉香、檀香和木香三味中药与11种相关疾病无共有靶标,也无共有活性成分。结论:沉香、檀香和木香作为理气药药效物质基础不同,作用靶标也不同,可能通过不同途径来发挥顾护脾胃的作用。

基于HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术解析苏木配方颗粒的化学物质组成及裂解规律

采用高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱法(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)鉴定苏木配方颗粒中的化学物质。采用正负离子模式对苏木配方颗粒进行扫描,采集一级和二级质谱碎片信息,通过对照品和数据库比对分析,利用质谱Peakview软件分析鉴定了苏木配方颗粒中61个化合物,包括24个黄酮类、4个原苏木素类、4个高异黄酮类及29个其他类型成分,其中12个化合物是首次在苏木中鉴定的成分。同时进一步解析了苏木中查尔酮类、高异黄酮类和原苏木素类化合物的裂解规律。苏木配方颗粒的化学物质基础研究为该品种后续的质量评价提供了科学依据。

中药降香的本草考证

降香为我国传统中药材,历代本草对其记载较为混杂,至今基原仍存在较大争议。从名称、基原、产地、品质评价、采收加工及炮制方面进行考证可知,降香本名降真香,历代本草中多以降真香为正名记载,自明代《本草纲目》将降香作为降真香的简称,后至清末、民国时期逐渐以降香作为药材正名。从古至今降香基原历经变革,古代(1840年前)国产降香基原考证为黄檀属藤黄檀Dalbergia hancei Benth.、斜叶黄檀D.pinnata(Lour.)Prain、两粤黄檀D.benthamii Prain、滇黔黄檀D.yunnanensis Franch.等能够产生香材的藤本植物,进口降香基原则考证为黄檀属印度黄檀D.sissoo DC.、小花黄檀D.parviflora Roxb.等具有心材的木本植物;由于降真香(山油柑)Acronychia pedunculata(L.)Miq.植物名与药材名相同,1840—1948年部分著作误将山油柑作降香记载;《中华人民共和国药典》1977年版首次收录降香,规定其基原为降香檀D.odorifera T.Chen。据记载,古代国产和进口降香均无明确道地产区;1949年至今,唯一道地产区为海南省。历代本草记载,进口降香以颜色红且香气甜而不辣,或颜色紫而油润者入药为佳;中华人民共和国成立后,以降香檀心材替代进口降香入药,其品质以颜色紫红、质地坚硬油润者为佳。历代本草记载降香炮制方法包括将其刮下碾成细末和烧存性;近现代以加工成细粉或镑片为主。考证结果为今后成方制剂开发及临床应用提供重要参考。

降香及其伪品的挥发油标志性差异成分分析

目的:对比分析降香及其伪品杠香、缅甸大叶、印尼大叶的挥发性成分,筛选降香与其伪品的差异性成分。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取降香及其伪品的挥发油,利用GC-MS分析其挥发性成分,采用主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)筛选降香与其伪品间差异性成分。结果:降香、杠香、缅甸大叶、印尼大叶的挥发油提取率分别为1.97%~3.95%(mL/g)、0.90%~4.01%(mL/g)、1.55%~3.09%(mL/g)、1.32%~2.23%(mL/g);经GC-MS分析得到降香、杠香、缅甸大叶、印尼大叶挥发油主要成分分别有10、22、24、20个,其中共有成分8个。降香与杠香、降香与缅甸大叶、降香与印尼大叶各组间具有统计学意义的差异性成分分别有8、10、10个。其中,降香与杠香、降香与印尼大叶的标志性差异成分有1,8-二甲基-3-氧代-2-氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷-5-羧酸等;鉴别降香与缅甸大叶的标志性差异成分有α-红没药醇等。结论:降香伪品杠香、缅甸大叶、印尼大叶挥发性成分与降香具有一定差别,具有统计学意义的标志性差异成分较多,建议可根据筛选出的标志性差异成分鉴别降香及其伪品。

ICP-MS法结合化学计量学的沉香产地分析及健康风险评估

目的:通过测定沉香中37个无机元素含量,研究无机元素与沉香产地的相关性,并评估沉香中5个重金属及有害元素健康风险。方法:采用HNO3-H2O2微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定14批沉香中无机元素含量,进行聚类分析和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA),计算5个重金属及有害元素的每日最大耐受摄入量、靶标危害系数和致癌风险。结果:沉香无机元素含量和产地具有一定的相关性,其中14个元素是差异性元素;以沉香原药材中重金属及有害元素含量结合每日最大耐受摄入量、靶标危害系数和致癌风险为评估标准时,14批样品中As、Hg、Cd和Pb存在一定的健康风险,但不存在因服用沉香原药材而导致潜在的致癌风险。结论:该实验为无机元素含量与中药材产地相关性研究提供了依据,建立的风险评估模型可进一步完善沉香药材的安全质量标准,可用于沉香的质量控制。

檀香与其伪品非洲檀香、澳洲檀香的鉴别

目的通过对檀香及其伪品非洲檀香、澳洲檀香进行鉴别研究,为檀香的真伪鉴别提供依据。方法采用性状、显微、薄层色谱方法进行鉴别,水蒸气蒸馏法测定檀香及其伪品的挥发油含量,并用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析挥发油成分,对比三者挥发油成分差异。结果性状上,檀香、非洲檀香和澳洲檀香均具檀香气,但正品檀香油性足,气香浓郁,非洲檀香气稍浓而略带樟香气,澳洲檀香气芳香清甜;檀香呈灰黄色至黄褐色,非洲檀香整体红棕色,澳洲檀香呈浅黄色至浅黄棕色,久置表面呈棕红色。显微横切面,檀香木射线宽多1~2列细胞,偶见3列细胞,非洲檀香木射线宽1~3列细胞,澳洲檀香木射线宽1~2列细胞,多单列;弦切面,檀香木射线高多5~15个细胞,非洲檀香木射线高多4~10个细胞,澳洲檀香木射线高多4~16个细胞;径切面,檀香草酸钙方晶少,非洲檀香草酸钙方晶多,澳洲檀香草酸钙方晶多且大。薄层鉴别以檀香油作对照品可准确区别檀香正伪品。非洲檀香和澳洲檀香挥发油含量均低于檀香。檀香主要成分为α-檀香醇和β-檀香醇,而非洲檀香中二者含量较低,澳洲檀香中α-檀香醇含量极低,且不含β-檀香醇。结论檀香及其伪品非洲檀香、澳洲檀香的性状、微性状及粉末显微特征差异较小,而三相切面显微、薄层、挥发油含量及成分特征差异明显,可区别檀香的正伪品。

沉香舒郁片质量标准研究

目的:提高沉香舒郁片质量标准。方法:采用TLC法对沉香舒郁片中木香、沉香、厚朴进行薄层色谱定性鉴别;采用HPLC法同时对沉香舒郁片中陈皮及厚朴的有效成分进行定量测定。以乙腈(A)-0.2%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长288 nm,柱温:40℃;流速:1.0 ml/min;进样量:10μl。结果:木香、沉香及厚朴的TLC色谱图斑点清晰,与杂质斑点可有效分离,阴性样品无干扰。在选定的色谱条件下,橙皮苷在8.13~81.28μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5),厚朴酚在9.86~98.56μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5),平均回收率分别为99.8%(RSD为0.6%)和99.7%(RSD为0.3%)。结论:本试验所拟定质量标准重现性好,专属性强,可有效控制沉香舒郁片质量。

降香与其伪品缅甸大叶生药学鉴别研究

【目的】对比研究降香与市场常见伪品缅甸大叶的生药学特征,建立二者的快速鉴别方法。【方法】基于性状、微性状、显微及薄层色谱鉴别方法鉴别降香与缅甸大叶。【结果】降香与缅甸大叶在性状、微性状、显微及薄层色谱上均有不同程度差异。性状上,降香木纹细腻,表面花纹丰富且美观,断面具同心环纹、不规则花纹等,导管肉眼难见,质坚硬致密,气芳香特异;缅甸大叶木纹稍粗,表面花纹少或无,断面具放射状、雪花状细碎花纹等,偶见枯朽孔洞,导管孔肉眼可见,花香气稍淡。微性状上,降香导管孔小,导管群、木纤维群及弦向薄壁组织相间排列,使横切面形成同心环状;缅甸大叶导管多且大,导管群排列无序,管孔内常含树脂,弦向薄壁组织呈密集弯曲的波浪状环带状。三切面上,降香横切面导管多单个排列,偶见2~8个聚集,管孔小,木纤维大片存在,木薄壁组织较窄;弦切面木射线略叠生,多高2~16个细胞;径切面仅上下两层可见方形射线细胞。缅甸大叶横切面导管多复管孔,常2~8个相连,管孔极大,木纤维群呈方块状,木薄壁组织较宽;弦切面木射线非叠生,多高6~26个细胞;径切面方形射线细胞较多。此外,二者薄壁细胞及射线均含草酸钙方晶。解离组织显微主要鉴别点为缅甸大叶导管明显比降香大。薄层色谱上,二者存在2个差异性色谱点。【结论】降香与缅甸大叶性状及解离组织特征差异较小,但微性状、三切面显微及薄层色谱特征差异较明显,可据此鉴别。该研究建立了降香与缅甸大叶的有效鉴别方法,可为澄清降香市场提供科学依据。

苏木贸易与明代日常生活

苏木最早在西晋时期传入,后代又通过官、商贸易源源不断输入中国。明代苏木往来进贡的数量巨大,但对苏木贸易的系统研究却甚少。苏木作为一种香料,既可入药,又可作染料,后又以折俸、折赏的形式出现,因其自身属性还可作为航海压舱之用,故成为航海贸易中重要的商品。通过剖析古代苏木海上贸易情况、苏木的应用价值,以期考察苏木不断融入明代社会生活的历史脉络。