Recharge processes limit the resource elements of Qarhan Salt Lake in western China and analogues in the evaporite basins

The Qarhan Salt Lake(QSL)in western China is K-Sr-Li-B-Br-Rb multi-resource coexisting Quaternary brine deposits.Significant research efforts have been directed to the origin of K-Li resources and evolutionary history of the QSL.However,the study on the different sources,recharge processes,and differential distribution patterns for these resource elements in brine deposits is still inadequate.Therefore,we measured Li-B concentrations and H-O-Sr-B isotopic compositions of different waters(river,spring,and brine)from the QSL,combined with the reported K-Sr contents and multiple isotopes of waters,to discuss the recharge,source of K-Sr-Li-B and their spatial distributions,by analogy with other evaporite basins in the world.The results show that:(1)the K-Li-B-Sr elemental concentrations of brines and their spatial distribution in the QSL are diverse;(2)high K and Sr values are distributed in Dabuxun and Qarhan sections,respectively,which are controlled by Ca-Cl springs in the northern QSL;on the contrary,Li and B values are enriched in the Bieletan section and are charged by thermal springs in the Kunlun Mountains;(3)the formation and evolution of Ca-Cl and thermal springs constrain fundamentally on the recharge processes of K-Sr and Li-B elements in the terminal salt lakes of the Qaidam Basin(QB);(4)some analogues of recharge processes limit the resource elements of the QSL and other salt lakes(Da Qaidam,Lop Nur,Zhabuye,Atacama,and Guayatayoc)in the world provides a reference for the resource exploration in deep formation waters in the evaporite basins.

A preliminary site selection system for underground hydrogen storage in salt caverns and its application in Pingdingshan,China

Large‐scale underground hydrogen storage(UHS)provides a promising method for increasing the role of hydrogen in the process of carbon neutrality and energy transition.Of all the existing storage deposits,salt caverns are recognized as ideal sites for pure hydrogen storage.Evaluation and optimization of site selection for hydrogen storage facilities in salt caverns have become significant issues.In this article,the software CiteSpace is used to analyze and filter hot topics in published research.Based on a detailed classification and analysis,a“four‐factor”model for the site selection of salt cavern hydrogen storage is proposed,encompassing the dynamic demands of hydrogen energy,geological,hydrological,and ground factors of salt mines.Subsequently,20 basic indicators for comprehensive suitability grading of the target site were screened using the analytic hierarchy process and expert survey methods were adopted,which provided a preliminary site selection system for salt cavern hydrogen storage.Ultimately,the developed system was applied for the evaluation of salt cavern hydrogen storage sites in the salt mines of Pingdingshan City,Henan Province,thereby confirming its rationality and effectiveness.This research provides a feasible method and theoretical basis for the site selection of UHS in salt caverns in China.

Column leaching process of rare earth and aluminum from weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore with ammonium salts

In order to better understand the leaching process of rare earth （RE） and aluminum （Al） from the weathered crust elutiondepositedRE ore, the mass transfer of RE and Al in column leaching was investigated using the chromatographic plate theory. Theresults show that a higher initial ammonium concentration in a certain range can enhance the mass transfer process. pH of leachingagent in the range of 2 to 8 almost has no effect on the mass transfer efficiency of RE, but plays a positive role in the mass transferefficiency of Al under strong acidic condition （pH〈4）. There is an optimum flow rate that makes the highest mass transfer efficiency.The optimum leaching condition of RE is the leaching agent pH of 4？8, ammonium concentration of 0.4 mol/L and flow rate of0.5 mL/min. The mass transfer efficiencies of RE and Al both follow the order： （NH4）2SO4〈NH4Cl〈NH4NO3, implying thecomplexing ability of anion.

The Surface Morphologies and Spectroscopy Analysis of VC Coatings on the Substrate of Cr12MoV Prepared by TD Process after Salt Spray

The normal temperature corrosion of VC coating on the substrate of Cr12MoV prepared by TD process was tested in 5% NaCl aqueous solution, its surface morphologies and corrosion components after salt spray were observed with SEM and EDS, respectively, and the effects of salt spray on micro-structures of VC coating were analyzed. Moreover, the invalidation mechanism of VC coating after salt spray and its effect on substrate material were discussed. The experimental results shown that the uniformity and integrity of VC coating surface are destroyed by salt spray for 120 h, a large number of the pits are produced on the coating surface, and the coating falls off, which speeds corrosion breakage of its substrate; the oxidated film on its surface becomes rougher, broken and discontinuous, and falls off easily, which reduce the ability of resistance salt spray; the failure modes of VC coating after salt spray are expressed with falling off of oxidated film, stress concentration and pore effect and so on, the corrosion breakage of oxidated film is the corrosion result of deoxidization corrosion from oxygen and HCl produced by NaCl and vapor.

Interactions of molten salts with cathode products in the FFC Cambridge Process

Molten salts play multiple important roles in the electrolysis of solid metal compounds,particularly oxides and sulfides,for the extraction of metals or alloys.Some of these roles are positive in assisting the extraction of metals,such as dissolving the oxide or sulfide anions,and transporting them to the anode for discharging,and offering the high temperature to lower the kinetic barrier to break the metal-oxygen or metal-sulfur bond.However,molten salts also have unfavorable effects,including electronic conductivity and significant capability of dissolving oxygen and carbon dioxide gases.In addition,although molten salts are relatively simple in terms of composition,physical properties,and decomposition reactions at inert electrodes,in comparison with aqueous electrolytes,the high temperatures of molten salts may promote unwanted electrode-electrolyte interactions.This article reviews briefly and selectively the research and development of the F ray-F arthing-Chen(FFC)Cambridge Process in the past two decades,focusing on observations,understanding,and solutions of various interactions between molten salts and cathodes at different reduction states,including perovskitization,non-wetting of molten salts on pure metals,carbon contamination of products,formation of oxychlorides and calcium intermetallic compounds,and oxygen transfer from the air to the cathode product mediated by oxide anions in the molten salt.

Mechanism of Salt Migration Driven by Tectonic Processes:Insights from Physical and Numerical Modeling

1 Introduction Physical and numerical models are constructed to investigate the evolution and mechanism of salt migration driven by tectonic processes.In recent years,we have designed and ran series of models to simulate salt

The Electrode Process of Titanium Subchlorides and Electrodeposition of Titanium in LiCl-KCl Fused Salts

The electrochemical behaviour of Ti(Ⅲ) and Ti(Ⅱ) in LiCl-KCl eutectic system has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.The cathodic reduction of Ti(Ⅲ) and Ti(Ⅱ) has been found to be stepwise:Ti(Ⅲ)+e=Ti(Ⅱ),Ti(Ⅱ)+2e =Ti.The reductions are diffusion controlled.When an equilibrium between Ti subchlorides and excess metallic Ti was estab- lished by reaction 2TiCl_3+Ti=3TiCl_2 in LiCl-KCl melt at 475℃,then the average valence of Ti is less than 2.1.In this system the diffusion coefficient for Ti(Ⅱ) ion was calculated as D=2.5×10^(-5)cm^2·s^(-1).The chronoamperometric studies showed that the initial nucleation stage and growth of nuclei were observed when Ti ions were electrodeposited on low carbon steel substrate. The investigation of nucleation of metal may provide the method for obtaining smooth,coherent and adherent deposits of titanium.

Application of Salt Whey from Egyptian Ras Cheese in Processed Cheese Making

The objective of this study was to evaluate characteristics of processed cheese made from salt Ras cheese whey and young Cheddar containing exopolysaccharide producing cultures (EPS) as compared with those in cheese made from EPS-negative cheeses. Processed cheeses were manufactured using young (1 day) or 1-month-old EPS-positive or EPSnegative Cheddar cheese and replacing the added water by Ras cheese whey or ultrafiltrated (UF) whey. Moisture and fat of processed cheese were standardized to 54% and 23%, respectively. Exopolysaccharide-positive processed cheese was softer, less chewy and gummy than the EPS-negative cheeses. The hardness and chewiness were lower in processed cheeses made from 1-month-old Cheddar than in the corresponding cheeses made from 1-day-old Cheddar cheese. Sensory scores for texture of EPS positive processed cheeses were higher than those of the EPS-negative cheeses. Generally, processed cheese made from replacing all added water with whey received higher scores in flavor and overall than did the corresponding cheeses made without whey. The obtained results are showing promise for application of salt whey in processed cheese making.

Study on the Isothermal Evaporation Process at 5℃ with the Brine of Laguocuo Salt Lake

1 Introduction Tibet has nurmerous salt lakes.Laguocuo is one of the salt lakes,which is located to the sorthern of Ali Plateau,31°59′02″N-32°04′08″N,84°02′03″E-84°12′03″E.Its lake water is rich in potassium,magnesium,lithium,boron,rubidium,cesium and other resources.The study of

Salts as Indicators for the Interior Processes of Solid Planets

1 Introduction It has been noticed that salts link the Earth’s spheres(Zheng,2007),and rich information must have been recorded by salts on the geological processes they involved in.Salts have been found on Mars,Europa,Enceladus,and salts might be common on planets(Zheng et al.,2013).Thus salts can be potential indicators for studying the geological history of planets.From the beginning of the 21st century,much new

食品减盐策略研究进展

高血压及心脑血管疾病等慢性非传染性疾病成为威胁人类的首要危险因素,减少食盐摄入被认为是最经济的预防手段之一。该文首先阐述全球减盐的必要性,然后在介绍人体咸味感受机制的基础上,综述不同研究视角下减盐措施的研究进展,如替代盐、咸味肽及咸味增强肽、其他增咸物质、人体多感官协同、食盐结构优化、食品结构优化、高新加工技术等,并对各减盐措施的应用前景和挑战进行总结,旨在为食品工业的减盐实践提供理论依据。

战略性非金属矿产资源现状及加工技术研究进展

战略性非金属矿产是指对经济高质量发展和国家安全至关重要的非金属矿产,对促进战略性新兴产业发展、支撑制造强国的实现具有重要作用。对列入我国的4种战略性非金属矿在全球的储量及产能情况进行了统计,对资源形势和供给风险进行了研判,即:磷矿和石墨是我国的优势矿产;萤石由优势矿产转变为紧缺矿产;钾盐是我国的短缺矿产,对外依存度较高。从新工艺、新技术和新设备等方面对4种战略性非金属矿产的加工技术研究进展进行了总结,旨在为我国战略性非金属矿产的合理高效开发和资源安全保障提供参考。

盐构造活动对油气成藏的控制作用:以下刚果盆地为例

盐构造对油气藏成藏具有重要的控制作用,很多富油气盆地都发育丰富的盐构造。本论文以南大西洋东海岸下刚果盆地为研究对象,从含油气盆地分析的角度,以构造地质学、沉积学和成藏动力学系统理论为指导,旨在明确盐岩构造变形特征及演化过程的基础上,分析盐岩构造变形对盐相关油气成藏的控制作用。基于二维和三维地震资料解释成果,识别出下刚果盆地发育盐滚、盐底辟、盐蓬/盐盖、厚层盐岩4种主要盐岩构造样式,明确了各类盐构造的变形特征及其上覆地层构造特征。最后,在分析盐构造变形对源、储、圈闭等静态成藏要素,以及圈闭演化过程、油气运移、保存等动态成藏过程影响的基础上,建立下刚果盆地油气动态成藏模式,以期指导该盆地下一步油气勘探。

菟丝子盐炙前后对肾阳虚模型大鼠精子活力的影响

本文旨在研究菟丝子盐炙前后对肾阳虚大鼠精子活力的影响。本研究采用肌注氢化可的松的方法建立大鼠肾阳虚模型,分别用菟丝子生品、盐炙品、市售盐菟丝子的水提液以及金匮肾气丸对肾阳虚大鼠灌胃14 d,记录大鼠睾丸、附睾等脏器指数,精子密度及精子活力,观察睾丸组织病理切片,测定血清睾酮(T)水平及睾丸匀浆中酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果表明,与模型组比较,菟丝子盐炙品、市售品和生品水提液均可提高模型大鼠的精子活力,降低睾丸、附睾指数,改善生精小管稀少、各级生精细胞的病理症状,盐炙组睾酮、ACP、SDH、T-T-SOD、GSH平均值高于市售组和生品组,MDA低于市售组和生品组。菟丝子生品及盐炙品水提液可通过影响精子生成的酶以及抗氧化应激反应,改善氢化可的松致肾阳虚大鼠的精子活力,其中盐炙品效果更好。本研究初步探讨了盐菟丝子的炮制机理,为炮制的科学性提供了进一步的理论支撑。

盐益智仁-盐小茴香药对止泻活性部位筛选及“谱效”关系研究

目的筛选盐益智仁-盐小茴香药对(YZYH)止泻活性部位,并通过“谱效”关系研究推测其药效物质基础和质量标志物。方法制备大鼠脾肾阳虚泄泻模型,测定盐益智仁-盐小茴香药对石油醚(YZYH⁃L)、乙酸乙酯(YZYH⁃M)、水(YZYH⁃H)3部位药效指标,包括体重、肛温、腹泻潜伏期(diarrhea incubation period,DIP)、腹泻指数(diarrheal index,DI)等行为学指标及一氧化氮合成酶(nitric oxide synthetase,NOS)、环磷酸鸟苷(cyclic guanosine monophosphate,cGMP)、磷酸肌酸激酶(creatine phosphate kinase,CPK)等生化指标;建立不同部位高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)图谱,采用灰色关联法分析各部位化学成分与止泻药效指标间的“谱效”关系。结果与空白对照组大鼠相比,15 d后,模型组大鼠出现泄泻证主症关键病理指标—水样便,同时,伴随食后腹胀、食欲不振和弓背等脾阳和肾阳虚泄泻的次症典型特征;给与治疗药物后,泄泻主症和次症均有不同程度的改善,其中阳性药、YZYH⁃M部位第28天后泄泻模型大鼠关键指标DIP极显著延长(P<0.01)、DI极显著降低(P<0.01),以及脾、肾阳虚泄泻的次症典型特征代表性指标体重、24 h摄食、饮水量、肛温和血清生化指标NOS、cGMP、CPK等活性的调节作用均较其它给药组好;“谱效”关系研究表明茴香醛、4号色谱峰等成分与DIP、DI、NOS、cGMP、CPK 5个药效指标的关联度重要。结论YZYH⁃M部位为药对止泻活性部位,其作用机制与抑制胃肠功能亢进和调节机体能量代谢与免疫相关;茴香醛及4号峰作为药对的质量标志物。

改性蚕丝织物的胭脂虫红染色工艺探析

为使胭脂虫红上染蚕丝织物效果好,采用壳聚糖季铵盐(HACC)对蚕丝织物改性后,用胭脂虫红色素直接染色,探讨改性工艺。研究表明,最佳改性工艺条件为改性温度70℃,改性时间40 min,pH=5,HACC质量浓度4%。胭脂虫红对改性蚕丝织物进行直接染色,得出优化的染色工艺条件为染色温度80℃,染色时间40min,pH=7,染液质量浓度6%。在最佳的工艺条件下,对未改性及改性蚕丝织物进行直接染色和后媒染,用环保的氯化镧稀土为媒染剂,对染色织物的染色性能、色牢度进行测试。结果表明,HACC改性试样经过后媒染法染色,其染色性能、色牢度最好,对生态染整技术发展提供积极的意义。

中老铁路盐岩地层隧道断面型式研究

中老铁路盐岩地层隧道施工中出现基底塌陷、衬砌开裂等病害。为保证该隧道安全施工和健康服役,采用现场勘探、数值计算、理论分析、监控量测等方法对隧道断面型式进行研究。结果表明:(1)蛋形断面围岩变形略小于原马蹄形断面,但塑性区面积大幅增加;椭圆形、圆形断面有利于围岩稳定;(2)马蹄形断面拱顶存在应力集中,蛋形断面墙脚应力较大,椭圆形、圆形断面受力均匀,且椭圆形安全系数大于圆形;(3)将断面面积、衬砌周长、洞周变形率、围岩塑性区面积比、最小安全系数作为评价指标,综合考虑施工因素,圆形断面型式最优;(4)隧道采用圆形断面施工后,围岩变形、应力大幅度减小,衬砌无裂缝,仰拱底鼓情况改善。

毛坯腌制速率对腐乳风味及其质构特性的影响

为探究毛坯的腌制时间与盐浓度对后酵腐乳品质的影响,通过分析毛坯在腌制过程中的盐分传递规律及腌坯与腐乳品质相关性,对不同腌制速率下腌坯的腐乳理化性质、质构特性及风味物质进行测定。研究结果表明,腌坯工艺参数显著影响腌坯盐分及水分含量变化,进一步影响后酵腐乳的总酸、氨基态氮和质构特性。不同食盐质量分数(10%、12%和14%)的腌坯盐分传递规律均符合菲克第二定律。通过GC-MS分析,在3组不同腌制速率的腐乳中共检出71种挥发性风味物质,醇类和酸类风味物质相对含量较多,占总挥发性风味物质的一半。腌制速率较快的P 3组(食盐质量分数14%,腌制时间最短,2.6 h)经过后酵得到的腐乳中氨基态氮指标和质构特性最佳,挥发性风味物质最丰富(53种)。综合各项指标分析发现,毛坯腌制速率及其传质特性是决定腐乳后酵品质的重要因素,提高腌制速率有利于改善腐乳理化、质构及风味特性。

压缩空气储能盐穴储气库技术及其智能建造工艺技术研究

当前,盐穴型储气库建造技术已较为成熟,并朝着智能化方向发展。根据盐穴储气库技术现状,对盐穴储气库当前建造技术进行分析;从全生命周期管理角度,将盐穴储气库智能建造划分为智能选址、智能设计、智能施工、智能运维4个阶段,并对每个阶段涉及的关键技术进行研究;提出盐穴储气库智能建造工艺技术框架及其具体内容;最后,从系统、技术、理论、模型4个方面,提出并总结盐穴储气库智能建造未来研究重点。相关技术在应城300 MW级压缩空气储能示范工程上得到有效应用。

基于AHP-CRITIC权重分析法结合Box-Behnken设计-响应面法优化盐橘核水提取工艺

目的:优化盐橘核水提取工艺。方法:以柠檬苦素、诺米林、黄柏酮的转移率及出膏率为评价指标,利用混合加权法(AHP-CRITIC法)确定权重系数,计算多指标综合评分,并结合Box-Behnken设计-响应面法考察饮片粒度、加水量、提取时间的影响,优选盐橘核水提取工艺。结果:优选提取工艺为饮片粒度过6目筛网,一、二煎加水量分别为12倍、10倍,提取时间分别为1.0 h、0.5 h。结论:优选出的提取工艺稳定可行,可为盐橘核工业化生产提供参考。