Reproduction of Hedysarum scoparium (Fabaceae) in patched habitat is pollen limited,but not just pollinator limited

Pollen limitation of plant reproduction occurs across Angiosperms, particularly those in patched habitats We investigated the, relationship between pollen limitation and patch variables （patch size, visitation frequency） in the desert plant Hedysarum scoparium （Fabaceae）, which is an important xerophyte in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China and can grow well as a pioneer plant in shifting sand dunes. We observed insect visitation to H. scoparium over two flowering seasons and estimated pollen limitation using fruit set and seed production. Our results indicate that fruit set and seed production increased significantly with pollen supplementation compared with open pollination. Hedysarum scoparium was pollinated by over 8 species of bees, with 88.4% of visits made by introduced honeybees （Apis mellifera）. Bee visitation varied significantly among the patches of habitats, but not associated with patch size of habitat. In general, pollen limitation occurred more strongly during fruit set than during seed production. The patches that received higher rates of pollinator visits were less pollen limited for fruit set. Pollen limitation for seed production, however, was not associated with pollinator visitation frequency. We conclude that pollen limitation in H. scoparium was caused by more than one reason, not just pollinator visits.

Optimized algorithm in mine production planning, mined material destination, and ultimate pit limit

An integral connection exists among the mine production planning, the mined material destination, and the ultimate pit limit （UPL） in the mining engineering economy. This relation is reinforced by real information and the benefits it engenders in the mining economy. Hence, it is important to create optimizing algorithms to reduce the errors of economic calculations. In this work, a logical mathematical algorithm that considers the important designing parameters and the mining economy is proposed. This algorithm creates an optimizing repetitive process among different designing constituents and directs them into the maximum amount of the mine economical parameters. This process will produce the highest amount of ores and the highest degree of safety. The modeling produces a new relation between the concept of the cutoff grade, mine designing, and mine planning, and it provides the maximum benefit by calculating the destination of the ores. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in a real case study. The results show that the net present value of the mine production is increased by 3% compared to previous methods of production design and UPL.

Almost sure central limit theory for products of sums of partial sums

Consider a sequence of i.i.d.positive random variables.An universal result in almost sure limit theorem for products of sums of partial sums is established.We will show that the almost sure limit theorem holds under a fairly general condition on the weight dk= k-1 exp（lnβk）,0≤β〈1.And in a sense,our results have reached the optimal form.

Suitability Evaluation of Rural Settlements Based on Accessibility of Production and Living： A Case Study of Tingzu Town in Hubei Prov- ince of China

Rural settlements are the main carriers of agriculture, rural areas and farmers; thus, optimizing the production and living space of rural settlements is highly significant to rural development. Taking the effective allocation of resources as the starting point, a suitability evaluation system of rural settlements, based on accessibility of production and living, was proposed in this study to provide scientific basis for the optimization of production and living space. The accessibility of production and living was measured by an im- proved two-step floating catchment area method, which considered proximity and availability based on the inclination of rural residents. The suitability evaluation system consisted of traditional suitability evaluation and newly proposed limiting factor identification based on the loss score proportion of suitability. Tingzu Town of Hubei Province, China, was chosen as the case study area. Based on the re- suits of the suitability evaluation system, corresponding suggestions on rural land consolidation, industry division, as well as the layout of health care and education facilities were proposed to optimize the production and living space of rural settlements in Tingzu Town. It is found that the suitability evaluation based on accessibility of production and living is more scientific and accurate than the traditional ones which significantly overestimate production and living convenience. Moreover, the limiting factor identification can help us put forward suggestions according to local conditions and bring about the highly targeted optimization of production and living space of rural settlements.

Meta-projective Modules, Tensor Products and Limits

In this paper twe prove that the inverse limit of metra-projective modules (meta-injective modules resp. ) is also meta-projective (meta-injective resp. ). Let K be a field f R1, R2 be K-algebras, we also obtain a sufficient condition for lgldim (R1 R2,)≥lgldim R1+lgldimR2, and wgldim (R1 R2) ≥wgldimR1 +wgldimR2

Study on Problems of Grain Production in Suburb under New Situations:A Case Study of Hanjiang District, Yangzhou

Take Suburban Hanjiang District of Yangzhou as an example, based on the comprehensive analysis of total grain yield, yield per unit, planting areas and patterns over the recent years, present problems and constraints in this district under the background of continuous yield increase are pointed out and main approaches of high and stable grain yield in suburbs under new situations are studied, which provides references for grain production in the same type of regions.

Influence of early dry season fires on primary production in western Serengeti grasslands, Tanzania

Short-term, i.e. 4-9 weeks aboveground net primary production (ANPP) temporal patterns during the first post-fire year in western Seren-geti National Park, and potential differences in the factors limiting ANPP between burnt and non burnt grasslands were examined and es-tablished. Fire stimulated growth at early post-fire stages, even during the dry season, July-October and led to larger increments in green phytomass compared to the non burnt grassland at the onset of short rains, Octo-ber-December. Further, ANPP in burnt plots correlated well with the ratio leaf/total standing phytomass suggesting that the accumulation of standing dead material can be a limiting factor to ANPP in burnt grass-lands. However, ANPP in burnt plots was unrelated to rainfall contrary to earlier arguments, but reached peak earlier and declined early in the rain season, perhaps due to the interactive effects of fire and grazing in the area. In non burnt plots, the temporal change in ANPP was more related to rainfall availability, at least until mid-growing season. Also, the phytomass structure differed between burnt and non burnt grasslands, and together with litter did not recover to non burnt levels within the first post-fire year. The study has demonstrated that the desire of the fire man-agement program in Serengeti National Park, which is to supply green forage to both migra-tory and resident populations during dry season is being fulfilled.

ON THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM IN PRODUCT SPACES

Suppose that E and F are separable Banach spaces, X and Y are independent symmetric E and F-valued random vectors respectively. This paper is devoted to the study of the central limit theorem for X Y in the injective and projective tensor product spaces E F and E F. Special attention is paid to l2 l2. In addition, two counter-examples are given.

A Novel PSO Algorithm for Optimal Production Cost of the Power Producers with Transient Stability Constraints

The application of a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method called Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR PSO) algorithm is described in this paper to determine the optimal power dispatch of the Independent Power Producers (IPP) with linear ramp model and transient stability constraints of the power producers. Generally the power producers must respond quickly to the changes in load and wheeling transactions. Moreover, it becomes necessary for the power producers to reschedule their power generation beyond their power limits to meet vulnerable situations like credible contingency and increase in load conditions. During this process, the ramping cost is incurred if they violate their permissible elastic limits. In this paper, optimal production costs of the power producers are computed with stepwise and piecewise linear ramp rate limits. Transient stability limits of the power producers are also considered as addi-tional rotor angle inequality constraints while solving the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The proposed algo-rithm is demonstrated on practical 10 bus and 26 bus systems and the results are compared with other optimization methods.

Risk Analysis of Chemical Hazards Based on the Case of EU Children’s Products Recalled and Study on the Reasonable Limitation of Harmful Element in Toys

The trade situation about China’s export of toy products to the EU was introduced. The recall characteristics of China’s toy products by the EU “Safety Gate” in terms of recall frequency, notified countries, taken measures, and reasons for recall were analyzed in this paper, and the risk factors of human health of unqualified products in terms of chemical hazards were studied in this paper. It is found that phthalate, boron, plumbum and cadmium were the main factors. Assessment of risk for boron in toys was conducted. It is suggested to limit the boron element in Slime: the limit of migration of boron in Slime toys for 3- to 6-year-old children shall be less than 704 mg/kg, and the limitation of migration of boron in Slime toys for 7- to 12-year-old children shall be less than 1268 mg/kg.

STRONG EMBEDDING OF PRODUCT－LIMIT ESTIMATOR OF BIVARIATE SURVIVAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION UNDER RANDOM CENSORSHIP

Let (X0,Y0), be i. i. d nonnegative random vectors with continuous survival distribution function be the product-limit estimator of S(s,t) suggested by Campbell and Foldes (1980). In this paper it is shown that under some conditions a sequence of Gaussian processes Gn(s,t) can be constructed such that sup a. s.,for S,T which together satisfy a certain condition.

Fountain Set Limited Launched New Products of 2011 Autumn-Winter Collections:Eco-friendliness and Multi-category

Fountain Set Limited announced that its branch brand'Fountain Set' was producing 2011 autumn-winter collections on the 2010 Intertextile Shanghai Apparel Fabrics Trade Fair,displaying new products

Statistical Diagnosis for Random Right Censored Data Based on Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimate

In this work, we consider statistical diagnostic for random right censored data based on K-M product limit estimator. Under the definition of K-M product limit estimator, we obtain that the relation formula between estimators. Similar to complete data, we define likelihood displacement and likelihood ratio statistic. Through a real data application, we show that our proposed procedure is validity.

Optimal decision of retailer for replenishment cycle under a deteriorating product supply chain

In order to minimize the total cost of the retailer, an optimal replenishment cycle is studied by considering the deteriorating product, two-level trade credits, the limited storage capacity of their own warehouse and credit-linked order quantity simultaneously. A two-echelon supply chain model, which consists of a supplier and a retailer, is established. Then, the retailer＇s optimal replenishment cycle under all the cases are derived by using the optimization theory and method. On the basis of these, the effects of system parameters on the optimal replenishment cycle are examined by using the numerical studies. The results show that, when the retailer＇s trade credit period is longer （shorter） than the customer＇s trade credit period, the optimal replenishment cycle should he increased （decreased） as the retailer＇s trade credit period increases; if the minimum order quantity is high （low）, the optimal replenishment cycle should be increased （not changed） as the minimum order quantity increases.

TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FROM AN ALUMINA PLANT BY MEMBRANE (Ⅰ) ——Measurement of Limiting Current Density of Electrodialysis

In order to design the technological process of desalination by electrodialysis for the industrial wastewater of an alumina plant, the limit current density of the industrial wastewater is measured, and the equations of limit current density, voltage drop of the unit membrane pair at the limiting current and desalination ratio at the limiting current were obtained.

The Dynamics and Driving Force of Farmland Ecosystem Productivity

Based on the experimental data of crop yield, soil water and fertility of a dryland farming ecosystem in northwest China, asystematic analysis is carried out to study the dynamics of dryland farming ecosystem productivity and its limitingfactors. This paper also discusses which of the two limiting factors, i.e., soil water or fertility, is the primary factor and theirdynamics. The result shows that fertility is the primary limiting factor when the productivity is rather low. As chemicalfertilizer input increases and the productivity promotes, water gradually becomes the primary limiting factor. Chemicalfertilizers and plastic film mulching are the two major driving forces that determine the crop productivity and its stabilityin these areas.

Physical Limits of Computation

The paper deals with theoretical treatment of physical limits for computation. We are using some statements on base of min energy/bit, power delay product, Shannon entropy and Heisenberg uncertainty principle which result in about kTln(2) energy for a bit of information.

Economic Limit of Coal Mining Closedown in Restructuring Coal Industry

One of the key points in restructuring the coal industry is to close some deficient coal mines which have neither economic result nor social benefit. Based on the relationship among production, cost, and profit, different economic limits for closing coal mines in different cases were put forward. The relationship between the profit and closedown cost of deficient coal mines was analyzed and an overall economic limit for closing a deficient coal mine was also proposed.

On High-Resolution Entropy-Consistent Flux with Slope Limiter for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

This paper proposes a new version of the high-resolution entropy-consistent(EC-Limited)flux for hyperbolic conservation laws based on a new minmod-type slope limiter.Firstly,we identify the numerical entropy production,a third-order differential term deduced from the previous work of Ismail and Roe[11].The corresponding dissipation term is added to the original Roe flux to achieve entropy consistency.The new,resultant entropy-consistent(EC)flux has a general and explicit analytical form without any corrective factor,making it easy to compute and a less-expensive method.The inequality constraints are imposed on the standard piece-wise quadratic reconstruction to enforce the pointwise values of bounded-type numerical solutions.We design the new minmod slope limiter as combining two separate limiters for left and right states.We propose the EC-Limited flux by adding this reconstruction data method to the primitive variables rather than to the conservative variables of the EC flux to preserve the equilibrium of the primitive variables.These resulting fluxes are easily applied to general hyperbolic conservation laws while having attractive features:entropy-stable,robust,and non-oscillatory.To illustrate the potential of these proposed fluxes,we show the applications to the Burgers equation and the Euler equations.

Research and Safety Evaluation of Thallium in Cosmetic Products

By standard method to determine thallium content in 34 batches of cosmetic products sold in Shenzhen,including cushions and sunscreens for children,all results of samples are within the range of not detected to 0.62 mg/kg.By calculating the Maximum Theoretical Safety Limit,according to guidance of Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety(SCCS)of European Union and Toxicological Review of Thallium and Compounds 2009 of United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)to assess the risk of cosmetic products.As a result,if the mean concentration of thallium in different kind of cosmetic products does not exceed 0.031 mg/kg,the products will not show significant toxicological risk for consumers.