Seismic fragility analysis of highway bridges considering multi-dimensional performance limit state

Fragility analysis for highway bridges has become increasingly important in the risk assessment of highway transportation networks exposed to seismic hazards. This study introduces a methodology to calculate fragility that considers multi-dimensional performance limit state parameters and makes a first attempt to develop fragility curves for a multi-span continuous (MSC) concrete girder bridge considering two performance limit state parameters: column ductility and transverse deformation in the abutments. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the performance limit states, which are compared with the seismic response parameters in the calculation of fragility, should be properly modeled as randomly interdependent variables instead of deterministic quantities. The sensitivity of fragility curves is also investigated when the dependency between the limit states is different. The results indicate that the proposed method can be used to describe the vulnerable behavior of bridges which are sensitive to multiple response parameters and that the fragility information generated by this method will be more reliable and likely to be implemented into transportation network loss estimation.

CHAOTIC MOTIONS AND LIMIT CYCLE FLUTTER OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL WING IN SUPERSONIC FLOW

Based on the piston theory of supersonic flow and the energy method, the flutter motion equations of a two-dimensional wing with cubic stiffness in the pitching direction are established. The aeroelastic system contains both structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities. Hopf bifurcation theory is used to analyze the flutter speed of the system. The effects of system parameters on the flutter speed are studied. The 4th order Runge-Kutta method is used to calculate the stable limit cycle responses and chaotic motions of the aeroelastic system. Results show that the number and the stability of equilibrium points of the system vary with the increase of flow speed. Besides the simple limit cycle response of period 1, there are also period-doubling responses and chaotic motions in the flutter system. The route leading to chaos in the aeroelastic model used here is the period-doubling bifurcation. The chaotic motions in the system occur only when the flow speed is higher than the linear divergent speed and the initial condition is very small. Moreover, the flow speed regions in which the system behaves chaos axe very narrow.

Performance Limits and Advancements in Single 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Transistor

Two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs)allow for atomic-scale manipulation,challenging the conventional limitations of semiconductor materials.This capability may overcome the short-channel effect,sparking significant advancements in electronic devices that utilize 2D TMDs.Exploring the dimension and performance limits of transistors based on 2D TMDs has gained substantial importance.This review provides a comprehensive investigation into these limits of the single 2D-TMD transistor.It delves into the impacts of miniaturization,including the reduction of channel length,gate length,source/drain contact length,and dielectric thickness on transistor operation and performance.In addition,this review provides a detailed analysis of performance parameters such as source/drain contact resistance,subthreshold swing,hysteresis loop,carrier mobility,on/off ratio,and the development of p-type and single logic transistors.This review details the two logical expressions of the single 2D-TMD logic transistor,including current and voltage.It also emphasizes the role of 2D TMD-based transistors as memory devices,focusing on enhancing memory operation speed,endurance,data retention,and extinction ratio,as well as reducing energy consumption in memory devices functioning as artificial synapses.This review demonstrates the two calculating methods for dynamic energy consumption of 2D synaptic devices.This review not only summarizes the current state of the art in this field but also highlights potential future research directions and applications.It underscores the anticipated challenges,opportunities,and potential solutions in navigating the dimension and performance boundaries of 2D transistors.

Tubular limiting stream surface: “tornado” in three-dimensional vortical flow

A new physical structure of vortical flow, i.e., tubular limiting stream surface(TLSS), is reported. It is defined as a general mathematical structure for the physical flow field in the neighborhood of a singularity, and has a close relationship with limit cycles.The TLSS is a tornado-like structure, which separates a vortex into two regions, i.e., the inner region near the vortex axis and the outer region further away from the vortex axis.The flow particles in these two regions can approach to(or leave) the TLSS, but never could reach it.

GENERALIZED FATIGUE CONSTANT LIFE CURVE AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF FATIGUE LIMIT

According to the traditional fatigue constant life curve, the concept and the universal expression of the generalized fatigue constant life curve were proposed. Then, on the basis of the optimization method of the correlation coefficient, the parameter estimation formulas were induced and the generalized fatigue constant life curve with the reliability level p was given. From P-S-a-S-m curve, the two-dimensional probability distribution of the fatigue limit was derived. After then, three se, of tests of LY11 CZ corresponding to the different average stress were carried out in terms of the two-dimensional up-down method. Finally, the methods are used to analyze the test results, and it is found that the analyzed results with the high precision may be obtained.

Numerical Study of a Three-Dimensional Laminar Flow in a Rectangular Channel with a 180-Degree Sharp Turn

This study presents a numerical analysis of three-dimensional steady laminar flow in a rectangular channel with a 180-degree sharp turn. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved by using finite difference method for Re = 900. Three-dimensional streamlines and limiting streamlines on wall surface are used to analyze the three-dimensional flow characteristics. Topological theory is applied to limiting streamlines on inner walls of the channel and two-dimensional streamlines at several cross sections. It is also shown that the flow impinges on the end wall of turn and the secondary flow is induced by the curvature in the sharp turn.

某离子型稀土原地浸矿边坡稳定性及加固措施研究

某离子型稀土矿采用原地浸矿工艺,由于浸矿液和清水的注入,山体长期处于饱和状态,滑坡的风险较大,采用Geo-Studio软件,应用二维极限平衡法对矿区内典型边坡多工况稳定性进行分析,采取留设保安矿柱和抗滑桩等加固措施。结果表明,矿区内大部分边坡在3种工况下都属于稳定边坡,绝大部分不稳定边坡在采取预留保安矿柱的方法下,边坡安全系数提升明显,均大于设计安全系数,属于稳定边坡。8-2和9-1边坡在采取抗滑桩人工加固后,边坡安全系数也能满足稳定性要求。

GIS-based 3D limit equilibrium analysis for design optimization of a 600 m high slope in an open pit mine

Combining the GIS （geographic information systems） grid-based data with four proposed column-based 3D slope stability analysis models, a comprehensive solution of a high-steep open-pit slope has been obtained. For six searching ranges, 19 critical slip surfaces of different sizes have been studied, in which the minimum 3D safety factor is 1.33. Comparison of 3D safety factors of designed and proposed slope plans shows for all the critical slip surfaces for the proposed plan, the smallest 3D safety factor is 1.33 under the most unfavorable condition. This means that the proposed plan of the high slopes, about 600 m, of an open pit （2-5° steeper than designed plan） is feasible.

基于极限平衡法的危岩倾覆稳定性三维计算方法

目前危岩防治工作中,危岩稳定性评价主要以简化后的二维剖面作为计算模型。由于自然界中的危岩形态极不规则,采用二维剖面计算模型并不能真实反映危岩受力情况。为了研究危岩稳定性三维计算方法,在前人研究基础上,基于极限平衡理论,提出了由后缘裂缝抗拉强度控制的危岩倾覆稳定性三维计算公式,采用数值积分和空间几何方法给出了在危岩单体三维模型基础上求解危岩后缘岩体抗拉力、水压力及其力矩计算公式和实现流程。以三峡库区瞿塘峡吊嘴危岩为实例开展了应用,并通过数值分析进行了验证。通过不同形态危岩的三维稳定性分析,讨论了三维与二维稳定性计算结果的关系,对比发现危岩形态对稳定性计算结果有明显影响,三维计算较二维计算更准确和实用。

Three-dimensional critical slip surface locating and slope stability assessment for lava lobe of Unzen volcano

Even Unzen volcano has been declared to be in a state of relative dormancy,the latest formed lava lobe No.11 now represents a potential slope failure mass based on the latest research.This paper concentrates on the stability of the lava lobe No.11 and its possible critical sliding mass.It proposes geographic information systems (GIS) based three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis models.It uses a 3D locating approach to identify the 3D critical slip surface and to analyze the 3D stability of the lava lobe No.11.At the same time,the new 3D approach shows the effectiveness in selecting the range of the Monte Carlo random variables and locating the critical slip surface in different parts of the lava lobe No.11.The results are very valuable for judging the stability of the lava lobe and assigning the monitoring equipments.

基于构造滑面正应力分布的岩质边坡三维极限平衡法与应用

开展岩质边坡三维稳定性分析方法研究具有重要的理论意义和工程应用前景。常规的等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数来分析岩质边坡的稳定性,不能准确反映岩体材料强度包线呈非线性分布的特征,计算结果偏于保守。建议了一种逐点等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数替代常规的等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数,通过构造滑面上的正应力分布,滑面上各点的等效黏聚力和等效内摩擦角则随着滑面正应力分布而逐点变化。在此基础上,将逐点等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数方法和基于滑面正应力修正的极限平衡法相结合,提出了一种基于构造滑面正应力分布的岩质边坡三维稳定性分析方法。算例表明该方法计算结果与已有方法相印证,适用于任意空间滑面形态。与常规等效Mohr-Coulomb强度参数相比,该方法得到稳定性系数显著偏低。进一步将该方法应用于某露天矿边坡的整体稳定性评价,效果理想,并被工程单位所采纳。该方法结果可靠,计算过程简单且易于编程,可为岩质边坡工程稳定性评价提供理论参考。

考虑基质吸力影响的非饱和路堤三维稳定性上限分析

采用极限上限分析定理构建了路堤失稳的三维旋转破坏机构,继而根据Bishop非饱和土抗剪强度理论,考虑非饱路堤内部基质吸力的空间分布及其随地下水位的变化,建立了路堤破坏土体外力功率与内部能量耗散功率的能量守恒方程,并利用遗传算法编写了非饱和路堤最小上限解的高效搜索算法。通过将非饱和土路堤基底破坏模式退化为边坡破坏模式,并与现有非饱和土边坡稳定性计算结果对比,验证了所提上限解的正确性和遗传搜寻算法的准确性。进一步地,对路堤三维稳定性的关键影响因素展开了系统分析,研究了路堤填土孔径分布、基质吸力、进气值倒数、路堤倾角以及有效内摩擦角等因素对路堤三维稳定性的影响规律。研究表明,非饱和土质路堤的稳定性不仅取决于路堤填土性质,而且依赖于影响土体吸力大小与分布的填土孔径参数和进气值等因素。地下水位升降引起的基质吸力变化对路堤稳定性存在显著影响。研究结果为路堤稳定性精细化分析提供了重要的理论依据。

基于网格自适应加密策略的隧道稳定性三维极限分析下限有限元法研究

网格分布形式对三维极限分析下限有限元法的计算精度影响较大,为获取精确下限解,通常需对破坏区域进行密集网格划分,从而极易导致计算规模过大,求解效率低下。针对上述问题,提出一种基于单元应力的三维极限分析下限有限元“后验”网格自适应加密策略。首先,构建基于Mohr-Coulomb(M-C)准则和半定规划技术的三维极限分析下限有限元模型,避免了屈服准则的近似处理。其次,引入基于M-C准则的网格自适应加密策略,通过判断各个单元应力接近屈服的程度,确定加密点的坐标。然后,将加密点与原先节点组合构成新的点集,并重新划分网格,建立新的下限有限元计算模型。最后,利用所提方法研究隧道稳定性问题,表明利用所提网格自适应加密策略能够以较少单元精确模拟破坏区域应力分布,从而获取高精度下限解。

考虑拱效应的复合地层盾构隧道开挖失稳分析

根据盾构隧道开挖面的特点,考虑不同地层、不同隧道埋深条件下土体成拱效应,基于Paik圆弧拱理论建立失稳土体三维极限平衡理论分析模型。将经典三维楔形体模型改进为垂直面水平面均考虑拱效应的失稳土体三维模型,模拟盾构隧道开挖时前方土体的影响范围和影响大小,将上覆土压力计算方法扩展为三维形式,并采用土体条分法给出失稳土体极限平衡公式。最后利用MATLAB编程将模型计算结果与离心试验及其他理论模型进行了对比验证。结果表明:本文力学模型结果与离心试验结论更接近,可更准确地应用于开挖面最小支护压力参数的确定。

含挖填界面边坡三维稳定性上限分析

针对工程实践中挖填交界面与边坡坡面走向线斜交的高边坡空间三维稳定分析问题,基于极限分析上限定理,构建拓展的三维牛角状破坏机构,通过引入机构参数挖填界面倾角α突出边坡特性,建立与之对应的功能平衡方程,采用序列二次规划优化算法求解强度折减后的边坡安全系数上限解。在此基础上,计算了宁夏黄土丘陵地区妙岭750kV变电站高边坡以及相关文献中极限状态下边坡稳定性系数γH/c工程案例,并将计算结果与有限元极限分析软件模拟值进行对比分析。结果表明:随着挖填界面倾角α的增大,边坡安全系数Fs上限解和模拟值均减小,两种方法的计算结果相对误差在5.9%以内,且拓展的破坏机构与数值模拟的剪切耗散变形模式基本一致;在极限状态下,拓展机构的上限解和数值模拟结果都十分接近于1.0,二者相对误差未超过8.3%。研究工作为此类高边坡空间稳定分析问题提供了一种简便实用的计算方法。

钨合金破片对Q235钢靶侵彻规律研究

目的以典型质量8 g钨合金破片为研究对象,分析其对15 mm Q235钢靶的弹道极限(V_(50))的影响规律。方法首先通过弹道枪试验,验证仿真模型准确性,然后采用数值模拟方法,研究不同形状、质量和着靶角等因素对15 mm Q235钢靶侵彻规律的影响。结果方形破片和球形破片的V_(50)均随着破片质量的增大而降低;侵彻15 mm Q235钢靶板,方形破片V_(50)低于球形破片,随着破片质量的增加,2种破片的V_(50)差距逐渐减小;在此基础上,通过量纲分析,获得了钨合金方形破片侵彻靶板的破片直径与穿靶能量的关系,公式计算值与仿真值误差在6%以内。结论得出了8 g钨合金破片对15 mm Q235钢靶的V_(50)的影响规律,研究结果对破片选型具有一定的参考意义。

考虑地震作用和非线性强度的三维土坡极限分析

地震是边坡稳定性问题的一个不利因素,地震作用对非线性准则下三维土坡稳定性的影响有待进一步研究.针对水平地震作用下三维均质土坡,构建了非线性准则下的三维转动滑动破坏机制(坡底破坏机制和坡面破坏机制).采用拟静力法考虑水平地震载荷的做功功率,建立了两种三维边坡滑动体的能量平衡方程.对于给定几何参数和强度参数的三维土坡,通过数值优化方法得到了边坡稳定系数、最危险滑动面和等效强度参数,分析了水平地震作用对三维土坡稳定性及等效强度参数的影响,绘制了可供实际工程参考的边坡稳定性图表.研究结果显示:三维土坡稳定性将随着水平地震作用的增大而降低,特别是对于坡度较小、宽度较大的边坡,其稳定性的降低程度更为显著.水平地震作用只有在非线性参数比c_(0)/σ_(0)较大时才会对等效强度参数产生一定的影响:随着水平地震作用的增大,等效内摩擦角将递增,等效黏聚力将递减.边坡最危险滑动面位置将随着水平地震作用的增大而有所加深,且其滑动面的三维特性将变得显著.

地震荷载作用下非饱和土边坡三维极限承载力研究

研究旨在对地震荷载作用下非饱和土边坡稳定性进行分析。为了考虑地震荷载时间效应、边坡放大效应及土体阻尼特性的影响,采用修正拟动力法对边坡动力响应进行描述。采用考虑基质吸力影响下非饱和土广义黏聚力和饱和土摩擦角定义非饱和土剪切强度参数。基于三维离散破坏模型,采用极限分析上限法构建了地震荷载作用下非饱和土边坡三维极限承载力分析模型,通过已发表文献结果验证了所提出模型的有效性。最后,提供了非饱和土边坡三维极限承载力设计图表。研究结果表明:①与二维破坏模型相比较,所提出三维破坏模型能实现对边坡稳定性更为准确的评估;②忽略非饱和土剪切强度参数影响往往导致边坡稳定性评估结果偏于保守。

粒子群自进化算法求解物流装箱问题

为了解决当今物流行业中装载货物类型为强异构的情况,提高装载填充率和效率,提出了一种求解三维装箱问题的元启发式算法——粒子群自进化算法。算法包含两部分:极限点构造启发式算法和粒子群自进化规则。极限点构造启发式算法引入了极限点的概念,利用新的极值点思想推导出了三维装箱问题的启发式算法。粒子群自进化规则提出了在货物装载序列中表示粒子的方法,推导了粒子间交叉、变异算子,在极限点构造启发式算法的基础上不断迭代进化完成货物的装载。通过不同结果的比对,证明该算法显著提高了物流装载的空间利用率,强异构货物的平均装载率达到了85%,验证了算法在强异构货物下的有效性与优越性,并给出了货物装载的三维模型。由于实际测试集的缺少,分别为机腹仓装载类和集装板类模型提出了实例生成器,通过生成器的测试集验证了算法在实际应用中的紧凑性、实用性和快捷性。

SPOC联合多维度教学模式在中医内科临床教学中的效果研究

目的探析小规模限制性在线课程(Small Private Online Course,SPOC)联合多维度教学模式在中医内科临床教学中的应用效果。方法选取2023年1—12月在费县费城街道卫生院中医内科实习的90名实习生作为研究对象,采用数字1∶1分配法分成常规组和研究组,各45名。常规组开展传统教学模式,研究组开展SPOC联合多维度教学模式。比较两组实习生教学满意度、综合出科成绩、实习生评判性思维能力评分。结果研究组的实习生教学满意度高于常规组(97.78%vs 82.22%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.444,P<0.05)。研究组综合出科成绩高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。研究组评判性思维能力评分高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论在中医内科临床教学中实施SPOC联合多维度教学模式可锻炼实习生思维能力,提高教学效果,实习生满意度高。