Evidence of vapor shielding effect on heat flux loaded on flowing liquid lithium limiter in EAST

A lithium(Li)vapour layer was formed around a flowing liquid Li limiter to shield against the plasma incident power and reduce limiter heat flux in the EAST tokamak.The results revealed that after a plasma operation of a few seconds,the layer became clear,which indicated a strong Li emission with a decrease in the limiter surface temperature.This emission resulted in a dense vapour around the limiter,and Li ions moved along the magnetic fleld to form a green shielding layer on the limiter.The plasma heat flux loaded on the limiter,measured by the probe installed on the limiter,was approximately 52%lower than that detected by a fast-reciprocating probe at the same radial position without the limiter in EAST.Additionally,approximately 42%of the parallel heat flux was dissipated directly with the enhanced Li radiation in the discharge with the liquid metal infused trenches(LIMIT)limiter.This observation revealed that the Li vapour layer exhibited an excellent shielding effect to liquid Li on plasma heat flux,which is a possible beneflt of liquid-plasma-facing components in future fusion devices.

Flux Limiter Lattice Boltzmann Scheme Approach to Compressible Flows with Flexible Specific-Heat Ratio and Prandtl Number

We further develop the lattice Boltzmann （LB） model [Physica A 382 （2007） 502] for compressible flows from two aspects. Firstly, we modify the Bhatnagar Gross Krook （BGK） collision term in the LB equation, which makes the model suitable for simulating flows with different Prandtl numbers. Secondly, the flux limiter finite difference （FLFD） scheme is employed to calculate the convection term of the LB equation, which makes the unphysical oscillations at discontinuities be effectively suppressed and the numerical dissipations be significantly diminished. The proposed model is validated by recovering results of some well-known benchmarks, including （i） The thermal Couette flow; （ii） One- and two-dlmenslonal FLiemann problems. Good agreements are obtained between LB results and the exact ones or previously reported solutions. The flexibility, together with the high accuracy of the new model, endows the proposed model considerable potential for tracking some long-standing problems and for investigating nonlinear nonequilibrium complex systems.

Flux Limiter Lattice Boltzmann for Compressible Flows

In this paper, a new flux limiter scheme with the splitting technique is successfully incorporated into a multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann （LB） model for shacked compressible flows. The proposed flux limiter scheme is efficient in decreasing the artificial oscillations and numerical diffusion around the interface. Due to the kinetic nature, some interface problems being difficult to handle at the macroscopic level can be modeled more naturally through the LB method. Numerical simulations for the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability show that with the new model the computed interfaces are smoother and more consistent with physical analysis. The growth rates of bubble and spike present a satisfying agreement with the theoretical predictions and other numerical simulations.

Study on limited-flux coefficient to achieve spare transportation of heat-supply network

Limited-heating is one of the heating statuses which can meet the reliability requirement of those uninterrupted heat-users under the accidental status of heat-supply network.It requires the network to be provided with both ability of spare-structure and spare-transportation,and the later one is depended on the limited-flux coefficient.This paper investigates the relationship between the limited-flux coefficient and limited-heating coefficient of indirect connection system.The optimal value of the limited-flux coefficient is presented as well.

Magnetic configuration effects on the edge heat flux in the limiter plasma on W7-X measured using the infrared camera and the combined probe

Controlling the heat and particle fluxes in the plasma edge and on the plasma facing components is important for the safe and effective operation of every magnetically confined fusion device.This was attempted on Wendelstein 7-X in the first operational campaign,with the modification of the magnetic configuration by use of the trim coils and tuning the field coil currents,commonly named iota scan.Ideally,the heat loads on the five limiters are equal.However,they differ between each limiter and are non-uniform,due to the（relatively small） error fields caused by the misalignment of components.It is therefore necessary to study the influence of the configuration changes on the transport of heat and particles in the plasma edge caused by the application of error fields and the change of the magnetic configuration.In this paper the upstream measurements conducted with the combined probe are compared to the downstream measurements with the DIAS infrared camera on the limiter.

Simulation Study of Heat Flux Deposition Pattern on the Surface of HT-7 Toroidal Limiters

The heat flux deposition pattern on the toroidal limiters installed in HT-7 was simulated with ANSYS code. The simulation model was established with the ripple of the magnetic field. The heat deposition pattern and temperature distribution on the surface of the toroidal linfiters were obtained. A comparison of the results obtained with and without the shaped tiles, used to reduce the heat flux on the leading edge of the limiters, was made. The maximum heat load allowed at the leading edge was about 1.8 MW/m2 because of the poor power removing capacity on the ends of the limiters. This approach can also be applied to other devices with a limiter configuration in a circular cross-section shape.

基于帕累托前沿的代谢通量极限预测

代谢通量是描述生物体内代谢的重要指标,在医学与生物工程等领域有着广泛应用。代谢通量极限更是对揭示生物体内化学反应机制、预测生物体生长代谢特性和生态系统研究有着重要意义。代谢通量极限的计算也被广泛地应用于生物制造工程、寻找疾病治疗靶点和研发药物方面。但目前的传统计算代谢通量的方法仅依靠理化性质约束,所得到的代谢通量极限不一定会真实发生。论文在生物体进化的群体中引入帕累托前沿的概念,并基于已知的代谢通量数据进行代谢通量极限预测。

虚拟磁链定向下构网型变流器滑模控制

新能源在现代电力系统中的逐步渗透正造成愈发严重的稳定问题。构网变流控制因其在改善系统安全方面的独特优势,正成为新能源大规模并网的主流控制方法。因此,本文提出了一种用于构网型变流器的基于虚拟磁链定向的滑模控制策略,使变流器具备虚拟同步机特性以支撑新能源安全并网与同步运行。首先,定义了构网变流器虚拟磁链的概念,其为电压源变流器端电压对时间的积分,并通过一个磁链控制器,将虚拟磁链矢量定向为虚拟同步机摇摆方程的参考轴系,进而实现变流器并网同步。此外,针对虚拟磁链提出了一种滑模控制器,进而实现对电压源型变流器有功/无功功率和电压的控制。为防止电网故障下变流器过电流的发生,本文又提出了一种故障电流抑制方法以提高系统的低电压穿越能力。最终,通过RTDS半实物仿真验证了本文所提控制方法的有效性。

不同发泡方式下泡沫对溶剂油蒸气密封性能研究

基于美国环境保护署通量室试验模型,在压缩空气泡沫产生方式下探究了发泡倍数、泡沫厚度、泡沫析液时间等因素对合成型泡沫灭火剂密封性能的影响,进一步对比研究了压缩空气泡沫和吸气式泡沫的密封性能,明确了泡沫密封性能影响作用机制。结果表明:在压缩空气泡沫产生方式下,合成型泡沫灭火剂的泡沫稳定性并未随发泡倍数增加而持续增强;泡沫中液膜对油蒸气的抑制是泡沫密封性能的重要作用机制,发泡倍数越低泡沫中液体含量越高,对油蒸气密封性能越强,建议优先使用10倍以下泡沫处置120#溶剂油泄漏事故;同一倍数条件下压缩空气泡沫稳定性较高,液体含量高于吸气式泡沫,密封性能优于吸气式泡沫。

零侧边界通量方案在CMA-MESO模式中的应用

在全球或区域数值模式中实现水汽等水物质的守恒或收支平衡计算十分重要,缺乏质量守恒可能会导致虚假的水汽运动和过量的局部降水。目前我国的CMA-MESO模式中使用的平流方案是PRM(Piecewise Rational Method)方案,尽管该方案有较高的精度和正定保形性以及能够在全球模式中做到守恒,但是在有限区域模式中由于侧边界的处理难以做到在有限区域模式中的守恒或收支平衡。为了解决模式平流方案在有限区域模式中的守恒问题,研究了一种新的简单且可忽略计算成本的有限区域模式半拉格朗日方案质量守恒的零侧边界通量方案(Zero Lateral Flux,ZLF)将其应用在CMA-MESO模式中。研究先通过理想试验结果表明ZLF方案具有良好的守恒性和保形性,能够更好保持物理量场的分布和强间断物理量场的守恒。然后将该方案加入CMA-MESO模式中,通过实际个例预报试验和连续预报试验结果表明ZLF方案能够抑制高估的降水,减少虚假降水预报,显著改善降水落区预报。对于极端暴雨而言,ZLF方案对于降水量级和降水落区预报改善效果都非常显著。ZLF方案有效改进了CMA-MESO模式的水物质不守恒问题,提高了模式的降水预报效果。

Enhancement of the flux for polypropylene hollow fiber membrane in a submerged membrane-bioreactor by surface modification

To improve its limiting flux and antifouling characteristics in a submerged membrane-bioreactor （SMBR） for wastewater treatment, polypropylene hollow fiber microporous membrane （PPHFMM） was surface-modified by the plasma-induced immobilization of poly （N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone） （PVP） and the plasma treatment with different gases respectively. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR/ATR）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and field emission scanning electron microscope （FE-SEM） were used to characterize the structural and morphological changes on the membrane surface. Water contact angle was measured by the sessile drop method. It was found that the water contact angle was 128.8, 72.3, 62.7, 74.4, 79.1, 86.3, and 71.3° for the nascent, PVP-immobilized, air, 02, Ar, CO2 and H2O plasma treated PPHFMM, respectively. The SMBR was operated at fixed transmembrane pressure to determine the limiting flux for the PPHFMM before and after surface modification. Results showed that the limiting flux appeared to be 103, 159, 117, 133, 136, 121 and 152 L/（m^2· h） for the nascent, PVP-immobilized, air, O2, At, CO2 and H2O plasma treated PPHFMM, respectively. After continuous operation for about 50 h in the SMBR, the antifouling characteristics were improved to some extent.

Numerical Investigation of Heat Deposition Patterns on the Surface of HT-7 Actively Cooled Toroidal Limiter

Two water cooled toroidal limiters were used in HT-7 to exhaust power effectively since the spring campaign of 2004. The heat flux deposition pattern on their surfaces both in steady state and transient state, caused only by plasma displacement, were studied with ANSYS code. The ripple of the toroidal magnetic field was taken into account. The heat flux deposition appeared to be periodic. The ripple and the relative location of the limiter to the toroidal field （TF） coils, as well as the shift of the center of the last closed flux surface （LCFS）, had a vital influence upon the heat flux profile. The location with maximum temperature didn＇t coincide with that for the maximum heat flux in a transient state. The shift of the center of LCFS, caused by plasma displacement, made the heat flux on the limiter more uneven. The heat flux deposition pattern concerning the real shift of the center of LCFS at a transient state calls for further research.

空心导线对内冷式风力发电机电磁及冷却特性的影响研究

采用蒸发内冷式空心导线冷却是提升电机散热性能的一种经济而又有效的方式,针对风力发电机小倾角自循环系统中内冷式空心导线的结构布置形式,分析空心导线对发电机电磁及冷却性能的影响。首先,基于永磁风力发电机恒端电压控制策略对功率因数的敏感度特性进行分析,基于电磁场解析计算研究了空心导线对槽漏抗和漏磁系数的影响。之后,基于传热理论以及小倾角自循环沸腾实验对空心导线的换热能力以及极限热流密度进行研究,分析空心导线尺寸参数对两者的影响。最后,基于电磁和冷却性能的耦合优化求解得到10MW直驱式风力发电机内冷式空心导线的多目标优化帕累托前沿,使得优化方案在兼顾电磁和冷却性能两方面都具有更好的折衷性和准确性,优化方法和策略能够为内冷式风力发电机的优化设计研究提供参考和理论依据。

TVD格式求解对流扩散方程的最优限制器研究

为探究不同通量限制器应用于TVD(Total Variation Diminishing)格式求解对流扩散方程时的适用性,基于3种典型的TVD格式与10种常用的通量限制器,分别求解了线性对流扩散方程、非线性对流扩散方程、拟线性对流扩散方程。数值结果表明,相比于MUSCL(Monotonic Upstream-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws)和MTVDLF(Modified TVDLF)格式,采用TVDLF(TVD Lax-Friedrichs)格式时,计算结果出现了较为严重的数值耗散;对MUSCL和MTVDLF格式进行具体分析发现,关于阶跃型纯对流问题,Superbee限制器的误差最小,Minmod误差最大。关于高斯型对流扩散问题,Minmod误差最大,Woodward误差最小。而关于阶跃型对流扩散问题及Burgers方程,限制器的类型对实验结果影响并不明显。

γ-氨基丁酸生物合成研究进展

γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)是一种重要的四碳非蛋白质氨基酸,具有改善睡眠质量、促进新陈代谢、降血压、降血糖等多种生理功能被应用于食品医药领域。目前,GABA主要通过化学合成、植物富集及生物合成等方式获取,其中生物合成因安全性高、绿色环保、周期短、成本低而备受关注。但是生物合成GABA仍存在一系列瓶颈问题限制其产量进一步提升,如缺乏高效底盘菌株、限速酶酶活性低、菌株与限速酶最适pH值不兼容、从头合成底物利用率低、代谢压力影响菌株生长等。随着GABA市场需求量不断增加,解决生物合成GABA产量不足的问题迫在眉睫。该文聚焦当前GABA生物合成及其产量提高策略,从筛选高产野生型菌株及诱变育种、构建辅酶因子回补途径、限速酶定向改造、代谢流重塑、多菌株共培养等方面进行综述,并对GABA生物合成的机遇与挑战进行展望。

基于等效传热和动态热流分配的限滑离合器温度场研究

针对限滑离合器多工况宽时长滑摩状态流、固传热及实际热流输入对温度场的非线性影响,考虑恒定热流分配模型无法满足接触界面温度连续的局限,提出以摩擦副间隙油膜等效假设计算等效对流传热系数的新方法。建立动态热流分配过程中限滑离合器全润滑状态温度场预测模型,搭建滑摩试验台并开展了6组不同润滑油温、相对转速差试验测试。研究结果表明:所建立模型有效降低了温度计算偏差,预测最大误差为7.6%,为非稳态连续滑摩离合器温度场研究提供了理论依据;将离合器温升分为快速增加阶段A和平稳变化阶段B,随着相对转速差提升,对偶钢片在阶段A输入热流降低值、对流传热等效功率递增值变化明显,平均温升速率随总滑摩热流密度增加而加快,并在阶段B热流输入与传热输出达到了稳态并趋于平衡。

非结构网格通量重构算法下三种紧致WENO限制器对比研究

在通量重构算法框架下对比研究了3种最新提出的用于间断伽辽金算法的紧致型WENO(weighted essentially non-oscillatory)限制器,即简单WENO限制器、p阶加权WENO限制器和多精度WENO限制器。这3种WENO限制器能够较高精度地模拟流场并捕捉激波,其紧致性在于问题网格单元中的重构只涉及问题网格单元及其相邻网格单元。同时,使用保精度的保正限制器用以避免可能出现的非物理的密度和压力负值。最后,采用非结构四边形网格在双马赫反射、激波与涡相互作用、激波反射、黏性弓形激波和激波与层流边界层相互作用等多个二维算例中,对这3种WENO限制器进行分析比较。结果显示:多精度WENO限制器与p阶加权WENO限制器能够高精度模拟流场并捕捉激波,同时一定程度抑制通量重构方法本身在激波附近的数值伪振荡;p阶加权WENO限制器与多精度WENO限制器相比,其稳态收敛性相对更好;简单WENO限制器则性能较差。根据以上研究,提出亟须发展能够使高阶WENO限制器在稳态问题中收敛的间断探测器。

一种经济型磁通耦合式直流限流器

有效、经济的直流故障限流方法是柔性直流输电建设发展的关键技术。基于此提出了一种经济型磁通耦合式直流限流器,大量减少了电力电子器件使用数量。首先剖析了其工作原理及数学模型,解析了限流器支路电流的数学表达式。其次给出了其与断路器联合运行步骤,并分4个阶段解析了直流电流的数学表达式。最后在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台中验证了理论推导的正确性、所提限流器在降低电气和热应力方面的优异性能以及较突出的经济性。

微滤膜过滤阻力机理及模型研究

研究微滤膜过滤阻力机理及其通量的变化是该工艺应用推广需要解决的关键.以Langmuir理论和Darcy定律为基础,从理论上证实了浓度极化阻力与凝胶层阻力是同一性质的阻力,并通过Langmuir关系式统一起来,推导了微滤膜过滤阻力的数学模型.然后采用一体式膜过滤反应器过滤乳化油实验对该模型进行了验证.实验结果与膜过滤阻力模型拟合得很好(R2=0.9912),膜表面极化浓度与相对过滤压差成线性关系,比例系数为凝胶层浓度.基于Langmuir理论的微滤膜过滤阻力模型能真实反映凝胶层阻力的形成过程.用该模型得到的沉积平衡系数Φ反映了混合液的浓度、颗粒大小、温度和黏度等过滤特性,并把极限通量JVlim与混合液过滤特性联系起来,极限通量与过滤压差无关.

电感式直流限流器研究综述

高压直流系统短路故障电流抑制问题是目前直流系统保护的核心问题之一,电感式直流故障限流器能深度抑制系统短路电流上升速度,是解决短路故障电流问题的有效方法。该文首先分析了直流系统的故障电流特性,提出了限流器性能评价指标。其次,分析了磁通耦合型、饱和铁芯型和固态型3种电感式直流限流器的工作原理、电气特性和最新研究进展。然后,归纳和对比了不同类型电感式直流限流器的电感增益倍数、动态响应时间、耐压/通流能力和成本等性能评价指标,并给出了各自优缺点和适用的直流电压等级。最后,根据未来直流电网的发展趋势,给出了各类限流器亟待解决的关键技术问题,如超导材料的失超一致性问题、饱和铁芯限流器的励磁系统性能问题、固态限流器的多功能化等,为直流限流技术的进一步研究方向做出了展望。