A fast compound direct iterative algorithm for solving transient line contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication problems

A fast compound direct iterative algorithm for solving transient line contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication （EHL） problems is presented. First, by introducing a special matrix splitting iteration method into the traditional compound direct iterative method, the full matrices for the linear systems of equations are transformed into sparse banded ones with any half-bandwidth; then, an extended Thomas method which can solve banded linear systems with any half-bandwidth is derived to accelerate the computing speed. Through the above two steps, the computational complexity of each iteration is reduced approximately from O（N^3/3） to O（β^2N）, where N is the total number of nodes, and β is the half-bandwidth. Two kinds of numerical results of transient EHL line contact problems under sinusoidal excitation or pure normal approach process are obtained. The results demonstrate that the new algorithm increases computing speed several times more than the traditional compound direct iterative method with the same numerical precision. Also the results show that the new algorithm can get the best computing speed and robustness when the ratio, half-bandwidth to total number of nodes, is about 7.5% 10.0% in moderate load cases.

An elastic-plastic contact model for line contact structures

Although numerical simulation tools are now very powerful,the development of analytical models is very important for the prediction of the mechanical behaviour of line contact structures for deeply understanding contact problems and engineering applications.For the line contact structures widely used in the engineering field,few analytical models are available for predicting the mechanical behaviour when the structures deform plastically,as the classic Hertz’s theory would be invalid.Thus,the present study proposed an elastic-plastic model for line contact structures based on the understanding of the yield mechanism.A mathematical expression describing the global relationship between load history and contact width evolution of line contact structures was obtained.The proposed model was verified through an actual line contact test and a corresponding numerical simulation.The results confirmed that this model can be used to accurately predict the elastic-plastic mechanical behaviour of a line contact structure.

Moving contact line problem: Advances and perspectives

The solid-liquid interface, which is ubiquitous in nature and our daily life, plays fundamental roles in a variety of physical-chemical-biological- mechanical phenomena, for example in lubrication, crystal growth, and many biological reactions that govern the building of human body and the functioning of brain. A surge of interests in the moving contact line （MCL） problem, which is still going on today, can be traced back to 1970s primarily because of the exis- tence of the ＂Huh-Scriven paradox＂. This paper, mainly from a solid mechanics perspective, describes very briefly the multidisciplinary nature of the MCL problem, then summarizes some major advances in this exciting research area, and some future directions are presented.

Experimental investigation of EHD grease lubrication in finite line contacts

The objective of this study was to investigate the grease-lubricated film-forming mechanisms in the finite line contact and to improve the grease-lubricated finite line contact’s film-forming capacity.An elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL) test rig with two interferometry microscopes,which could simultaneously monitor two different contact locations in the finite line contact,was constructed in order to study the influences of the grease thickener formulation on the film thickness and lubrication condition.By using the relative light intensity method,the thickness maps of the grease-lubricated film were calculated from the interferometer images captured by the two microscopes.The test results revealed that the grease thickener’s formulation had remarkable effects on film formation and the perturbation of film thickness.For the lithium-based grease,the film’s thickness near the two ends of the roller was prone to severe perturbation caused by the conglomeration of clumps that were hard to shear.For the aluminum-complex-based grease,the fibers tended to accumulate in the middle of the roller rather than at the two ends.The urea-based grease could be easily sheared into smaller particles.In addition to the straight-line profile rollers,the logarithmic profile rollers were tested and found to effectively enhance the axial grease flow,increase the axial shear stress,and thus shear more fibers into particles within the contact area.

New Monitoring Technologies for Overhead Contact Line at 400 km.h-1

Various technologies have recently been developed for high-speed railways,in order to boost commercial speeds from 300 km·h–1 to 400 km·h–1.Among these technologies,this paper introduces the 400 km·h–1 class current collection performance evaluation methods that have been developed and demonstrated by Korea.Specifically,this paper reports details of the video-based monitoring techniques that have been adopted to inspect the stability of overhead contact line(OCL) components at 400 km·h–1 without direct contact with any components of the power supply system.Unlike conventional OCL monitoring systems,which detect contact wire positions using either laser sensors or line cameras,the developed system measures parameters in the active state by video data.According to experimental results that were obtained at a field-test site established at a commercial line,it is claimed that the proposed measurement system is capable of effectively measuring OCL parameters.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE FLOW WITH CONTACT LINES

The paper proposes a physical model for the motion of the contact line and the gas-liquid interface. The local motion of the contact line at the solid wall is assumed and the interface between gas and liquid is traced by a level function. The finite volume method and staggered grids are used to solve the governing equation numerically. The motion of the water column in a vertical pipe is computed and the results are in good agreement with experimental data.

Measurement of the friction coefficient of a fluctuating contact line using an AFM-based dual-mode mechanical resonator

A dual-mode mechanical resonator using an atomic force microscope （AFM） as a force sensor is developed. The resonator consists of a long vertical glass fiber with one end glued onto a rectangular cantilever beam and the other end immersed through a liquid-air interface. By measuring the resonant spectrum of the modified AFM cantilever, one is able to accurately determine the longitudinal friction coefficient ξv along the fiber axis associated with the vertical oscillation of the hanging fiber and the traversal friction coefficient ξh perpendicular to the fiber axis associated with the horizontal swing of the fiber around its joint with the cantilever. The technique is tested by measurement of the friction coefficient of a fluctuating （and slipping） contact line between the glass fiber and the liquid interface. The experiment verifies the theory and demonstrates its applications. The dual-mode mechanical resonator provides a powerful tool for the study of the contact line dynamics and the rheological property of anisotropic fluids.

ESTIMATION OF RESIDUAL CONTACT PRESSURE IN HYDRAULICALLY EXPANDED CRA-LINED PIPE

The mechanically bonded CRA-lined pipe is developed to meet the need forcorrosion-resistant alloy steel pipe. Residual contact pressure at the interface of lined pipe isimportant factor that governs the quality of lined pipe. A simplified theoretical method ispresented to predict the residual contact pressure created by hydraulic pressure. The calculatingequation related hydro-forming pressure to the residual contact pressure between two metal faces isderived. And the validation of the proposed equation is accomplished by comparing its result tothose obtained by experimental investigation.

Load distribution of involute gears along time-varying contact line

Base on the theory of energy minimization, a numerical algorithm is established to calculate load distribution, and the relationship curve of spur gear load distribution is obtained, and the load distribution ratio changes from 033 to 067 in double contact zone. This theory is adopted to compute the load distribution of helical gear along time-varying contact line, and the load distribution varies with the instantaneous position of the meshing point and the length of contact line, and the maximum value of load appears at the pitch point. Compared with the load distribution results, the helical gear changes more smoothly than spur gear. The load distribution provides a basis for calculate tooth bending deformation and critical stress.

ANALYSIS OF THE SINGULARITY FOR THE VERTICAL CONTACT PROBLEM OF LINE CRACK-INCLUSION

Taking the short-fiber composite materials as engineering back-ground, utilizing the existing basic solutions of single inclusion and single crack, the plane problem of vertical contact interactions between line crack and rigid line inclusion in infinite plane (matrix) from the viewpoint of crack fracture mechanics is studied. According to boundary conditions, a set of standard Cauchy-type singular integral equations of the problem is obtainable. Besides, singular indexes, stresses and stress intensity factors around the contact point are expressed. Numerical examples are given to provide references to engineering.

基于角度传感器的弓网相对坐标检测技术研究

在电气化公路弓网相对坐标的检测中,基于机器视觉的非接触式检测技术的检测精度受图像采集环境的影响较大,基于光电传感器的接触式检测技术的检测精度受传感器安装密度限制。提出了一种基于角度传感器的接触式相对坐标检测技术,用于电气化公路的弓网相对坐标检测。首先,基于双接触线的电气化公路接触网,搭建弓网相对坐标检测实验台,建立弓网相对坐标与角度信息关联函数;然后,研究系统刚度、角度传感器线性度对实验台检测误差的影响规律,建立多项式修正函数对关联函数进行修正;最后,基于修正的弓网相对坐标关联函数,进行弓网相对坐标检测实验,得到实验台检测的绝对误差为±1 mm,相对误差为±0.5%,具备较高的检测精度。

基于线激光的压缩机曲轴圆度和平面度测量

目前人工使用千分表测量空调压缩机曲轴圆度和平面度时存在易伤工件表面、效率低和不能精确评定等问题。针对上述问题,设计了一套基于线激光位移传感器的空调压缩机曲轴圆度和平面度非接触式测量系统。首先,通过测量标准量棒,提出一种系统误差的标定方法;其次,基于线激光采样数据,开发了一种曲轴横截面圆度测点的提取算法,并将系统误差用于测点补偿,实现曲轴圆度测量;接着根据曲轴平面测点间的斜率分离出轮廓线,通过均匀下采样方法获取精简点云数据并采用最小二乘法实现曲轴平面度测量;最后,基于上述方法开展了曲轴圆度和平面度的测量实验。实验结果表明:该测量系统的圆度测量精度<4μm,平面度测量精度<2μm,圆度重复度测量误差<0.8μm,平面度重复度测量误差<0.3μm,满足曲轴圆度和平面度快速准确的测量需求。

黄药体系中气泡与不同粗糙度黄铜矿表面碰撞黏附机理研究

在黄铜矿浮选过程中,矿物表面的粗糙度及黄药浓度的变化会直接影响气泡与矿物表面的黏附和铺展,从而影响浮选效果。为了探究黄铜矿表面的粗糙度和黄药浓度对气泡与黄铜矿碰撞黏附行为的影响,使用砂纸对黄铜矿进行打磨,得到不同粗糙度的样品,然后进行气泡在矿物表面的碰撞黏附试验,并对气泡局部速度、气泡碰撞黏附时间、三相接触线长度随时间的变化、气泡接触角进行了测试分析。结果表明:粗糙度较大的黄铜矿表面有尺寸较大、数量较多的粗糙结构,会促进气泡与矿物表面之间水化膜的薄化和破裂,有利于黏附的形成,但黏附产生后黄铜矿表面的粗糙结构阻碍了气泡在矿物表面的进一步铺展;黄药浓度的增加使得黄铜矿表面生成的疏水性薄膜厚度增加,增强了对样品表面粗糙结构的覆盖作用和黄铜矿表面的负电性,提高了黄铜矿的疏水性,不利于气泡与黄铜矿形成黏附,但有利于气泡在黄铜矿表面形成黏附后的进一步铺展。该成果可用于黄铜矿的高效浮选回收利用研究。

大型冷库螺杆压缩机几何特征及型线优化研究

目的针对大型冷库系统用螺杆压缩机的型线设计与优化问题,建立型线几何特征计算数学模型,为螺杆压缩机型线设计与优化提供理论依据。方法以目前广泛采用的GHH型线为研究对象,基于本文采用的型线几何特征计算方法,发现GHH型线的接触线不连续。采用圆弧-圆弧包络线共轭曲线对代替原始GHH型线中的圆弧-圆弧共轭曲线对,实现接触线的连续,提出修正的GHH型线。进而以修正的GHH型线为研究对象,分析节圆半径、齿高、双边长度等型线参数对接触线、啮合线、泄漏三角形等型线几何特征的影响。结果研究发现,泄漏三角形的面积与节圆半径、导程呈线性正相关,与齿高、双边长度呈线性负相关,其中双边长度对泄漏三角形的面积影响最大。具体地,当节圆半径由48 mm增大至60 mm时,面积利用系数由0.462减小为0.427,接触线长度由174.5 mm增大至182.2 mm,泄漏三角形面积由1.7 mm^(2)增大至8.2 mm^(2)。结论本文建立了转子型线几何特征快速计算数学模型,对GHH型线进行了优化,实现了螺杆转子接触线的连续,揭示了型线参数对型线几何特征的影响规律,为转子型线优化提供了理论指导。

基于最小势能原理的双渐开线齿轮载荷分布研究

双渐开线齿轮接触线上的载荷非均匀分布,使得载荷计算困难。采用现有的方法或过于简化导致精度不足,或过于复杂使得计算量大、耗时长,并不适用于双渐开线齿轮载荷分布研究。为此,将双渐开线齿轮接触线等分为若干段,建立了双渐开线齿轮载荷分布模型,综合有限元法对轮齿载荷分布进行了研究。首先,根据双渐开线齿轮的啮合特点,求解了时变接触线,将每一啮合时刻下的齿轮接触线“分段”;然后,基于最小势能原理,建立了双渐开线齿轮的载荷分布模型,综合有限元法对齿轮轮齿载荷分布进行了研究;最后,对双渐开线齿轮与普通渐开线齿轮的载荷分布进行了对比分析,并研究了输入扭矩、齿宽对双渐开线齿轮轮齿载荷分布的影响。研究结果表明:载荷分布模型与有限元仿真结果之间的误差在10%之内,载荷分布模型合理可靠;双渐开线齿轮沿接触线方向载荷分布不均匀,节线附近载荷值最大;同参数、同工况下的双渐开线齿轮载荷波动幅度小于普通渐开线齿轮;输入扭矩增加,双渐开线齿轮节线附近载荷分布发生突变;齿宽增加,双渐开线齿轮沿接触线载荷分布不均匀程度增加。

高透成型纸的表面渗透性及对中线胶粘合性能的影响

为研究高透成型纸和滤棒丝束粘合不良问题的成因,本研究分析了高透成型纸的结构和特性,采用动态接触角法研究了高透成型纸的表面渗透性,并探讨了渗透性对中线胶粘合性能的影响。结果表明,高透成型纸紧度较低,纤维分丝帚化不明显,纤维之间存在大量的孔隙,水在其表面具有极强的渗透性。中线胶在高透成型纸表面的渗透性与水有很大不同,黏度是影响中线胶渗透的主要因素,黏度越低,渗透越快。中线胶在高透成型纸表面的渗透性与粘合效果密切相关,中线胶的黏度越高,对高透成型纸的粘合效果越好。但不同的中线胶有不同的最佳开放时间窗口,超出该时间窗口会出现粘合不良的问题。

前进接触线薄液膜结构与运移机制

气-液-固三相接触线薄液膜微观结构认识不清使得动态接触角预测问题始终存在争议.本文通过大规模分子动力学模拟研究液滴动态润湿过程,获得了完全浸润液滴前进接触线区域的前驱液膜结构、部分浸润液滴前进接触线区域的纳米级凸起结构.首次在模拟中获得了微观接触角与宏观接触角随时间的动态演变规律.分子轨迹追踪揭示了接触线薄液膜区域流体在固体表面摩擦作用下,随速度增大从滑动为主向滚动为主的模式转变,进而在底层出现气体裹挟导致滑移、发生溅射的机制.本研究为进一步构建普适的动态接触角预测模型提供了关键物理依据.

ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION OF LOGARITHMIC PROFILE ROLLER CONTACTS

An account of numerical solutions to the isothermal and flooded elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)of a logarithmic profile roller,which is rolling over a flat plane,is given The analysis takes account of sideways flow of lubricant in the inlet region of the contact When the results are presented in suitable non dimensional groups,it is shown that more uniformly pressure and shape of the film distributing in axial direction is taken place under light loading As the increase of the load,the end closure is displayed and the oil pressure rises sharply at the ends The seal action formed by the end closure makes the film thickness a little And the minimum film thickness is transferred from the central to the ends and the value is reduced rapidly As the increase of the speed,the end closure becomes much serious The optimum crowning value obtained in EHL state is larger than the design value obtained in elastostatic contact state for the same working conditions In order to verify the correctness of theory,optical interferometry is applied to measure the oil film thickness between a logarithmic profiled roller and a glass plate under pure rolling conditions It is found the agreement between numerical solutions and experiments is very good.

考虑点蚀情况的双渐开线齿轮动态特性研究

齿轮是机械传动系统的核心部件,点蚀与磨损是其主要失效的形式。为解决齿轮发生点蚀失效时双渐开线齿轮的时变啮合刚度与动态特性不明这一问题,采用接触线百分比法求解了发生点蚀时双渐开线齿轮的啮合刚度,并利用有限元法验证了算法的正确性。首先,对不同点蚀情况进行了分类,分析了不同点蚀数量对双渐开线齿轮接触线长度的影响;然后,基于接触线百分比法,利用轮齿载荷与轮齿变形的比值关系求解了不同点蚀情况下齿轮的啮合刚度,采用有限元法验证了算法的正确性,并对比分析了点蚀对双渐开线与普通渐开线齿轮啮合刚度的影响;最后,建立了两种齿轮的柔性多体动力学模型,基于冲激函数法分析了两种齿轮在不同点蚀情况下的动力学特性。研究结果表明:相同工况条件下,随着点蚀程度的加深,两种类型齿轮啮合刚度均不断减小,动态啮合力及振动角加速度幅值增加,其中双渐开线齿轮啮合力最大值为1.24×10^(5)N,角加速度最大值为2.66×10^(6)°/s^(2);相比于普通渐开线齿轮,双渐开线齿轮在点蚀影响下的啮合刚度变化更稳定,加速度幅值波动更平缓,具有更好的抵抗冲击能力和动力传递稳定性。

大风区接触网线路参数对附加导线舞动的影响

针对大风环境下兰新高速铁路接触网附加导线发生剧烈舞动以及线间放电的现象,依据接触网附加导线结构特点,建立了附加导线有限元计算模型,并对附加导线进行找形计算。采用谐波叠加法模拟接触网附加导线处的随机风场,并对导线模型施加风荷载,利用无条件稳定Newmark法以及荷载增量法,分析接触网线路参数对附加导线舞动及线间距离的影响规律,并给出相应的舞动防治措施。结果表明:40 m及更小档距对导线在低风速及高风速下的舞动均有明显的抑制效果;将附加导线运行张力提高至6.5 kN,导线阻尼比提高至1.5%及以上能有效降低两条导线的舞动剧烈程度;接触网附加导线的档距过大,运行张力及阻尼比过小,将导致导线舞动时悬挂点张力过大,易引起导线掉线、断线等事故;随附加导线档距减小、运行张力及阻尼比增大,线间最小距离呈递增趋势;不同线路参数下(档距、运行张力及阻尼比)附加导线舞动时线间最小距离均随风速增大出现减小趋势。本研究可为兰新高铁大风区段接触网附加导线舞动及线间放电的防治提供有效的理论依据。