Small-signal modeling and parameter extraction method for a multigate GaAs pHEMT switch

This paper presents an accurate small-signal model for multi-gate GaAs pHEMTs in switching-mode.The extraction method for the proposed model is developed.A 2-gate switch structure is fabricated on a commercial 0.5μm AlGaAs/GaAs pHEMT technology to verify the proposed model.Excellent agreement has been obtained between the measured and simulated results over a wide frequency range.

A Direct Parameter-Extraction Method for GaInP/GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors Small-Signal Model

An accurate and broad-band method for hetero-junction bipolar transistors(HBT) small-signal model parameters-extraction is presented in this paper. An equivalent circuit forthe HBT under a forward-bias condition is proposed for extraction of accessresistance and parasiticinductance. This method differs from previous ones by extracting the c-quivalent circuit parameterswithout using special test structure or global numerical optimization techniques. The mainadvantage of this method is that a unique and physically meaningful set of intrinsic parameters isextracted from impedance and admittance representation of the measured S-pa-rameters in thefrequency range of 1-12 GHz under different bias conditions. The method yields a deviation of lessthan 5% between measured and modeled S-parameters.

Analysis of Additional Damping Control Strategy and Parameter Optimization for Improving Small Signal Stability of VSC-HVDC System

The voltage source converter based high voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)system is based on voltage source converter,and its control system is more complex.Also affected by the fast control of power electronics,oscillation phenomenon in wide frequency domain may occur.To address the problem of small signal stability of the VSCHVDC system,a converter control strategy is designed to improve its small signal stability,and the risk of system oscillation is reduced by attaching a damping controller and optimizing the control parameters.Based on the modeling of the VSC-HVDC system,the general architecture of the inner and outer loop control of the VSCHVDC converter is established;and the damping controllers for DC control and AC control are designed in the phase-locked loop and the inner and outer loop control parts respectively;the state-space statemodel of the control system is established to analyze its performance.And the electromagnetic transient simulation model is built on the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform to verify the accuracy of the small signal model.The influence of the parameters of each control part on the stability of the system is summarized.The main control parts affecting stability are optimized for the phenomenon of oscillation due to changes in operation mode occurring on the AC side due to faults and other reasons,which effectively eliminates system oscillation and improves system small signal stability,providing a certain reference for engineering design.

Transfer function modeling and analysis of the open-loop Buck converter using the fractional calculus

Based on the fact that the real inductor and the real capacitor are fractional order in nature and the fractional calculus,the transfer function modeling and analysis of the open-loop Buck converter in a continuous conduction mode（CCM） operation are carried out in this paper.The fractional order small signal model and the corresponding equivalent circuit of the open-loop Buck converter in a CCM operation are presented.The transfer functions from the input voltage to the output voltage,from the input voltage to the inductor current,from the duty cycle to the output voltage,from the duty cycle to the inductor current,and the output impedance of the open-loop Buck converter in CCM operation are derived,and their bode diagrams and step responses are calculated,respectively.It is found that all the derived fractional order transfer functions of the system are influenced by the fractional orders of the inductor and the capacitor.Finally,the realization of the fractional order inductor and the fractional order capacitor is designed,and the corresponding PSIM circuit simulation results of the open-loop Buck converter in CCM operation are given to confirm the correctness of the derivations and the theoretical analysis.

H-bridge Hybrid Converter Modeling and Synthesize with Power Sharing Analysis

In this paper hybrid converters with double inputs are investigated. Mainly any possible topologies are constructed and only one of them is chosen and modeled in none ideal format, by state space averaging method. After that small signal model and equilibrium point of that model is calculated. Finally with power sharing analysis the best point in efficiency was calculated.

基于虚拟同步发电机的构网型光储变流器控制策略研究

为了抑制光伏发电的随机性和波动性的影响,提高微电网的供电可靠性,对离网工况下的微电网黑启动方案进行分析,并将其与虚拟同步发电机(Virtual Synchronous Generator,VSG)控制策略一起应用于储能变流器中,建立了储能变流器的VSG数学模型,推导了小信号模型表达式,通过在光储微电网系统引入惯性和阻尼,提高了系统电压和频率的稳定性。最后,在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台上搭建模型,验证了零起升压策略的有效性,确保了黑启动过程中线路电压的稳定;并在并网工况下分析了光储微电网系统各个微源之间的协调控制,验证了构网型光储变流器控制策略的有效性。

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part II: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

This paper follows on from the first paper, Part I, where a general formulation of a describing function approach to frequency response determination of switched linear networks, such as PWM converters, was simplified and updated. The models assume a piecewise linear state space equation description of the system and results in a closed form solution for the sought after frequency response. In Part I, model derivation was demonstrated for the case of PWM converters operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). This operating mode does not feature any state dependent switching times. In this paper, Part II, frequency response models for any transfer function for PWM converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are derived based on the theory presented in Part I. This operating model features state dependent switching times. The describing function models developed are exact and therefore, in terms of accuracy, are to be preferred over averaged models which are widely used. The example of a boost dc-to-dc converter operating in DCM is simulated to obtain the control to output and input to output frequency responses and are compared with the models derived here. Excellent agreement between the simulated and model responses was found. Matlab code implementing the analytical models is also presented which the user can adapt for any other PWM converter topology. The models derived here may be used as a basis from which simplified models may be derived while still preserving required accuracy.

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part I: Continuous Conduction Mode

A general approach is presented by which the exact frequency response of any transfer function of switched linear networks can be determined. This is achieved with a describing function approach using a state space equation formulation. This work presents a somewhat simplified set of equations to one previously given by one of the authors. To demonstrate application of the general formulation, the frequency responses of switched networks used as PWM DC-to-DC converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) under voltage mode control are derived. (The accompanying paper, Part II, will present results for converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)). From the general sets of equations developed here, both the control to output and input source variation to output frequency responses are derived. The describing function approach enables exact frequency response determination, even at high frequencies where the accuracy using average models may be compromised. Confirmation of the accuracy of the derived models is provided by comparing the responses with those obtained using the commercial simulator PSIM on a PWM boost converter. The magnitude and phase responses are shown to match perfectly over the full range of frequencies up to close to half the switching frequency. Matlab code that implements the models is given such that the user can easily adapt for use with other PWM converter topologies.

超导磁储能装置提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性的研究

柔性直流配电系统中定功率控制的换流器具有恒功率负载特性,会降低系统阻尼,对系统的稳定性产生不利影响。针对该问题,在直流配电系统中加入超导磁储能SMES(superconducting magnetic energy storage)装置来提高系统的稳定性。推导了柔性直流配电系统的反馈控制模型,采用频域分析法研究了换流器恒功率负载特性对系统稳定性的影响,并结合数学模型和频域分析,指出SMES装置能够为电网提供正阻尼,增大了系统开环传递函数在剪切频率处的相位裕度,从而改善了系统稳定性。为防止超导磁体两端电压过高,SMES装置与直流配电网连接的DC/DC换流器需具备一定的电压调节性能,因此研究了采用模块化多电平DC/DC换流器DC-MMC(modular multilevel DC/DC converter)的SMES装置,通过调节子模块个数灵活设置换流器电压变比,在实现换流器能量双向流动的同时控制超导磁体两端电压,以保护储能装置。最后通过时域仿真波形验证了采用DC-MMC的SMES装置在提高柔性直流配电系统稳定性方面的可行性和有效性。

基于自适应虚拟电阻的低压微电网有功均分下垂控制策略

由于低压微电网中各分布式电源的线路阻抗不匹配,传统的下垂控制策略难以按照下垂系数合理分配有功功率。为此,提出一种无需通信的自适应虚拟电阻下垂控制方法。通过将微电网中每个分布式发电机(DG)单元输出的有功功率和电压传送给自适应虚拟电阻控制器中,在保证电压和频率稳定控制的前提下实现功率按逆变器容量比例进行精确分配。论文对改进方法的微电网逆变器进行小信号稳定性分析,以优化控制器有关控制参数。仿真和实验结果验证了所提控制方法的有效性。

基于谐波状态空间理论的12脉动换流站阻抗建模

为分析谐波对电网换相型换流器高压直流输电系统(line commutated converter based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)稳定性的影响,亟需建立一个考虑谐波耦合效应的LCC-HVDC精确模型。基于谐波状态空间(harmonic state space,HSS)理论,考虑频率耦合效应和控制系统建立了12脉动LCC的阻抗模型,所建交直流谐波阻抗模型能在更宽的频带与扫频结果吻合。最后通过PSCAD电磁暂态仿真结果与HSS阻抗模型计算结果对比,验证了所提出的LCC-HSS阻抗模型的正确性。LCC-HSS阻抗建模方法提高了对LCC换流站进行数学建模的精确性,且可以适应多种模式下LCC换流站阻抗建模,为LCC系统稳定性分析及参数优化提供了较为精确的模型。

基于传递函数分析的双馈风力发电系统动态建模方法研究

以双馈风力发电系统(doubly-fed induction generator based wind energy conversion system,DFIG-based WECS)为例,利用小信号分析法推导出由风机、双质量块传动链构成的动力与传动系统通用传递函数方程。动力与传动系统传递函数的零极点位置、稳定性与系统参数及系统运行工作点相关。该传递函数可进一步分解为扭转分量和非扭转分量。传动链参数仅对扭转分量造成影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑动力传动、电机、变流器、控制等环节的风力发电系统传递函数模型。模型综合了各环节参数,可直观反映系统参数对系统响应的影响,有助于深入了解系统动态行为。算例及时域仿真结果证明了所提出传递函数模型的准确性和高效性,可为系统参数设计研究提供理论依据。

ZVT-PWM Buck变换器的小信号建模及数字控制

首先介绍了零电压转换-脉宽调制(ZVT-PWM)Buck变换器的工作原理。接着采用等效可控源平均法推导出了变换器的小信号模型以及传递函数的表达式。对小信号模型分析表明,ZVT-PWM Buck变换器比传统Buck变换器的瞬态响应特性更好。然后依据该小信号模型,设计了数字控制器的参数。最后对原理样机进行测试,实测的功率级传递函数验证了小信号模型的正确性,闭环下的负载瞬态响应测试过冲电压为410mV,恢复时间为150μs,优于传统Buck变换器的负载瞬态响应特性。

基于超前滞后环节附加前馈阻尼的VSG控制策略

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)在引入同步机二阶转子运动方程,增大电力系统等效惯量的同时,也引入了同步发电机的振荡特性,有功低频振荡等动态稳定性问题也随之而来。引入调速侧电力系统稳定器(governor power system stabilizer,GPSS)能有效抑制VSG的功率低频振荡,但其在超调量及调节时间方面的控制效果仍有待提高。通过建立VSG的小信号模型从极点配置角度分析其稳定性,揭示基于GPSS的VSG控制策略在功率动态响应上存在较高超调和较长调节时间的原因。基于此,参考GPSS控制思想,提出了一种基于超前滞后环节附加前馈阻尼补偿的虚拟同步发电机控制策略。并从理论上分析验证了所提控制策略在不影响系统稳态特性的前提下,能够提供调整自由度更高的正阻尼,在有效地抑制功率超调的同时提高了系统的调节速度,从而更好地抑制了有功功率的低频振荡。最后通过MATLAB/Simulink进行对比仿真,仿真结果与理论分析结果一致,证明了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。

多源多负荷直流微电网的稳定裕度分析及控制参数优化设计方法

为研究多源多负荷参数间的耦合交互对系统稳定运行的影响,该文建立多源多负荷直流微电网的小信号模型,基于系统振荡模态以及参与因子进行电压稳定性分析。在考虑同类参数耦合的系统稳定裕度分析中,发现全新规律为三台电源供电时,源侧线路长度采用“两长一短”比“两短一长”时系统稳定裕度更大。在考虑异类参数交互的系统稳定裕度分析中,详细解释了多源中下垂系数和虚拟惯性系数的交互作用。基于多控制参数的耦合交互影响,提出控制参数优化设计方法,实现系统稳定裕度最大,并使多源具有提供较大惯性的能力。最后,实验结果验证了上述分析的正确性。

变流器虚拟惯量和阻尼协同自适应控制策略

针对变流器传统虚拟同步发电机控制(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)在暂态过程中出现的频率超调等问题,提出一种虚拟惯量和阻尼系数协同自适应控制策略。首先,对VSG变流器系统进行数学建模;然后,通过分析VSG有功和角频率暂态特性曲线,提出一种虚拟惯量和阻尼系数协同自适应控制策略,同时借鉴传统同步发电机小信号模型分析方法建立有功功率环路传递函数,给出参数的选取范围;最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真,验证了所提自适应控制策略在改善频率和功率暂态特性方面的有效性。

基于VSG下垂优化控制的新能源电力系统惯性提升

针对传统VSG技术动态性能较差且重要参数J和D最优值较难确定的问题,提出了一种基于下垂控制与神经网络预测的VSG控制与参数优化策略,实现了VSG技术中关键参数J和D的动态调节。首先,所提策略将有功功率-频率下垂控制应用于VSG的控制算法中;其次,通过模拟同步发电机转子运动方程和电压与无功控制特性,建立VSG的小信号分析模型,完成了关键参数转动惯量与阻尼系数的初值整定;最后,建立了人工神经网络进行分析学习和网络训练,调整权值以改变VSG转动惯量与阻尼系数,通过误差函数比较输出量与输入量之间的误差,多次学习训练后参数达到期望值。将神经网络优化算法与下垂控制策略结合,对VSG控制策略进行优化。分别采用传统VSG控制、恒定参数下垂控制和基于神经网络优化的自适应参数下垂控制对算例进行仿真,结果表明:所提基于神经网络优化的自适应参数下垂控制比传统VSG控制的频率最大变化量降低了26.7%,频率稳定时间降低了0.25 s,表明了所提策略的有效性。

考虑交直流谐波耦合的并网逆变器建模与分析

可再生能源的大规模开发利用使得逆变器在电网中的比例越来越高,逆变器与电网间谐波交互作用也愈加频繁和复杂。针对传统的建模方法无法体现逆变器与电网间谐波交互耦合的问题,文中基于谐波状态空间(HSS)理论对三相并网逆变器进行建模,该模型将交直流侧的多个频次谐波考虑在内,具有较高的精度。基于HSS模型推导出输入到输出的谐波传递函数矩阵,建立逆变器交直流谐波耦合导纳幅值图,探究交直流谐波耦合关系。然后,提出了一种适用于闭环控制系统的三相并网逆变器小信号HSS建模方法,通过计算特征值对系统稳定性进行评估以及对振荡频率进行预测。最后与MATLAB/Simulink仿真结果进行对比,验证了所建立HSS模型的准确性和系统稳定性分析的正确性。

SWISS整流器分数阶PID控制策略

针对SWISS整流器的传统整数阶PID控制策略动态响应速度较慢、鲁棒性较差的问题,提出一种基于分数阶PID的SWISS整流器控制策略。基于SWISS整流器的工作原理建立其小信号模型,得到SWISS整流器的等效传递函数,并设计基于分数阶PID电压控制的双闭环控制结构。为简化分数阶PID的阶次参数设计,采用整数阶PID参数预整定的方法得到参数初值,并利用粒子群算法对分数阶PID控制器参数进行进一步设计优化。仿真和实验结果表明,分数阶PID控制策略下的SWISS整流器发生参考电压突变时电压稳定时间小于7 ms、超调量小于2%,发生负载扰动时电压稳定时间小于4 ms、超调量小于3%,动态性能优于整数阶PID控制策略。