Protective benefit of folded linear HDPE board sand fences along the Golmud-Korla Railway,China:Field observation and wind tunnel study

The Milan Gobi area of the Golmud-Korla Railway in northwest China is located in the lower dispersal area of the mountain pass and has strong winds with evident double wind direction characteristics.This study introduced a novel sand fence deployment technique,termed‘folded linear deployment',designed to position the sand fence orthogonally to the two predominant wind directions for optimal protection.This study used wind tunnel and field tests to evaluate the wind and sand flow characteristics,as well as the windproof and sandresistant performance of folded linear HDPE(Highdensity polyethylene)board sand fences.The results suggest that the airflow around the fence creates clear zoning characteristics.The deceleration area on the BSF(backwind side of the sand fence)is much larger than that on the DSF(downwind side of the sand fence).Thus,sand particles are primarily deposited on the BSF.At different wind speeds,the airflow at 2 and 5 h on the DSF is not disturbed.The WSP(wind speed profile)presents a logarithmic distribution.The airflow is disturbed at 1-20 h on the BSF,and the WSP gradually deviates from the logarithmic law.However,as the airflow moves away from the fence,the WSP gradually approaches a logarithmic distribution.Meanwhile,the WPE(windproof efficiency)and SRE(sand-resistant efficiency)of the sand fence exceed 80%.In addition,the results of wind tunnel tests are compared with those of field tests.The overall dispersion is good,and the best dispersion is found at z/H=2.00,indicating good agreement between the two test results.This study provides a scientific basis for the design of sand hazard control measures,similar to the railway project in the Gobi Gale area.

Flow field, sedimentation, and erosion characteristics around folded linear HDPE sheet sand fence: Numerical simulation study

Wind and sand hazards are serious in the Milan Gobi area of the Xinjiang section of the Korla Railway. In order to ensure the safe operation of railroads, there is a need for wind and sand protection in heavily sandy areas. The wind and sand flow in the region is notably bi-directional. To shield railroads from sand, a unique sand fence made of folded linear high-density polyethylene(HDPE) is used, aligning with the principle that the dominant wind direction is perpendicular to the fence. This study employed field observations and numerical simulations to investigate the effectiveness of these HDPE sand fences in altering flow field distribution and offering protection. It also explored how these fences affect the deposition and erosion of sand particles. Findings revealed a significant reduction in wind speed near the fence corner;the minimum horizontal wind speed on the leeward side of the first sand fence(LSF) decreased dramatically from 3 m/s to 0.64 m/s. The vortex area on the LSF markedly impacted horizontal wind speeds. Within the LSF, sand deposition was a primary occurrence. As wind speeds increased, the deposition zone shrank, whereas the positive erosion zone expanded. Close to the folded corners of the HDPE sand fence, there was a notable shift from the positive erosion zone to a deposition zone. Field tests and numerical simulations confirmed the high windproof efficiency(WE) and sand resistance efficiency(SE) in the HDPE sand fence. Folded linear HDPE sheet sand fence can effectively slow down the incoming flow and reduce the sand content, thus achieving good wind and sand protection. This study provides essential theoretical guidance for the design and improvement of wind and sand protection systems in railroad engineering.

Tectonometamorphic Cycles in Different Geodynamic Conditions

Formation and attenuation of crust thermal anomalies, accompanied by development of geological structures, are governed by special laws, together with metamorphism and other endogenic process, form tectonometamorphic cycle (TMC). Because of rock rheology under metamorphic conditions, the structures, concurring with metamorphism, reflect geodynamic conditions much more perfect than those of the structures of nonmetamorphosed rocks. For this reason, structural investigations open wide, sometimes unique, possibilities for geodynamic research into regional metamorphosed terrains. The TMC features under different geodynamic conditions are shown with examples of California (subduction), Himalaya and Junggar Alatau (collision), and Northwest environs of the White Sea (polycyclic development). The analysis of these units serves as basis of some general conclusions. TMC, the steady pattern of crust thermal anomalies manifestation, does not practically depend on peculiarities of metamorphism. At lower and middle crust levels, occur the high-temperature complete cycles that include following two stages. The first is represented by nappes and paragenes of parallel bedding flow, the second, by linear folds, domes and faults. At top levels of fold complexes display the low-temperature reduced cycles, expressed only by structures of the second stage. There are gradual transitions between the complete and reduced cycles. Thermal anomalies in the first stage of complete cycles devolop against the background of large horizontal displacements at contacts between interacting plates or are genetically connected with their gently sloping fault planes. Of all structural elements of the cycles, in compressional environments (nappes, linear folds, domes etc.), only the structures of the first stage of complete cycles can be considered as indications of plate tectonics. Presence of such structures at the most ancient supracrustal complexes point to existence of plate tectonics already at the early stages of geological development of the earth.