Double linear strain distribution assumption of RC beam strengthened with external-bonded or near-surface mounted fiber reinforced plastic

Rehabilitation of existing structures with fiber reinforced plastic(FRP)has been growing in popularity because they offer superior performance in terms of resistance to corrosion and high specific stiffness.The strain coordination results of 34 reinforced concrete beams(four groups)strengthened with different methods were presented including external-bonded or near-surface mounted glass or carbon FRP or helical rib bar in order to study the strain coordination of the strengthening materials and steel rebar of RC beam.Because there is relative slipping between concrete and strengthening materials(SM),the strain of SM and steel rebar of RC beam satisfies the double linear strain distribution assumption,that is,the strain of longitudinal fiber parallel to the neutral axis of plated beam within the scope of effective height(h0)of the cross section is in direct proportion to the distance from the fiber to the neutral axis.The strain of SM and steel rebar satisfies the equation εGCH=βεsteel,where the value of β is equal to 1.1-1.3 according to the test results.

C^1 natural element method for strain gradient linear elasticity and its application to microstructures

C^1 natural element method （C^1 NEM） is applied to strain gradient linear elasticity, and size effects on mi crostructures are analyzed. The shape functions in C^1 NEM are built upon the natural neighbor interpolation （NNI）, with interpolation realized to nodal function and nodal gradient values, so that the essential boundary conditions （EBCs） can be imposed directly in a Galerkin scheme for partial differential equations （PDEs）. In the present paper, C^1 NEM for strain gradient linear elasticity is constructed, and sev- eral typical examples which have analytical solutions are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the constructed method. In its application to microstructures, the size effects of bending stiffness and stress concentration factor （SCF） are studied for microspeciem and microgripper, respectively. It is observed that the size effects become rather strong when the width of spring for microgripper, the radius of circular perforation and the long axis of elliptical perforation for microspeciem come close to the material characteristic length scales. For the U-shaped notch, the size effects decline obviously with increasing notch radius, and decline mildly with increasing length of notch.

Stress-strain characteristics of linear friction welding of TC11 and TC17 alloys

Abstract Transient stress and strain fields of dissimilar titanium alloys （TCll and TC17 ） joint during linear friction welding （ LFW） were investigated by a two-dimensional model with ABAQUS/Explicit. The results showed that in the X-axis, the maximum compressive stress of 850 MPa occurred in the center zone of friction interface , and the maximum tensile stress of 190 MPa distributed at the flash; in the Y-axis, the maximum compressive stress of 1 261 MPa located at the junction region between the welding fixture and edge of the specimen, and the maximum tensile stress of 320 MPa distributed in the connecting portion between the flash and edge of the specimen. In addition, areas of plastic strain increased gradually during welding process. In the X-axis, tensile strain mainly existed at the heads of the specimens; in the Y-axis, compressive strain mainly occurred at the heads of the specimens.

基于线性强化结构应变法的低周疲劳分析

焊接结构的低周疲劳分析对于轨道车辆尤为重要。为了有效评估焊接结构的低周疲劳,提出一种基于线性强化本构的结构应变数值计算方法。该方法基于经典板壳理论和弹塑性力学。通过考虑材料的应变硬化行为,将材料的真实应力应变关系简化为线性强化本构关系。利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS和Fe-safe计算焊接结构焊趾位置的结构应力,给出基于径向回退算法的线性强化本构塑性修正模型。利用MATLAB编写结构应变数值计算程序对结构应力进行塑性修正,并计算结构应变。基于该结构应变,给出了考虑板厚效应和载荷模式的等效结构应变范围计算公式,利用主应变-寿命曲线分析低周疲劳数据,建立了广泛用于轨道车辆的Q450高强度耐候钢材料制成的3种焊接接头的有限元模型。采用结构应力法的主应力-寿命曲线和结构应变数值计算方法的主应变-寿命曲线对试验获得的疲劳数据进行分析,并对比2种方法计算的等效结构应变范围。结果表明,各焊接接头的试验数据均分布在主应变-寿命曲线的线性窄带内,验证了结构应变数值计算法的可行性;与结构应力法相比,结构应变数值计算方法能更好地反映低周疲劳过程中材料的应变硬化现象,更适用于焊接结构的低周疲劳评估。该方法对轨道车辆焊接板结构的低周疲劳评估具有研究价值。与传统的通过提取节点力的方式计算结构应力和结构应变参数的方法相比,利用MATLAB编写结构应变数值计算程序极大地提高了结构应变参数计算的效率。

弯曲应变下六角晶格量子反铁磁体的赝朗道能级

利用线性自旋波理论和量子蒙特卡罗方法研究了弯曲应变下六角晶格量子反铁磁体的赝朗道能级.通过线性自旋波理论,发现磁赝朗道能级出现在磁子能谱的高能端,其能级间距与能级指数的平方根成正比.线性自旋波理论和量子蒙特卡罗方法都显示,尺寸相同时随着应变强度的逐渐增加,局域磁化强度逐渐减弱,应变强度相同的条件下反铁磁序在y方向上连续减弱,因为上边界处的海森伯链解耦为孤立的垂直链,导致上边界附近的磁序被破坏.量子蒙特卡罗方法提供了更精确的反铁磁序演化:在特定应变强度下上边界处垂直关联不变,水平关联增加,从而影响磁化强度,使局域磁化在上边界处呈上翘趋势.研究结果有助于理解弯曲应变对自旋激发的影响,并可能在二维量子磁性材料实验中得以实现.

某拱坝施工期应力应变监测资料分析

根据某拱坝内埋设的应变计组及配套无应力计的实测数据,计算得到9号坝段混凝土的温度线膨胀系数、自生体积变形及单轴应变,采用变形法反推得到应变计组实测的坝体应力(包括正应力、剪应力和主应力等),并对9号坝段混凝土实际应力分布特性、变化规律及应力量值进行分析。计算分析结果显示,施工期9号坝段混凝土应力变化规律及分布特征基本合理,应力量值在允许范围内,坝体应力处于正常状态。

基于实测数据的混凝土热膨胀系数试验研究

提出一种用于项目检测混凝土线膨胀系数的简化方法,通过在试样中预先埋入应变计,再采用综合采集仪器监测数据。对监测数据进行处理,得到了线膨胀系数随龄期的变化曲线。结果表明,所测得的线膨胀系数平均值为10.963με·℃^(-1),比规范推荐的10με·℃^(-1)大9.63%,且在容许范围内,混凝土的线膨胀系数在早期变化剧烈,随后急剧减少并逐渐趋于稳定,后期小范围波动并随龄期增长逐渐减小,与现有研究结论相符。

Solution for slab forging with bulge between two parallel platens by strain rate vector inner-product integration and series expansion

A new linear integration was developed. First, effective strain rate for slab forging with bulge was expressed in terms of two-dimensional strain rate vector, and its inner-product was integrated term by term. Second, a summation process of term by term integrated results and a formula of the bulging were introduced, and an analytical solution of stress effective factor was obtained. It is proved that the expression of power by the above linear integration is the same as that of traditional immediate integration. Also, the solution was simplified by series expansion and compared by slab forging test with the others. It turns out that the calculated result of total forging pressure is basically in agreement with measured value in the actual press test.

Dynamic Response Analysis of Bird Strike on Aircraft Windshield Based on Damage-modified Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Relation

Damage-modified nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation and failure criterion are introduced and the three-dimensional incremental forms are deduced based on the updated Lagrangian approach. A simple tensile test model and a split Hopkinson pressure bar model are built to verify the accuracy of the subroutine implemented within the non-linear finite element program LS-DYNA. A numerical model of bird strike on windshield is established to study the responses of windshield under three different bird velocities at three sites. The bird is represented by a cylinder with a hemisphere at each end and the contact-impact coupling algorithm is used in this study. It is found that the implemented subroutine can properly describe the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methaerylate under low and high strain rates and large deformation, and can be used validly.

Creep Modelling of a Material by Non-Linear Modified Schapery’s Viscoelastic Model

This research work aims at modeling the creep behavior of a material by a non-linear schapery’s viscoelastic model. We started with analytical part where three powerful methods of creep modeling have been developed and compared. That is the Heaviside, the Nordin and Varna and lastly our own proposed methods. From this preliminary study, it came out that our method is different to the two others because we took into account the loading time at the creep beginning. Besides we studied several loading programs and retained a five order non-linear polynomial which is the program that gave us satisfactory results. The other loading functions led to divergent results and wasn’t present here as consequence. In the second part of this work, we devoted ourselves to the determination of non-linear parameters in the schapery’s viscoelasticity equation, through a well developed and illustrated methodology. From this study, it is straight forward that non-linear parameters are stress dependent;confirming the results of several authors that preceded us in this studying field.

The Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties of Cotton Yarns

The effect of strain rate on tensile properties of cotton yarns is analyzed using the standard linear solid model. The tensile curve, breaking strength and work of rupture of the yarns under different strain rate are calculated. A good correlation exists between the experiment results and theoretical anticipations.

Application of CCD Technique to Stress and Strain Measurements of Metals

Crossed grating stuck to metal surface was used as a strain sensor in the present work, and stress as well as strain were then investigated by accurately determining the change in the position of diffraction spot before and after deformed. A hardware testing system for linear CCD array, data gathering and processing was therefore developed for this purpose. Experimental results showed that the system has a good accuracy and can be used to measure stress and strain of metal surface in a real-time and quantitative manner.

A Simple Theory of Asymmetric Linear Elasticity

Rotation is antisymmetric and therefore is not a coherent element of the classical elastic theory, which is characterized by symmetry. A new theory of linear elasticity is developed from the concept of asymmetric strain, which is defined as the transpose of the deformation gradient tensor to involve rotation as well as symmetric strain. The new theory basically differs from the prevailing micropolar theory or couple stress theory in that it maintains the same basis as the classical theory of linear elasticity and does not need extra concepts, such as “microrotation” and “couple stresses”. The constitutive relation of the new theory, the three-parameter Hooke’s law, comes from the theorem about isotropic asymmetric linear elastic materials. Concise differential equations of translational motion are derived consequently giving the same velocity formula for P-wave and a different one for S-wave. Differential equations of rotational motion are derived with the introduction of spin, which has an intrinsic connection with rotation. According to the new theory, S-wave essentially has rotation as large as deviatoric strain and should be referred to as “shear wave” in the context of asymmetric strain. There are nine partial differential equations for the deformation harmony condition in the new theory;these are given with the first spatial differentiations of asymmetric strain. Formulas for rotation energy, in addition to those for (symmetric) strain energy, are derived to form a complete set of formulas for the total mechanical energy.

A revisit of strain-rate frequency superposition of dense colloidal suspensions under oscillatory shears

Strain-rate frequency superposition(SRFS) is often employed to probe the low-frequency behavior of soft solids under oscillatory shear in anticipated linear response. However, physical interpretation of an apparently well-overlapped master curve generated by SRFS has to combine with nonlinear analysis techniques such as Fourier transform rheology and stress decomposition method. The benefit of SRFS is discarded when some inconsistencies of the shifted master curves with the canonical linear response are observed. In this work, instead of evaluating the SRFS in full master curves, two criteria were proposed to decompose the original SRFS data and to delete the bad experimental data. Application to Carabopol suspensions indicates that good master curves could be constructed based upon the modified data and the high-frequency deviations often observed in original SRFS master curves are eliminated. The modified SRFS data also enable a better quantitative description and the evaluation of the apparent structural relaxation time by the two-mode fractional Maxwell model.

Nonlinear Waves in Solid Continua with Finite Deformation

This work considers initiation of nonlinear waves, their propagation, reflection, and their interactions in thermoelastic solids and thermoviscoelastic solids with and without memory. The conservation and balance laws constituting the mathematical models as well as the constitutive theories are derived for finite deformation and finite strain using second Piola-Kirchoff stress tensor and Green’s strain tensor and their material derivatives [1]. Fourier heat conduction law with constant conductivity is used as the constitutive theory for heat vector. Numerical studies are performed using space-time variationally consistent finite element formulations derived using space-time residual functionals and the non-linear equations resulting from the first variation of the residual functional are solved using Newton’s Linear Method with line search. Space-time local approximations are considered in higher order scalar product spaces that permit desired order of global differentiability in space and time. Computed results for non-linear wave propagation, reflection, and interaction are compared with linear wave propagation to demonstrate significant differences between the two, the importance of the nonlinear wave propagation over linear wave propagation as well as to illustrate the meritorious features of the mathematical models and the space-time variationally consistent space-time finite element process with time marching in obtaining the numerical solutions of the evolutions.

圆环形构件混合配筋计算半解析解

为揭示圆环形构件配制的混合钢筋的受力机理,区分沿圆环布置的混合钢筋受力形态与矩形的区别,推演出其正截面受压、受弯承载力计算式。通过分析预应力筋在加工阶段预拉力和预应力筋、普通钢筋工作阶段外力作用下,所引起的应变、应力变化规律,并根据受力特点,以受压、受拉为截面界限线划分不同区域,对各区域分别计算受拉、受压合力以及合力矩,建立平衡方程,从而推演出预应力筋沿圆环形截面分布的受压、受弯承载力计算式。分析过程包括从圆心的零应力到界限破坏时混凝土、预应力筋的极限应力值整个过程,并针对其中局部线性分布的应力图形,采用积分方法进行计算。结果表明,推演的计算式与规范提供的圆环形构件配筋计算式一致,计算式适用于所有圆环形构件混合配筋计算,同时计算式及规范中计算式均为近似简化结果,非精确解。

井壁破裂与内部应变状态机理分析

为研究立井井壁破裂与内部应变之间的相互规律,搭建井壁实物模型以模拟井壁受力破裂过程和状态,利用分布式光纤技术对井壁内部应变进行监测,并分别从应力和应变多角度进行深入分析.结果表明:对于应变状态,当施加应力增大,井壁应变程度也随之增大,应变极大值所对应的井壁位置,其应变程度在范围内达到最大,破裂风险也就最高;对于应力作用,不同应力下井壁应变最大值与最小值之间的偏差度越大,井壁稳定性越差,越容易发生破裂;分析了应力、应变二者相互关联性,拟合各方向角所对应的井壁位置应变变化的线性方程,变化率数值越大,井壁应变增长速度就越快,当应变值超过所能承受极限时,井壁会更容易发生破裂;通过对井壁应变数据监测,分析了应变差值、偏差度和应变变化率,结合Lamé公式,建立了井壁应变破裂关系模型,为井壁破裂预警提供了新方案.

沥青砂浆疲劳性能试验方法研究

为探究加速疲劳试验方法在评价沥青砂浆疲劳性能方面的适用性与可行性,对水性环氧乳化沥青砂浆(AC5-WEREA)、改性沥青砂浆(AC5-SBS)和基质沥青砂浆(AC5-70#)在弯拉受力模式下分别进行频率扫描试验、动态力学分析切片试验、线性振幅扫描试验和四点弯曲疲劳试验,并对试验结果进行对比分析。试验结果表明:动态力学分析切片试验、线性振幅扫描试验和四点弯曲疲劳试验确定得到的沥青砂浆疲劳寿命结果变化趋势一致,进一步得到加速疲劳试验方法在评价沥青砂浆疲劳性能方面不仅具有可行性和适用性,而且动态力学分析切片试验所需试件尺寸较小,能有效降低试验结果的变异性。

上承式钢筋混凝土箱型拱桥主拱圈施工技术

以天门大桥拆除新建工程为背景,介绍了上承式钢筋混凝土箱型拱桥主拱圈施工及监控技术。详细阐述了主拱圈从支架基础施工到混凝土浇筑完成后拆除支架和模板的施工全过程,同时从线形控制与混凝土应力-应变测量两个方面介绍了主拱圈施工监控这一关键技术,以探讨保证拱桥施工过程中主拱圈的质量和安全的方法。

弯扭组合梁载荷测量试验研究

对金属结构进行载荷测量,应变法是常用方法之一。在弯矩、剪力和扭矩等单独作用下,利用应变法测得数据的准确性以及线性相关性都很好。而实际情况中,结构受力情况复杂,经常受到弯矩、剪力和扭矩等耦合作用,因此利用应变法测得的数据和输入载荷值生成的多元线性回归方程的线性相关性有待进一步验证。本文设计了一种典型的弯扭组合梁结构,在弯矩和扭矩的耦合作用下,利用应变法进行载荷测量,测量数据准确性很好,并且输入载荷值、弯矩和扭矩等多个变量生成的多元线性回归方程的线性相关性很强。