A linear-to-circular polarization converter based on I-shaped circular frequency selective surfaces

In this paper, a linear-to-circular polarization converter using a three-layer frequency selective surface based on Ishaped circular structure resonant is presented and investigated. Numerical simulations exhibit that when the normal ypolarized waves impinge on this device propagating towards ＋z direction, the two orthogonal components of the transmitted waves have a 90° phase difference as well as the nearly equal amplitudes at the resonant frequency of 7.04 GHz, which means that the left-hand circular polarization is realized in transmission. For validating the proposed design, a prototype which consists of 25 × 25 elements has been designed, manufactured and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones, showing that the polarization conversion transmission is over-3 dB in the frequency range of 5.22–8.08 GHz and the axial ratio is below 3 dB from 5.86 GHz to 7.34 GHz.

Multifunctional polarization converter based on multilayer reconfigurable metasurface

In the modern wireless communication system,the manipulation for polarization of electromagnetic wave plays a important role in improving the capacity and reliability of communication.In this paper,a multifunctional polarization converter(MFPC)based on the multilayer reconfigurable metasurface is proposed,which can assist the source antenna to transmit and receive multiple polarization signals.The MFPC consists of a grating which can filter out the undesired polarization and four layers of metasurfaces incorporated with PIN diodes.The functions of the MFPC include LTC and LTL polarization conversions,co-polarization transmission and reflection for arbitrary polarization.By changing the states of PIN diodes,the functions of MFPC can be dynamically switched.Loaded on the aperture of source antenna,the proposed MFPC can serve as a transmissive array with multiple polarization channels,and can also provide EM protection for source antenna by reflecting the incoming interference waves.Cascading of the metasurfaces produces Fabry-Perot resonance in the MFPC,and it contributes to the realization of LTC and LTL polarization conversions.To verify the performance of the proposed MFPC,the prototype is fabricated and tested.The measured results show that the fractional bandwidths of four functions are all higher than 31.9% with transmission or reflection coefficients higher than-2 d B.The frequency band of each function is mainly concentrated in S-band.The measured data are in agreement with the simulated results.

High efficiency of broadband transmissive metasurface terahertz polarization converter

Terahertz wave is between microwave and infrared bands in the electromagnetic spectrum with the frequency range from 0.1 THz to 10 THz. Controlling and processing of the polarization state in terahertz wave are the focus due to its great influence on the characteristics. In this paper, a transmissive metasurface terahertz polarization converter is designed in 3D structure with an upper surface of ruler-like rectangular, an intermediate dielectric layer and a lower surface of metal grid wires. Numerical simulations of the converter show that the polarization conversion ratio(PCR) is above 99.9% at 0.288 THz–1.6 THz, the polarization rotation angle(PRA) is close to 90° at 0.06 THz–1.4 THz, and the ellipticity angle(EA) is close to 0° at 0.531 THz–1.49 THz. The origin of the efficient polarization conversion is explained by analyzing the electric field intensity, magnetic field intensity, surface current, electric field energy density, and magnetic field energy density distributions of the converter at 1.19 THz and 0.87 THz, which are consistent with the energy transmittance and transmittance coefficient. In addition, the effects of different thickness and material of intermediate layer, thickness of upper surface material, polarized wave incidence angle, and metasurface materials on the performance of the polarization converter are discussed, and how they affect the conversion performance of the polarization converter are also explained.Our results provide a strong theoretical basis and technical support to develop high performance transmission-type terahertz polarization converters, and play an important role to promote the development of terahertz science and technology.

High efficiency and high transmission asymmetric polarization converter with chiral metasurface in visible and near-infrared region

Polarization manipulation of light is of great importance because it could promote development of wireless communications,biosensing,and polarization imaging.In order to use natural light more efficiently,it is highly demanded to design and fabricate high performance asymmetric polarization converters which could covert the natural light to one particular linearly polarized light with high efficiency.Traditionally,polarizers could be achieved by controllers with crystals and polymers exhibiting birefringence.However,the polarizers are bulky in size and the theoretical conversion efficiency of the polarizers is limited to 0.5 with unpolarized light incidence.In this paper,we propose a polarization converter which could preserve high transmission for one linearly polarized light and convert the orthogonal linearly polarized light to its cross-polarized with high transmittance based on a multi-layer chiral metasurface.Theoretical results show that normally incident y-polarized light preserves high transmittance for the wavelength range from 685 nm to 800 nm while the orthogonal normally incident x-polarized light is efficiently converted to the y-polarized light with high transmittance from 725 nm to 748 nm.Accordingly,for unpolarized light incidence,transmittance larger than 0.5 has been successfully achieved in a broadband wavelength range from 712 nm to 773 nm with a maximum transmittance of 0.58 at 732 nm.

Ultra-wideband reflective polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface

In this paper, we propose an ultra-wideband reflective linear cross-polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurface. Its unit cell is composed of a square-shaped resonator with intersectant diagonal and metallic ground sheet separated by dielectric substrate. Simulated results show that the converter can generate resonances at four frequencies under normal incident electromagnetic（EM） wave, leading to the bandwidth expansion of cross-polarization reflection. For verification,the designed polarization converter is fabricated and measured. The measured and simulated results agree well with each other, showing that the fabricated converter can convert x- or y-polarized incident wave into its cross polarized wave in a frequency range from 7.57 GHz to 20.46 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 91.2%, and the polarization conversion efficiency is greater than 90%. The proposed polarization converter has a simple geometry but an ultra wideband compared with the published designs, and hence possesses potential applications in novel polarization-control devices.

Flexible broadband polarization converter based on metasurface at microwave band

A flexible broadband linear polarization converter is proposed based on the metasurface operating at microwave band.To achieve bandwidth extension property, long and short metallic arc wires, as well as the metallic disks placed over a ground plane, are combined into the polarizer, which can generate three neighboring resonances.Due to the combination of the first two resonances and the optimized size and thickness of the unit cell, the polarization converter can have a weak incident angle dependence.Both simulated and measured results confirm that the average polarization conversion ratio is over 85% from 11.3 GHz to 20.2 GHz within a broad range of incident angle from 0°to 45°.Moreover, the proposed polarization converter based on flexible substrates can be applied for conformal design.The simulation and experiment results demonstrate that our designed polarizer still keeps high polarization conversion efficiency, even when it adheres to convex cylindrical surfaces.The periodic metallic structure of the designed polarizer has great potential application values in the microwave, terahertz, and optic regimes.

Tunable wide-angle multi-band mid-infrared linear-to-linear polarization converter based on a graphene metasurface

We present a high-efficiency tunable wide-angle multi-band reflective linear-to-linear(LTL)polarization converter,which is composed of an array of two L-shaped graphene patches with different sizes.In the mid-infrared region,the proposed converter can transform x-polarized wave into y-polarized wave at four resonant frequencies.The polarization conversion ratios of the four bands reach 94.4%,92.7%,99.3%,and 93.1%,respectively.By carefully choosing the geometric parameter,triple-band LTL polarization conversion can also be realized.The three polarization conversion ratios reach 91.50%,99.20%,and 97.22%,respectively.The influence of incident angle on the performances of the LTL polarization converter is investigated,and it is found that our polarization converter shows the angle insensitivity.Also,the dynamically tunable properties of the proposed polarization converter are numerically studied by changing Fermi energy.All the simulation results are conducted by finite element method.

Ultra-wideband circular-polarization converter with micro-split Jerusalem-cross metasurfaces

An ultrathin micro-split Jerusalem-cross metasurface is proposed in this paper, which can efficiently convert the linear polarization of electromagnetic （EM） wave into the circular polarization in ultra-wideband. By symmetrically employing two micro-splits on the horizontal arm （in the x direction） of the Jerusalem-cross structure, the bandwidth of the proposed device is significantly extended. Both simulated and experimental results show that the proposed metasurface is able to convert linearly polarized waves into circularly polarized waves in a frequency range from 12.4 GHz to 21 GHz, with an axis ratio better than 1 dB. The simulated results also show that such a broadband and high-performance are maintained over a wide range of incident angle. The presented polarization converter can be used in a number of areas, such as spectroscopy and wireless communications.

A novel polarization converter based on the band-stop frequency selective surface

A dual-passband single-polarized converter based on the band-stop frequency selective surface(FSS)with a low radar cross-section(RCS)is designed in this article.The unit cell of the proposed converter is formed by a polarization layer attached to the band-stop frequency selective surface.The simulation results reveal that the co-polarization reflection coefficients below-10 d B are achieved in 3.82–13.64 GHz with a 112.4%fractional bandwidth(the ratio of the signal bandwidth to the central frequency).Meanwhile,a polarization conversion band is realized from 8.14 GHz to 9.27 GHz with a polarization conversion ratio which is over 80%.Moreover,the 1 d B transmission window is obtained in two nonadjacent bands of 3.42–7.02 GHz and 10.04–13.91 GHz corresponding to the relative bandwidths of 68.9%and 32.3%,respectively.Furthermore,the radar cross-section of the designed structure can be reduced in the wideband from 2.28 GHz to 14 GHz,and the 10 d B RCS reduction in the range of 4.10–13.35 GHz is achieved.In addition,the equivalent circuit model of this converter is established,and the simulation results of the Advanced Design System(ADS)match well with those of CST Microwave Studio(CST).The archetype of the designed converter is manufactured and measured.The experiment results match the simulation results well,which proves the reliability of the simulation results.

Wideband linear-to-circular polarization conversion realized by a transmissive anisotropic metasurface

We propose a metasurface which consists of three conductive layers separated by two dielectric layers. Each conductive layer consists of a square array of square loop apertures, however, a pair of corners of each square metal patch surrounded by the square loop apertures have been truncated, so it becomes an orthotropic structure with a pair of mutually perpendicular symmetric axes u and v. The simulated results show that the metasurface can be used as a wideband transmission-type polarization converter to realize linear-to-circular polarization conversion in the frequency range from12.21 GHz to 18.39 GHz, which is corresponding to a 40.4% fractional bandwidth. Moreover, its transmission coefficients at x-and y-polarized incidences are completely equal. We have analyzed the cause of the polarization conversion, and derived several formulas which can be used to calculate the magnitudes of cross-and co-polarization transmission coefficients at y-polarized incidence, together with the phase difference between them, based on the two independent transmission coefficients at u-and v-polarized incidences. Finally, one experiment was carried out, and the experiment and simulated results are in good agreement with each other.

Current Polarity Detection and Current Compensation Strategy for PAC Based Three-Phase ZVS PWM Converter

A novel software implementation for current polarity detection and current compensation is presented. For a three-phase zero-voltage soft-switching （ZVS） PWM converter based on phase and amplitude control （PAC）, when saw-tooth carriers with alternate positive and negative slopes are adopted, the positive or negative slopes are chosen according to the phase current polarity. Since polarity reversal causes current distortion, current at the instant of reversal should be compensated for. Based on the characteristic of unity power factor converter in rectification and regeneration modes, a software implementation for current polarity detection is proposed. Distortion of current zero-crossing caused by using saw-tooth carriers with alternate positive and negative slopes is analyzed, and the relevant compensation method is proposed. Experimental study with a 1.5 kW device shows that phase current has a small harmonic content and power factor is high both in rectification and regeneration modes.

A Bi-Polar Triple-Output Converter with Duty Cycle Estimation

This paper proposes a triple output converter with buck, boost and inverted outputs and controlled through duty cycle estimation. In the existing converter, to generate the negative output, the power flows from load to the supply (from the boost output to the supply) during a part of the cycle, which increases cycle time and losses, and reduces the power level. To overcome this, a modified converter with a main and an auxiliary inductance and with reduced number of switches is proposed. The converter can operate in continuous and discontinuous conduction modes and the outputs can be independently controlled. An analysis of the converter is done for both modes. A simplified control of the converter through duty cycle estimation is suggested to regulate the outputs, which does not have the constraint that the current ripple has to be small. The control works both in the continuous and discontinuous modes. The simulation results closely match with the analysis. A prototype of the converter is constructed with a Spartan FPGA system and results have been presented.

Dual-band reflective polarization converter based on metasurface

In this paper,a dual-band and reflective polarization converter based on metasurface is proposed.Its unit cell is composed of two layers of metal plates separated by a dielectric substrate.The simulation results show that the proposed converter is able to convert x-or y-polarized incident waves into cross-polarized waves perfectly in frequency bands of 6.75–10.59 GHz and 17.78–19.61 GHz,and the polarization conversion ratio(PCR)is nearly 100%,which can also convert linearly polarized waves into circularly polarized waves at four frequencies.It can be widely used in applications of radar satellites,antenna design and telecommunication with the function of realizing polarization conversion in two bands and achieving high PCR simultaneously.

宽波段大视角液晶偏振转换器研究进展

偏振转换器能够通过对入射光偏振态的动态调控间接实现几何相位型多功能光学器件光学响应特性的动态可调。基于液晶的偏振转换器具有调控效率高、调控面积大、紧凑化程度高等诸多优势,是目前应用较为广泛的偏振转换器。本文围绕偏振转换效率、工作波段、视场角3个核心参量,系统介绍了液晶偏振转换器最新的研究进展,分别给出了典型液晶偏振转换器和大视角宽波段液晶偏振转换器的详细结构和性能表现,同时介绍了液晶偏振转换器工作波段和视角的拓展方法。该项工作能够为液晶偏振转换器结构设计与应用提供必要的参考,同时为基于几何相位或新型相位调控模式的研究提供一些思路。

基于液晶包层平板光波导的偏振转换器设计

基于液晶的动态可调偏振转换器具有大调制幅度、低功耗的优势,在片上集成系统具有重要的研究意义。然而现有的液晶偏振转换器存在传输损耗大、液晶分子难取向的问题。为此,本文提出了一种基于液晶包层平板光波导的偏振转换器。首先基于液晶各向异性与4层波导理论,构建了满足液晶包层平板光波导物理特性的偏振转换分析模型,厘清偏振转换发生的内在机理为液晶分子场致转动引起的波导内模式耦合。而后通过精确求解耦合状态下波导模式的传播常数和光场分布,提出一种适合于液晶包层平板光波导的偏振转换分析方法,总结出偏振转换效率及最小转换长度的理论公式,并掌握了模式耦合对偏振转换效率的影响规律。最后综合优化各层波导参数得到了一组可实现高偏振转换效率的器件参数,分析了芯层厚度、取向层厚度和电极长度偏差对转换效率的影响。结果表明,本文设计的液晶包层平板光波导偏振转换器可在0.2 V的驱动电压变化下实现转换效率在0%~99.98%的连续可调。

基于极化时变调控表面的有源欺骗干扰辨识方法

聚焦雷达对抗中极化信息获取与利用的应用需求,该文研究了基于极化时变调控表面的有源欺骗干扰辨识方法。首先,设计了一套在9.6~10.1 GHz频带内支持3 bit相位量化的各向异性相位调制表面,通过优化相位调制编码序列,实现了极化态按需调控。然后,将极化调控表面加装在单极化雷达天线上,使天线发射和接收电磁波的极化态沿特定极化轨道变化,通过提取目标与有源欺骗干扰的极化域差异,实现两者辨识。仿真分析表明,在3种不同的极化轨道约束下,干扰与目标均具有显著的聚类效应,可获得稳定的干扰辨识效果。相较于依赖双极化或全极化雷达体制的干扰辨识方法,该文所提方法兼具低成本与高效性,在雷达抗干扰中具有很大的应用潜力。

温度对换流变压器瞬态电场的影响分析

基于传统变压器的绝缘设计并未考虑油纸绝缘的非线性特性,采用有限元法将电磁场、温度场等多物理场进行耦合仿真计算,重点研究油纸复合绝缘的电导率随温度非线性变化时,换流变压器阀侧绕组端部暂态电场分布的规律和特征,以及油、纸板电导率比值对阀侧电场的影响。结果表明:考虑温度电导率非线性特性时,换流变压器阀侧端部的电场分布更加集中,畸变现象更明显,且随着电导率比值的增大,阀侧绕组端部的等位线分布越来越密集,高场强值集中在阀侧绕组端部绝缘纸板之间的油隙中。所提研究为变压器绝缘设计提供技术支持。

基于超表面的交叉极化转换器设计

针对目前对极化转换器高性能的需求,提出了一种新型的反射型交叉极化转换器。基于超表面结构,极化转换器由顶层周期排列的金属图案、中间介质板和金属底板三部分组成。研究表明,在9.38~23.78 GHz频率范围内,该结构可实现极化转换率(Polarization Conversion Ratio,PCR)高于95%的交叉极化转换,其中四个谐振峰处极化转换率接近100%。此外,转换带宽为14.4 GHz,相对带宽为86.9%。该结构简单、损耗小、成本低、易于加工与集成,在微波通信、测量和成像等领域有广泛的应用前景。

基于Polar Form算法的三角B样条曲面和三角Bezer曲面间的转化

本文探讨了近来流行的PolarForm方法，该方法在几何造型、CAD、计算机图形学等方面有重要的应用，首先给出了一般三角域的二次B样条曲面片的PolarForm算法，然后讨论了三角域上的B─面片和Bezier面片间的相互转换算法。

A reconfigurable terahertz polarization converter based on metal–graphene hybrid metasurface

A metal-graphene hybrid metasurface polarization converter is designed in this Letter.The unit cell of the hybrid metasurface is composed of a butterfly-shaped structure whose branches are connected by multi-layer graphene sheets.The proposed device can be reconfigured from linear-to-circular polarization to cross-polarization by changing the Fermi energy of graphene.The simulation results show that for three-layer graphene,the device acts as a linear-to-circular polarization converter when EF=0 eV and switches to a cross-polarization converter when EF=0.5 eV.Compared with single-layer graphene,the device with three-layer graphene can maintain the cross-polarization conversion performance under low Fermi energy.Furthermore,two equivalent circuits in the x and y directions are developed to understand the working mechanism of the device.