The paper focuses on links between the EU ETS （European Union Emissions Trading Scheme） and selected （domestic） greenhouse gas ETS （emissions trading schemes） from Asia and North America which could open up a pe...The paper focuses on links between the EU ETS （European Union Emissions Trading Scheme） and selected （domestic） greenhouse gas ETS （emissions trading schemes） from Asia and North America which could open up a perspective to keep the idea of emissions trading alive on a global scale and confront the actual uncertainty in future climate policy. The approach consists of investigating qualitatively the essential requirements of this alternative bottom-up approach. It is evaluated if variations or inconsistencies in the structure and design of domestic ETS as well as legal and institutional characteristics harm or facilitate the concept of linking with the EU ETS. The evaluation of systems leads to the exclusion of systems with voluntary character, relative caps, unrestricted borrowing and price caps from the group of potential linking candidates.展开更多
The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)satellite is a small magnetosphere–ionosphere link explorer developed cooperatively between China and Europe.It pioneers the use of X-ray imaging technology...The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)satellite is a small magnetosphere–ionosphere link explorer developed cooperatively between China and Europe.It pioneers the use of X-ray imaging technology to perform large-scale imaging of the Earth’s magnetosheath and polar cusp regions.It uses a high-precision ultraviolet imager to image the overall configuration of the aurora and monitor changes in the source of solar wind in real time,using in situ detection instruments to improve human understanding of the relationship between solar activity and changes in the Earth’s magnetic field.The SMILE satellite is scheduled to launch in 2025.The European Incoherent Scatter Sciences Association(EISCAT)-3D radar is a new generation of European incoherent scatter radar constructed by EISCAT and is the most advanced ground-based ionospheric experimental device in the high-latitude polar region.It has multibeam and multidirectional quasi-real-time three-dimensional(3D)imaging capabilities,continuous monitoring and operation capabilities,and multiple-baseline interferometry capabilities.Joint detection by the SMILE satellite and the EISCAT-3D radar is of great significance for revealing the coupling process of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere.Therefore,we performed an analysis of the joint detection capability of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D,analyzed the period during which the two can perform joint detection,and defined the key scientific problems that can be solved by joint detection.In addition,we developed Web-based software to search for and visualize the joint detection period of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D radar,which lays the foundation for subsequent joint detection experiments and scientific research.展开更多
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) as a part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are a new perspective to settle the traffic problem. Because of the high velocity, variational topology and such other character...Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) as a part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are a new perspective to settle the traffic problem. Because of the high velocity, variational topology and such other characters, the link between VANETs and road side unit (RSU) is unstable. Besides, on account of the high cost of RSU, some places can’t be covered completely which make the Internet accessing difficult and accessing delay long. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical link scheme to help vehicles access the Internet based on delay analysis for congestion scenario. We select some moving accessing help points (AHPs) from vehicles in VANETs. Two different hierarchical schemes under the circumstances of whole road covered or not are proposed. When the RSUs are enough to cover the whole road fully, we propose the inward progressive hierarchical method. When the RSUs are not enough to cover the whole road, we propose the outward extend hierarchical method. According to the delay analysis, we can get the optimal hierarchy number. This hierarchical link scheme can decrease delay and make all vehicles access the Internet with delay guarantee. The simulation results indicate that our proposed hierarchical link scheme in VANETs can decrease the link delay effectively.展开更多
Nowadays network virtualization is utterly popular.As a result,how to protect the virtual networks from attacking on the link is increasingly important.Existing schemes are mainly backup-based,which suffer from data l...Nowadays network virtualization is utterly popular.As a result,how to protect the virtual networks from attacking on the link is increasingly important.Existing schemes are mainly backup-based,which suffer from data loss and are helpless to such attacks like data tampering.To offer high security level,in this paper,we first propose a multipath and decision-making(MD) scheme which applies multipath simultaneously delivery and decision-making for protecting the virtual network.Considering different security requirement for virtual link,we devise a hybrid scheme to protect the virtual links.For the critical links,MD scheme is adopted.For the other links,we adopt the Shared Backup Scheme.Our simulation results indicate the proposed scheme can significantly increase the security level of the critical link high in the loss of less acceptance ratio.展开更多
In this paper,a compact difference scheme is established for the heat equations with multi-point boundary value conditions.The truncation error of the difference scheme is O(τ2+h^4),where t and h are the temporal ste...In this paper,a compact difference scheme is established for the heat equations with multi-point boundary value conditions.The truncation error of the difference scheme is O(τ2+h^4),where t and h are the temporal step size and the spatial step size.A prior estimate of the difference solution in a weighted norm is obtained.The unique solvability,stability and convergence of the difference scheme are proved by the energy method.The theoretical statements for the solution of the difference scheme are supported by numerical examples.展开更多
A semi-implicit and Eulerian - Lagrangian finite difference method for three-dimensionalshallow flow has been extended to a more complete system of equations incorporating second-moment turbulence closure model and tr...A semi-implicit and Eulerian - Lagrangian finite difference method for three-dimensionalshallow flow has been extended to a more complete system of equations incorporating second-moment turbulence closure model and transport equations of salinity and temperature. The simulation for flooding and drying of mudflats has been improved. The model is applied to Xiamen waters. Based on extensive survey data, water level elevation, temperature and salinity field along the eastern open boundary and at the Jiulong River inlets and runoffs are analyzed, specified and calibrated. The computed results show good agreement with the measured data, reproduce flooding, emergence of large and complex mudflat region.展开更多
In this paper, a fully third-order accurate projection method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is proposed. To construct the scheme, a continuous projection procedure is firstly presented. We the...In this paper, a fully third-order accurate projection method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is proposed. To construct the scheme, a continuous projection procedure is firstly presented. We then derive a sufficient condition for the continuous projection equations to be temporally third-order accurate approximations of the original Navier-Stokes equations by means of the localtruncation-error-analysis technique. The continuous projection equations are discretized temporally and spatially to third-order accuracy on the staggered grids, resulting in a fully third-order discrete projection scheme. The possibility to design higher-order projection methods is thus demonstrated in the present paper. A heuristic stability analysis is performed on this projection method showing the probability of its being stable. The stability of the present scheme is further verified through numerical tests. The third-order accuracy of the present projection method is validated by several numerical test cases.展开更多
AIM： To compare three kinds of fluorescent probes for in vitro labeling and in vivo tracking of endothelial progenitor cells（EPCs） in a mouse model of laser-induced retinal injury.METHODS： EPCs were isolated from ...AIM： To compare three kinds of fluorescent probes for in vitro labeling and in vivo tracking of endothelial progenitor cells（EPCs） in a mouse model of laser-induced retinal injury.METHODS： EPCs were isolated from human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells and labeled with three different fluorescent probes： 5-（and-6）-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester（CFSE）, 1,1′-dilinoleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate linked acetylated low-density lipoprotein（Di I-Ac LDL）, and green fluorescent protein（GFP）. The fluorescent intensity of EPCs was examined by confocal microscopy. Survival rate of labeled EPCs was calculated with trypan blue staining, and their adhesive capability was assessed. A mouse model of retinal injury was induced by laser, and EPCs were injected into the vitreous cavity. Frozen section and fluorescein angiography on flat-mounted retinal samples was employed to track the labeled EPCs in vivo.RESULTS： EPCs labeled with CFSE and Di I-Ac LDL exhibited an intense green and red fluorescence at the beginning; the fluorescence intensity decreased gradually to 20.23% and 49.99% respectively, after 28 d. On the contrary, the florescent intensity of GFP-labeled EPCs increased in a time-dependent manner. All labeled EPCs showed normal morphology and no significant change in survival and adhesive capability. In the mouse model, transplantation of EPCs showed a protective effect against retinal injury. EPCs labeled with CFSE and Di I-Ac LDL were successfully tracked in mice during the development of retinal injury and repair; however, GFP-labeled EPCs were not detected in the laser-injured mouse retina.CONCLUSION： The three fluorescent markers used in this study have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. CFSE and Di I-Ac LDL are suitable for short-term EPClabeling, while GFP should be used for long-term labeling. The choice of fluorescent markers should be guided by the purpose of the study.展开更多
The high-spin states in <sup>197</sup>Bi are studied with the <sup>197</sup>Re(<sup>16</sup>O, 6n) reaction, theenergies of <sup>16</sup>O being between 85 and 105 MeV. ...The high-spin states in <sup>197</sup>Bi are studied with the <sup>197</sup>Re(<sup>16</sup>O, 6n) reaction, theenergies of <sup>16</sup>O being between 85 and 105 MeV. In-beam measurements of γ-ray excitation func-tions, γ-γ-t coincidences and γ-ray angular distributions are performed with six BGO （AC）HPGe detectors and one intrinsic Ge planar detector. Eleven new transitions and three new iso-mers at 2089, 2357 and 1968+△keV with T<sub>1/2</sub>=19, 34±4, 9, 53, 4±20. 5 and 18. 04±3. 1 ns,respectively, are observed, and a level scheme established. In addition, a half-life of 36. 7±7.0 ns was determined for the first time for the previously established 2065 keV isomer.展开更多
文摘The paper focuses on links between the EU ETS （European Union Emissions Trading Scheme） and selected （domestic） greenhouse gas ETS （emissions trading schemes） from Asia and North America which could open up a perspective to keep the idea of emissions trading alive on a global scale and confront the actual uncertainty in future climate policy. The approach consists of investigating qualitatively the essential requirements of this alternative bottom-up approach. It is evaluated if variations or inconsistencies in the structure and design of domestic ETS as well as legal and institutional characteristics harm or facilitate the concept of linking with the EU ETS. The evaluation of systems leads to the exclusion of systems with voluntary character, relative caps, unrestricted borrowing and price caps from the group of potential linking candidates.
基金supported by the Stable-Support Scientific Project of the China Research Institute of Radio-wave Propagation(Grant No.A13XXXXWXX)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42174210,4207202,and 42188101)the Strategic Pioneer Program on Space Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA15014800)。
文摘The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)satellite is a small magnetosphere–ionosphere link explorer developed cooperatively between China and Europe.It pioneers the use of X-ray imaging technology to perform large-scale imaging of the Earth’s magnetosheath and polar cusp regions.It uses a high-precision ultraviolet imager to image the overall configuration of the aurora and monitor changes in the source of solar wind in real time,using in situ detection instruments to improve human understanding of the relationship between solar activity and changes in the Earth’s magnetic field.The SMILE satellite is scheduled to launch in 2025.The European Incoherent Scatter Sciences Association(EISCAT)-3D radar is a new generation of European incoherent scatter radar constructed by EISCAT and is the most advanced ground-based ionospheric experimental device in the high-latitude polar region.It has multibeam and multidirectional quasi-real-time three-dimensional(3D)imaging capabilities,continuous monitoring and operation capabilities,and multiple-baseline interferometry capabilities.Joint detection by the SMILE satellite and the EISCAT-3D radar is of great significance for revealing the coupling process of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere.Therefore,we performed an analysis of the joint detection capability of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D,analyzed the period during which the two can perform joint detection,and defined the key scientific problems that can be solved by joint detection.In addition,we developed Web-based software to search for and visualize the joint detection period of the SMILE satellite and EISCAT-3D radar,which lays the foundation for subsequent joint detection experiments and scientific research.
文摘Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) as a part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are a new perspective to settle the traffic problem. Because of the high velocity, variational topology and such other characters, the link between VANETs and road side unit (RSU) is unstable. Besides, on account of the high cost of RSU, some places can’t be covered completely which make the Internet accessing difficult and accessing delay long. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical link scheme to help vehicles access the Internet based on delay analysis for congestion scenario. We select some moving accessing help points (AHPs) from vehicles in VANETs. Two different hierarchical schemes under the circumstances of whole road covered or not are proposed. When the RSUs are enough to cover the whole road fully, we propose the inward progressive hierarchical method. When the RSUs are not enough to cover the whole road, we propose the outward extend hierarchical method. According to the delay analysis, we can get the optimal hierarchy number. This hierarchical link scheme can decrease delay and make all vehicles access the Internet with delay guarantee. The simulation results indicate that our proposed hierarchical link scheme in VANETs can decrease the link delay effectively.
基金supported by Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61521003)National Key Research and Development Plan(2016YFB0800101)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61602509)
文摘Nowadays network virtualization is utterly popular.As a result,how to protect the virtual networks from attacking on the link is increasingly important.Existing schemes are mainly backup-based,which suffer from data loss and are helpless to such attacks like data tampering.To offer high security level,in this paper,we first propose a multipath and decision-making(MD) scheme which applies multipath simultaneously delivery and decision-making for protecting the virtual network.Considering different security requirement for virtual link,we devise a hybrid scheme to protect the virtual links.For the critical links,MD scheme is adopted.For the other links,we adopt the Shared Backup Scheme.Our simulation results indicate the proposed scheme can significantly increase the security level of the critical link high in the loss of less acceptance ratio.
基金The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11671081)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.242017K41044).
文摘In this paper,a compact difference scheme is established for the heat equations with multi-point boundary value conditions.The truncation error of the difference scheme is O(τ2+h^4),where t and h are the temporal step size and the spatial step size.A prior estimate of the difference solution in a weighted norm is obtained.The unique solvability,stability and convergence of the difference scheme are proved by the energy method.The theoretical statements for the solution of the difference scheme are supported by numerical examples.
文摘A semi-implicit and Eulerian - Lagrangian finite difference method for three-dimensionalshallow flow has been extended to a more complete system of equations incorporating second-moment turbulence closure model and transport equations of salinity and temperature. The simulation for flooding and drying of mudflats has been improved. The model is applied to Xiamen waters. Based on extensive survey data, water level elevation, temperature and salinity field along the eastern open boundary and at the Jiulong River inlets and runoffs are analyzed, specified and calibrated. The computed results show good agreement with the measured data, reproduce flooding, emergence of large and complex mudflat region.
基金The project supported by the China NKBRSF(2001CB409604)
文摘In this paper, a fully third-order accurate projection method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is proposed. To construct the scheme, a continuous projection procedure is firstly presented. We then derive a sufficient condition for the continuous projection equations to be temporally third-order accurate approximations of the original Navier-Stokes equations by means of the localtruncation-error-analysis technique. The continuous projection equations are discretized temporally and spatially to third-order accuracy on the staggered grids, resulting in a fully third-order discrete projection scheme. The possibility to design higher-order projection methods is thus demonstrated in the present paper. A heuristic stability analysis is performed on this projection method showing the probability of its being stable. The stability of the present scheme is further verified through numerical tests. The third-order accuracy of the present projection method is validated by several numerical test cases.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81400403)the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Jilin Province(No.20110733)the Technology Program of Soochow City(No.SYS201375)
文摘AIM： To compare three kinds of fluorescent probes for in vitro labeling and in vivo tracking of endothelial progenitor cells（EPCs） in a mouse model of laser-induced retinal injury.METHODS： EPCs were isolated from human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells and labeled with three different fluorescent probes： 5-（and-6）-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester（CFSE）, 1,1′-dilinoleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate linked acetylated low-density lipoprotein（Di I-Ac LDL）, and green fluorescent protein（GFP）. The fluorescent intensity of EPCs was examined by confocal microscopy. Survival rate of labeled EPCs was calculated with trypan blue staining, and their adhesive capability was assessed. A mouse model of retinal injury was induced by laser, and EPCs were injected into the vitreous cavity. Frozen section and fluorescein angiography on flat-mounted retinal samples was employed to track the labeled EPCs in vivo.RESULTS： EPCs labeled with CFSE and Di I-Ac LDL exhibited an intense green and red fluorescence at the beginning; the fluorescence intensity decreased gradually to 20.23% and 49.99% respectively, after 28 d. On the contrary, the florescent intensity of GFP-labeled EPCs increased in a time-dependent manner. All labeled EPCs showed normal morphology and no significant change in survival and adhesive capability. In the mouse model, transplantation of EPCs showed a protective effect against retinal injury. EPCs labeled with CFSE and Di I-Ac LDL were successfully tracked in mice during the development of retinal injury and repair; however, GFP-labeled EPCs were not detected in the laser-injured mouse retina.CONCLUSION： The three fluorescent markers used in this study have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. CFSE and Di I-Ac LDL are suitable for short-term EPClabeling, while GFP should be used for long-term labeling. The choice of fluorescent markers should be guided by the purpose of the study.
文摘The high-spin states in <sup>197</sup>Bi are studied with the <sup>197</sup>Re(<sup>16</sup>O, 6n) reaction, theenergies of <sup>16</sup>O being between 85 and 105 MeV. In-beam measurements of γ-ray excitation func-tions, γ-γ-t coincidences and γ-ray angular distributions are performed with six BGO （AC）HPGe detectors and one intrinsic Ge planar detector. Eleven new transitions and three new iso-mers at 2089, 2357 and 1968+△keV with T<sub>1/2</sub>=19, 34±4, 9, 53, 4±20. 5 and 18. 04±3. 1 ns,respectively, are observed, and a level scheme established. In addition, a half-life of 36. 7±7.0 ns was determined for the first time for the previously established 2065 keV isomer.
