Effect of Altering Linoleic Acid and Linolenic Acid Dietary Ratios on the Performance and Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles of Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii （de Man 1879） Post Larvae

A 90-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary linoleic acid （LA; 18：2n-6） and linolenic acid ratios （LNA; 18：3n-3） on growth induces, feed utilization and tissue fatty acid profile of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae （PL）. The experiment was conducted in cubic indoor fiberglass tanks, each holding 700 L in triplicate. Post-larvae with an average weight of 20.8 ± 0.20 mg were stocked at 80 PL m2. Five experimental isocaloric （15.06 MJ kgl digestible energy）, and isonitrogenous （30.45% digestible protein） diets were formulated by blending of soybean oil and linseed oil to containing five dietary LA/LNA ratios （7.80, 2.75, 1.28, 0.65 and 0.30）. The highest survival values were recorded for prawn PL fed diet containing 0.65 LA/LAN ratios. Growth indices of PL significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） with decreased dietary LA/LAN ratios to 0.65. The same trend was observed for the highest （P ≤ 0.05） protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value, fat retention, energy retention and best feed conversion ratio. The total whole tissue polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of M. rosenbergii PL was dominated by LA followed by LAN. Post larvae fed the diets containing higher LA/LNA ratios showed a higher tissue LA/LNA ratio. The obtained findings revealed that fatty acid patterns ofM. rosenbergii PL were influenced by fatty acid profiles of diets. The diet containing 0.65 LA/LNA ratio is recommended to obtaining optimum growth performance and feed utilization for M. rosenbergii PL.

A Proposed Stereochemical Mechanism for the Improved Preparation of Maleic Anhydride Cycloadduct of CLA

The fatty acid derivatives, prepared from renewable natural oils, can be used as highly promising and potential substitutes for petrochemicals. The study of process improvement and stereochemical mechanism for preparing these derivatives would be beneficial for their industrial production. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) containing 9cis-11trans (9c, 11t) and 10trans-12cis (10t, 12c) isomers was prepared from Salicornia herbacea seed oil. Maleic anhydride cycloadduct of CLA (MAC) was prepared by an improved process, and it was characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, etc. A new method to calculate conformers-ratio of CLA or MAC was also developed. Furthermore, the stereochemical mechanism for the improved preparation of MAC was proposed primarily by the calculation method above. The following observations were made: 1) The yield of MAC could reach as high as 96.7% under mild reaction conditions and with an easy and efficient product separation;2) The trans-trans CLA in the s-cis conformation acted as a predominant reactant to Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloaddition of maleic anhydride, which was the main reaction occurred simultaneously with catalytic configurational isomerizations of CLA in one step;3) From all studied CLA conformers, the most stable conformation was the s-trans conformation of trans-trans CLA, while the s-cis conformation of trans-trans CLA had the most favorable structural parameters for cyclohexenyl ring formation;4) Four MAC conformers derived from 9c, 11t- and 10t, 12c-CLA, were obtained as final main products that were determined to be cis-cycloadducts;5) The endo/exo ratios of the cis- cycloadducts derived from 9c, 11t- and 10t, 12c-CLA, were 2.14:1 and 1.99:1, respectively;and 6) The results obtained from the calculation method above were in excellent accordance with those from our experiments.

新疆不同地区加工专用花生营养成分比较

花生生长条件和环境不同导致其品质出现差异,分析不同来源花生原料的品质有利于优化原料的选择,为花生产品加工利用提供参考。新疆南、北疆和东疆均有种植花生,但适合新疆不同地区种植的加工专用品种较少,采集新疆不同地区和内地3个省份的32个样品,对含油量、蛋白质、蔗糖、油酸/亚油酸(O/L)、蛋白亚基、氨基酸等6个指标进行测定、分析比较。结果表明,同一花生品种在不同地区种植后的营养成分含量存在一定差异,整体而言,新疆花生的含油量、蛋白质、蔗糖等指标在不同程度上优于内地,进一步分析得出花生在吐鲁番的含油量、O/L、伴花生球蛋白、总氨基酸含量最高,最高值为55.71%、35.11、37.39%、28.23 g/100 g,在阿拉尔的蛋白质、花生球蛋白含量最高,最高值为22.67 g/100 g、63.28%,在和田的蔗糖、23.5 ku亚基含量最高,为5.07 g/100 g、20.48%,在三坪的37.5 ku亚基含量最高(9.31%)。新疆不同地区不同品种花生的营养成分研究为新疆花生产业区域布局提供参考,为企业选择优质原料、建立原料基地提供依据。

中药抗氧化性能的研究

对50多种中药在不同溶剂中的提取物,进行体外抗脂质过氧化作用的研究,观察了药物对亚油酸自动空气氧化的抑制作用,获得甘草、厚朴、生姜等数种具有较强抗氧化性能的中药。

胶磷矿选矿中不同植物脂肪酸的常温浮选性能

为了研究不同植物脂肪酸组成对胶磷矿常温浮选的影响,选取了棉油、豆油、米糠油、棕榈酸、硬脂肪酸等几种植物脂肪酸,采用气相色谱法分析了其脂肪酸的成分,利用浮选试验评价了其性能.试验结果表明,这几种植物油含有脂肪酸的成分不同,浮选性能也不同.常温下的浮选性能依次为:碘值135棉油脂肪酸>碘值110豆油脂肪酸>碘值95米糠油脂肪酸>碘值120棉油脂肪酸;浮选时,棕榈油脂肪酸与硬脂酸完全没有泡沫.植物脂肪酸捕收剂中的亚油酸/油酸比值对选别指标的影响为:比值越大,浮选效果越好.温度较低时,应选用不饱和脂肪酸特别是亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量高脂肪酸作为捕收剂.

7个高油酸花生新品种的丰产性和脂肪酸成分评价

为推进高油酸花生产业化,对山东省花生研究所最新育成的7个高油酸花生品种进行了多点鉴定。结果表明:山东莱西春播种植,供试新品种的子仁产量水平与当前推广的普通油酸高产品种花育20号或花育25号、花育33号相当或更高;在安徽夏播种植其子仁产量高于高油酸对照品种花育32号或花育951,尤以花育664、花育666、花育963和花育964的产量优势更为明显;7个品种油酸含量均在80%以上,油亚比均高于23,其中花育964油亚比最高,达34.04。

捕收剂的亚油酸/油酸比值对磷矿浮选的影响

探讨了几种脂肪酸皂类捕收剂的亚油酸/油酸(L)值对浮选温度和选别指标的影响。黄麦岭磷矿的浮选试 验表明,L值越大。综合指数K越高,选矿效果越好。温度较低时,应选用亚油酸含量较高的脂肪酸皂捕收剂。

亚油酸比例对油脂热稳定性的影响

为通过调节脂肪酸组成以获得具有耐高温特性和营养价值的油脂,以大豆油、玉米油和亚麻籽油为原料,利用计算机建模计算得到亚麻酸与亚油酸比例约为1∶4的营养调和油,并对油脂在180℃条件下的酸价和过氧化值进行了测定,对不同温度下的油脂进行了色泽及TG-DSC分析。结果表明:调和油配方为大豆油48%、玉米油37%、亚麻籽油15%,调和油的脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸11.76%、油酸19.98%、亚油酸48.30%、亚麻酸12.34%。所配制的调和油相较于亚麻籽油热稳定性得到改善。

泡菜中生物转化共轭脂肪酸的植物乳杆菌

共轭脂肪酸是指一类含共轭双键的多不饱和脂肪酸的总称,包括共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA),共轭亚麻酸(conjugated linolenic acid,CLNA)和共轭十八碳四烯酸(conjugated stearidonic acid,CSA)。CLA和CLNA分别是由亚油酸和亚麻酸衍生所得的多种位置与几何异构体的总称,具有多种生理功能,如抗癌、抗动脉粥样硬化、提高机体免疫力和减肥等,已成为功能性脂质的研究热点。采用GC-MS(gas chromatographymass spectrometry)法分析了筛选自泡菜的22株植物乳杆菌转化共轭脂肪酸的能力。结果显示,CCFM47和CCFM232两株菌具有极高的共轭亚油酸和共轭亚麻酸转化能力,其中亚油酸的转化率均超过30%,发酵液中CLA总浓度分别达到0.166 4 mg/ L和0.151 4 mg/mL,而对α-亚麻酸的转化率高达60%,发酵液中CLNA总浓度分别达到0.196 4 mg/mL和0.172 1 mg/mL。

日粮中脂肪酸对羊牛猪肉中长链多不饱和脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸的影响

随着消费者健康意识的提高,越来越多的研究关注提高家养动物肉产品中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量,尤其是n-3长链脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸（CLA）在羊、牛、猪肉肌内脂中的含量.研究结果表明通过添加鱼油或鱼粉能提高动物肉中n-3长链脂肪酸含量.富含亚麻油酸（LNA）的日粮能提高肉中LNA、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳五烯酸（DPA）水平,但大部分对肌肉中二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）水平没有影响.然而,在日粮中添加鱼油或鱼粉大部分能提高动物肌肉中DHA含量.大部分研究中提高n-3脂肪酸含量的同时n-6脂肪酸含量下降,这主要归因于试验组日粮中n-6脂肪酸降低.这样刚好可以使肉中两者比例更合理,但对多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比例没什么影响. 饲喂反刍动物富含n-3脂肪酸日粮（亚麻籽或加草料）、鱼油或富含LA的浓缩料可提高肌肉中c9t11CLA含量.牛肉、羊肉中c9t11CLA在总脂中含量介于0.2～1.0 g/100 g,不随营养因素提高到更高.相对应的,在单胃动物日粮中添加混合CLA油则显著提高CLA含量.

花生AhFAD2-1基因与油酸/亚油酸比值的关系

花生AhFAD2-1由位于不同基因组上的两个非等位基因AhFAD2-1A和AhFAD2-1B共同编码,这两个基因的突变引起酶结构、酶活性或表达调控的变化,共同导致高油酸性状的产生。本研究通过对13个不同花生品种（系）的AhFAD2-1基因进行测序和比对分析,查找点突变或插入位点,寻找与高油酸性状关联的基因位点。结果表明：E11、花育30、鲁花12、豫花15、河北高油的基因型是OL1OL1OL2OL2,其相应的O/L值为1.01-1.40;鲁花14、花育17、花育19、花育23、E12S的基因型是ol1ol1OL2OL2,其中E12S较特殊O/L值为9.05,其他品种O/L值为1.54-1.97;E16、E18和花育32号的基因型是ol1ol1ol2ol2,其相应O/L值为12.3-41.85。本研究结果对于高油酸性状的分子鉴定以及高油酸花生新品种的培育具有一定的参考价值。

上海407例11～14岁学生n-3和n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸的摄入量及主要食物来源

【目的】调查上海市11-14岁学生膳食中脂肪和各种脂肪酸的摄入量及其主要食物来源,明确目前上海地区11-14岁学生脂肪摄入的状况,为进一步的干预与指导提供基础数据。【方法】采用称重法与记帐法相结合的方法,调查连续3日的膳食状况,包括全部的食物种类与数量。共完成了对407名11-14岁学生的调查。【结果】调查学生的总脂肪摄入量偏高,80%以上学生摄入脂肪所产能量占总能量高于推荐摄入量（RNI）;亚油酸与α-亚麻酸的比值在9∶1左右;α-亚麻酸的摄入量较合理;食用油是脂肪及各种脂肪酸的主要来源。【结论】上海市11-14岁学生的膳食结构需要调整,必须减少食用油摄入量;降低肉禽蛋类食物的摄入,尤其是肉眼可见的动物脂肪。

植物乳杆菌ZS2058生物转化共轭亚油酸反应条件的优化研究

对本实验室从泡菜中筛选到的植物乳杆菌ZS2058完整细胞生物转化共轭亚油酸的反应条件进行了系统研究。在1mL磷酸钾缓冲液反应体系中,通过单因素实验和响应面分析,确定最合适的反应条件为:亚油酸底物浓度为0.8mg/mL,细胞浓度为4×1010cfu/mL,反应温度为37℃,缓冲液pH为6.7。在此反应条件下,cis9,trans11-CLA的浓度为374.24μg/mL,转化率高达46.78%,这对于实现共轭亚油酸的高效生产和研究其生理功能具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

日粮精粗比与共轭亚油酸对家畜生产性能的影响研究概况

随着经济的快速发展,人们的生活水平大大提高,关于健康和饮食的观念也随之发生了改变,已不仅仅只注重牛、羊肉的营养价值,更多的则是关注富含功能性的保健型牛、羊肉,而饲喂反刍动物不同纤维水平的日粮不仅能够改善肉品质,还能够改善内源合成共轭亚油酸的量。对日粮精粗比与共轭亚油酸对家畜生产性能的影响研究概况进行了综述。

不同精粗比饲粮对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵和共轭亚油酸产量的影响

【目的】在添加2%豆油基础上研究不同精粗比饲粮对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵和共轭亚油酸产量的影响。【方法】试验共设7个饲粮精粗比组(精粗比分别为2∶8、3∶7、4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3、8∶2),称取300 mg不同精粗比饲粮于尼龙袋中,并添加2%豆油于玻璃发酵管中,吸取30 mL培养液,体外发酵48 h,每种精粗比设4个平行,并进行2次重复试验。【结果】①4∶6组乙酸浓度最高且极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。戊酸浓度随精粗比比值增加先增加后降低,4∶6组显著高于6∶4组和7∶3组(P<0.05)。4∶6组总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于2∶8组、3∶7组、6∶4组、7∶3组(P<0.05)。其他处理组之间丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸浓度和乙酸∶丙酸比例均无显著差异(P>0.05)。8∶2组瘤胃液pH最高。②4∶6组干物质降解率显著高于3∶7和5∶5组(P<0.05)。4∶6组甲烷产量最低,且极显著低于6∶4组(P<0.01)。6∶4组总产气量显著高于2∶8、3∶7和5∶5组(P<0.05),但与4∶6组无显著差异(P>0.05)。③氨态氮浓度随精粗比增加先增加后降低,4∶6组氨态氮浓度最高,极显著高于2∶8和8∶2组(P<0.01),显著高于3∶7和6∶4组(P<0.05)。4∶6组微生物蛋白浓度最高且极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01)。④共轭亚油酸浓度在各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】添加2%豆油基础上饲粮精粗比为4∶6水平时最有利于绵羊瘤胃发酵。

Relationship between high dietary fat intake and Parkinson’s disease risk: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether dietary fat intake influences Parkinson’s disease risk. DATA SOURCES: We systematically surveyed the Embase and PubMed databases, reviewing manuscripts published prior to October 2018. The following terms were used:(“Paralysis agitans” OR “Parkinson disease” OR “Parkinson” OR “Parkinson’s” OR “Parkinson’s disease”) AND (“fat” OR “dietary fat” OR “dietary fat intake”). DATA SELECTION: Included studies were those with both dietary fat intake and Parkinson’s disease risk as exposure factors. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was adapted to investigate the quality of included studies. Stata V12.0 software was used for statistical analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes included the relationship between high total energy intake, high total fat intake, and Parkinson’s disease risk. The secondary outcomes included the relationship between different kinds of fatty acids and Parkinson’s disease risk. RESULTS: Nine articles met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into this meta-analysis. Four studies scored 7 and the other five studies scored 9 on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, meaning that all studies were of high quality. Meta-analysis results showed that high total energy intake was associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (P = 0.000, odds ratio (OR)= 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26–1.75);in contrast, high total fat intake was not associated with Parkinson’s disease risk (P = 0.123, OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.91–1.25). Subgroup analysis revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (P = 0.010, OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.88–1.20) reduced the risk of Parkinson’s disease, while arachidonic acid (P = 0.026, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.97–1.37) and cholesterol (P = 0.002, OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.92–1.29) both increased the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Subgroup analysis also demonstrated that, although the results were not significant, consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.071, OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.73–1.05),α-linolenic acid (P = 0.06, OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.72–1.02), and the n-3 to n-6 ratio (P = 0.458, OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75–1.06) were all linked with a trend toward reduced Parkinson’s disease risk. Monounsaturated fatty acid (P = 0.450, OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.91–1.23), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.100, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.96–1.36) and linoleic acid (P = 0.053, OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.94–1.32) intakes were associated with a non-significant trend toward higher PD risk. Saturated fatty acid (P = 0.619, OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.87–1.18) intake was not associated with Parkinson’s disease. CONCLUSION: Dietary fat intake affects Parkinson’s disease risk, although this depends on the fatty acid subtype. Higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease, while higher cholesterol and arachidonic acid intakes may elevate Parkinson’s disease risk. However, further studies and evidence are needed to validate any link between dietary fat intake and Parkinson’s disease.

莒南县高油酸花生新品种主要农艺性状和脂肪酸成分研究

为加快高油酸花生产业发展步伐,筛选出适宜莒南县种植的高油酸花生品种,推动花生传统产业转型升级,以国家花生体系研究室收集的开农1715、开农61、冀花16、冀花19、潍花25、豫花37、冀花13、冀花18和阜花22共9个高油酸花生品种为试验材料,在莒南县对其主要农艺性状和脂肪酸成分进行研究。结果表明,开农1715、开农61比对照花育963产量增产极显著,增幅分别为16.12%、13.61%,油酸含量分别为79.20%、77.80%,油亚比分别为21.88、13.01,生育期分别为122、123 d,农艺性状和综合抗性均较好。开农1715、开农61于2017年通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,登记编号为GPD花生(2017)410033和GPD花生(2017)410026,适宜在莒南县推广种植。冀花19虽与对照相比荚果增产不显著,但出仁率较高,达76.8%,需继续试验关注。阜花22油酸含量为55.20%,油亚比为2.14,未达到高油酸标准。

北沙参的脂肪酸特征及产地差异性分析

目的研究北沙参的脂肪酸特征,比较山东莱阳、河北安国、内蒙古赤峰等3个主产地的北沙参脂肪酸差异。方法Bligh and Dyer法提取总脂;甲酯化后,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析;通过与脂肪酸标准品及NIST 11.0质谱数据库比对鉴定脂肪酸种类,采用面积归一法分别计算各成分的相对质量分数。结果分别从山东莱阳、河北安国和内蒙古赤峰的北沙参药材中鉴定了17种、17种和18种脂肪酸;3个产地药材的优势脂肪酸种类一致,依次为C18:2 n-6c(亚油酸,49.22%~63.96%)、C16:0(棕榈酸,17.43%~25.33%)和C18:1 n-9c(油酸,13.85%~19.44%),均未检测到n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸。山东莱阳药材的多不饱和脂肪酸总量低于河北安国及内蒙古赤峰,但饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸三者比值最接近1∶1∶1。结论不同产地北沙参的脂肪酸种类相近。亚油酸是北沙参含量优势脂肪酸,提示其可以作为北沙参防治胆固醇代谢相关疾病的质量标志物候选分子。

花生AhFAD2基因抑制表达的转基因后代分析

FAD2(Δ^(12) fatty acid desaturase,Δ^(12)FAD或FAD2)是催化油酸在脂肪酸碳链Δ^(12)位脱氢生成亚油酸的关键酶。在花生中,FAD2酶活性下降或失活可提高籽粒中油酸的相对含量,改善花生籽粒及制品的品质和氧化稳定性。通过将种子特异性表达Lectin启动子和Ca MV35S启动子驱动的倒位重复Ah FAD2基因RNAi干扰结构转入花生,获得了以丰花1号(FH1)和花育23(HY23)为受体、携带上述2种转化结构、稳定遗传的花生转基因纯合体株系,转基因花生主要农艺性状与非转基因对照基本一致。实时荧光定量分析发现,各转基因株系发育种子中Ah FAD2基因的转录水平普遍下调。气相色谱法进一步测定了部分转基因后代株系种子的脂肪酸含量及组成,籽粒中油酸含量分别平均提高了15.09%(HY23为受体)、36.40%(FH1为受体),相应地,亚油酸含量平均下降了16.19%、29.81%,油亚比平均增加了38.02%、98.10%。各转基因株系的油酸含量显著提高;且在以FH1为受体的转基因株系后代籽粒以及种子特异性启动子驱动的转化结构中,RNAi的抑制效果更明显。通过RNAi技术抑制花生FAD2基因的表达,可以有效提高花生籽粒油酸含量。该技术体系可以为花生品质育种提供借鉴。

Optimising the oil phases of aluminium hydrogel-stabilised emulsions for stable,safe and efficient vaccine adjuvant

To increase antibody secretion and dose sparing,squalene-in-water aluminium hydrogel(alun^-stabilised emulsions(ASEs)have been developed,which offer increased surface areas and cellular interactions for higher antigen loading and enhanced immune responses.Nevertheless,the squalene(oil)in previous attempts suffered from limited oxidation resistance,thus,safety and stability were compromised.From a clinical translational perspective,it is imperative to screen the optimal oils for enhanced emulsion adjuvants.Here,because of the varying oleic to linoleic acid ratio,soybean oil,peanut oil,and olive oil were utilised as oil phases in the preparation of aluminium hydrogel-stabilised squalene-in-water emulsions,which were then screened for their stability and immunogenicity.Additionally,the underlying mechanisms of oil phases and emulsion stability were unravelled,which showed that a higher oleic to linoleic acid ratio increased anti-oxidative capabilities but reduced the long-term storage stability owing to the relatively low zeta potential of the prepared droplets.As a result,compared with squalene-in-water ASEs,soybean-in-water ASEs exhibited comparable immune responses and enhanced stability.By optimising the oil phase of the emulsion adjuvants,this work may offer an alternative strategy for safe,stable,and effective emulsion adjuvants.