Key Techniques of an Ecological Pattern“Planting Rice in One Season and Breeding Red Swamp Crawfish in Three Seasons” for Green Production in Lixiahe Region of Jiangsu Province

Three big field projects, independent irrigation and drainage facilities, and a blocking net, which are auxiliary projects of a green planting and breeding pattern composed of rice and red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, spatial and temporal coupling technology of ＂planting rice in one season and breeding red swamp crawfish in three seasons＂, green fertilization technology, green prevention and control technology, control technology of water level, and throwing technology of bait in Lixiahe region of Jiangsu Province were introduced successively, which can provide technical support for the development of ecological planting and breeding patterns and realization of green production in paddy fields.

The Restoring Ability of Normal Indica Red Rice Ruby and Its Restoring Gene Mapping

[Objective] This study was to investigate the restoring ability of normal indica red rice Ruby and to carry out its restoring gene mapping. [Method] Normal indica red rice Ruby was hybridized with the sterile lines Zhenxian 97A, D62A, G46A and D702A to prepare their F1, BC1 and F2 progenies, and the pollen fertilities of these progenies were investigated. Meanwhile the restoring genes were mapped using SSLP. [ Result] For the sterile lines tested, Ruby has a gene to restore their fertilities. This gene is located on the chromosome 7 and shows a genetic distance of 7.4 cM with RM182. Unlike the clustering distribution of the restoring genes on chromosome 10, it is a specific restoring gene. [ Conclusion] it is feasible to breed restoring genes controlling red color characters via transgene and backcross.

Red Yeast Rice Increases Excretion of Bile Acids in Hamsters

Objective To investigate the hypocholesterolemic activity of red yeast rice （RYR） and its underlying mechanism. Methods Three groups of hamsters were fed either the control diet or one of the two experimental diets containing by weight 0.1% RYR （0.1RYR） or 0.3% RYR （0.3RYR）. Blood （0.5 mL） was collected from the retro-orbital sinus into a heparinized capillary tube at the end of week 0, 3, and 6. Plasma lipoproteins were measured using enzymatic kits, while fecal neutral and acidic sterols were quantified using a gas-liquid chromatography. Results Plasma total cholesterol was reduced by 12% in 0.1RYR group and by 18% in 0.3RYR group compared with the control value. Similarly, plasma triacylglycerol was decreased by 11% in 0.1RYR group and by 24% in 0.3RYR group. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that RYR had no effect on sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, fiver X receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase, LDL receptor, and cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase. HPLC analysis confirmed that RYR contained 0.88% monacolin K. It was recently found that RYR supplementation increased excretion of fecal acidic sterols by 34 folds compared with the conlrol value. Conclusion Hypocholesterolemic activity of RYR is mediated at least partially by enhancement of acidic sterol excretion.

Effect of Superfine Grinding on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Red Rice ( <i>Oryza sativa</i>L.)

Red rice gains popularity as a functional crop owing to its high polyphenols content and antioxidant activity. However, active components are discarded in common milling. Superfine ground technology was employed in this paper. To evaluate the influence of superfine ground processing on the physicochemical properties and functional effect of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), four powders with the size of 156.74 μm, 69.53 μm, 26.35 μm, and 10.68 μm were prepared by superfine grinding technology in this paper. Results showed that the size was smaller for red rice powders, greater for the bulk density (from 0.624 g/ml to 0.745 g/ml), and smaller for the angle of repose (from 74.67&deg;to 61.41&deg;) and slide (from 38.99&deg;to 26.42&deg;). The values of water solubility index, water holding capacity and enzymatic digestibility by α-amylase significantly increased with the decreasing particle size (P < 0.05). In addition, antioxidant activity and phenolic content were enhanced by superfine ground. These results indicated that superfine ground would improve the physicochemical and functional properties of red rice, which was helpful to promote the overall quality and healthy effect of foods containing red rice.

Effect of Light on Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Red Rice Rdh

The effect of light on flavonoids biosynthesis in red rice Rdh was studied. The panicles of red rice Rdh produced colorless caryopses after darkness treatment; and these colorless caryopses displayed bright-red after vanillin treatment, but did not display red color after light inducing for 15 days, suggesting that red rice Rdh could produce leucoanthocyanidin, but could not produce polyproanthocyanidins in darkness. Histological study revealed that the aleurone layers of Rdh colorless caryopses displayed bright-red after vanillin assay, but the pericarp and seed coat layers did not display color change, which indicated that the aleurone layers could accumulate precursors of polyproanthocyanidins in darkness, but the pericarp and seed coat could not. Additionally, color ofRdh caryopses changed from green in immaturity to red in maturity, and the green caryopses changed color from green to red gradually indoor for 7 days after harvest, suggesting that leucoanthocyanidins could synthesize polyproanthocyanidins. It was concluded that light was necessary for red pigment biosynthesis in red rice Rdh, leucoanthocyanidins biosyntheses in the aleurone layers did not need light, leucoanthocyanidins biosynthesis in pericarp and seed coat needed light inducing, the effect of leucoanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Rdh to light had tissue specificity.

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of Light-Sensitive Red-Root Mutant in Rice

The light-sensitive red-root mutant, designated as HG1, was newly observed from an indica rice variety, Nankinkodo, when seedlings were grown with roots exposed to natural light. The root color of the mutant began to turn slight-red when the roots were exposed to the light at the intensity of 29 ）Jmol/（m^2·s）, then turned dark-red at the light intensity of 180 pmol/（m^2·s）, suggesting that the root color of the mutant was evidently sensitive to light. Furthermore, genetic analysis showed that the character of light-sensitive red-root of the HG1 mutant was controlled by a single dominant gene, tentatively designated as Lsr. With simple sequence repeat markers, Lsrgene was located between the markers RM252 and RM303 on chromosome 4 with the genetic distances of 9.8 cM and 6.4 cM, respectively. These results could be useful for fine mapping and cloning of Lsrgene in rice.

Combined Application of Si and Mn for Correcting Fe Toxicity to Rice（Oryza sativaL．） on a Red Earth

Based on the fact that Fe toxicity which is usually characterized by leaf oranging and low yield canbe obviously subdued by application of Si or Mn due to counteraction between Fe and Si or Mn. A potexperiment was conducted with four treatments of CK, Si, Mn and Si+Mn to further study the effect ofcombined application of Si and Mn on rice growth on red earths. Water-soluble Si, Fe and Mn were measured,and electron probe was used to study Si, Mn, Fe and Ca in root cross sections. Combined application of Si andMn could increase water-soluble Si and Mn but reduce water-soluble Fe, thus being favorable for correctingFe toxicity. Electron probe study showed obvious differences of Si, Fe, Mn and Ca in rice roots betweenCK and the other three treatments. The combined application of Si and Mn could reduce leaf oranging andimprove rice growth. The Si+Mn treatment had a higher plant height, lower number of oranging leaves anda 25.0% higher rice yield than CK and showed a better effect on rice growth than the treatment of sole Si orMn.

Weedy red rice has novel sources of resistance to biotic stress

Weedy red rice(Oryza sativa;WRR),a close relative of cultivated rice,is a highly competitive weed that commonly infests rice fields and can also naturally interbreed with rice.Useful genes for biotic stress have been maintained in WRR and can be explored for breeding.Here we describe genetic and physiological traits of WRR that can be beneficial in preventing major rice diseases.Rice blast,caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae,and sheath blight disease,caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani,are the two most damaging biotic stresses of rice.Many major and minor resistance genes and QTL have been identified in cultivated and wild rice relatives.However,novel QTL were recently found in the two major U.S.biotypes of WRR,blackhull-awned(BH)and strawhullawnless(SH),suggesting that WRR has evolved novel genetic mechanisms to cope with these biotic stresses.Twenty-eight accessions of WRR(PI 653412–PI 653439)from the southern USA were characterized and placed in the National Small Grains Collection,and are available for identification of novel genetic factors to prevent biotic stress.

Validation of the Red Pericarp Gene from 419 Rice Landraces in Guangxi via Genome-wide Association Studies

Rice has different colors of pericarp, such as red, white and black. Red rice pericarp is rich in proanthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties and are beneficial to human health. In the present study, we analyzed the red-pericarp gene Rc of 419 rice landraces in Guangxi by genome-wide association study （GWAS）, and validated that the Rc gene regulated the red periearp trait in flee. By analyzing the genomie DNA of 97 red-pericarp flee eultivars, we identified two new alleles in C139 and C323. Then, the exons of Rcc＇9 and Rcc were sequenced with Sanger method, and the results demonstrated that the natural mutations within Re ene resulted in the two alleles Rcc and Rcc.

Effect of Excess Fertilizer Phosphorus on Some Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil Derived from Red Soil and Its Relation to Rice Growth

A field experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejiang Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P (15 kg P hm-2) could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice, the contents of N, P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages, and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains, which was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced, non-reduced and total sugar in the shoots at the heading stage. And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate P, due to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousand grains.In addition, onestime excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial (3.74 mg kg-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotation, and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilizer P. Thus, one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.

Effects of Inorganic-organic Incorporation on Productivity and Soil Fertility of Rice Cropping System in Red Soil Area of China

Results from ten-year (1990 - 1999) field experiments indicated that the productivity and the soil fertility of rice cropping system were significantly influenced by the fertilization system adopted in red soil area of China. Contrasting with no-fertili/er treatment (CK), yield-increase rate of organic matter cycling, chemical NPK and inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation treatments were 56.5% , 62.5% and 80.7% , respectively. In the case of optimum fertilization system, the largest contribution of inorganic fertilizer to the yield was 38.5% while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation was 44.7%. The content of soil organic matter changed in tendency from decrease to equilibrium with heightened the extent of N, P and K incorporation while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation could be enhanced further. After N, P and K entered into the rice cropping system and maintained organic matter cycling in the system, the pools of total N, P and K could be strengthened.

Technical Specification for Seed Production of Qinzhou Sea Red Rice(Chihe)

Sea red rice is a geographical indication agricultural product of Qinzhou City.It is suitable for growing in hydrochloric acid field with salinity of 2‰-20‰,and is a green and healthy food positioned in the medium and high-end rice market.The brand of Qinzhou sea red rice started to be established in November of 2019.In this paper,the technical specification for seed production of Qinzhou sea red rice is introduced from the aspects of seed production,breeding and harvest,so as to provide technical support for accelerating the popularization of characteristic varieties and the process of industrialization.

Different Solid-state Fermentation technology of Functional Red yeast rice has an effect on the morphological change of MonacolinK

Different technical conditions in the process of solid-state fermentation of red yeast rice has a certain impact on the production of acid-form and lactone form Monacolin K.When cultured in the loose rice medium,the acid form Monacolin K accounts for 50%-60%;while the acid form Monacolin K accounts for 80%-90%cultured in the consolidated rice medium.And we also found that the proportion of the acid form and lactone form Monacolin K will decrease with the increase of fermentation time.

Interaction of Pb and Cd in Soil－Water－Plant System and its Mechanism： I．Pb－Cd Interaction in Red Soil－Plant System

A study on the effect of Pb-Cd interaction on plant growth and on the chemistry of elements in plants was conducted under greenhouse condition with red soil-wetland rice system in different growth stage. The results showed that Pb-Cd interactions on growth and metal uptake varied with different growth stageS and chemical compounds added. The plant height and the root weight were markedly affected by Pb-Cd interiction in the young stage but not in the ripening stage of rice at the treatments of PbCl_2 and CdCl_2 added. However, the weight of rice straw in the ripening stage was significantly effected by Pb-Cd interaction with the treatments of Pb(OAc)_2 and CdCl_2. The chemistry of elements in plants also depended on Pb-Cd interaction in varying degrees on account of different plant parts and growth stage. It seems that Pb-Cd interaction occurred not only in roots but also in other parts of wetland rice.

Influence of Mn and Fe Counteraction on Rice（OryzasativaL．）Oranging Physiological Disease

Mn and Fe are two important micronutrients of paddy soils derived from red earths. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) or-anging physiological disease in newly reclaimed red earths is related to Fe toxicity. There have been considerable stud-ies on Mn and Fe counteraction, but influence of Mn and Fe counteraction on rice oranging physiological disease stillremains unknown.This paper is to study, using two soils from USA and China respectively, the relationship between Mn and Fecounteraction and the physiological disease. Analysis for water soluble and extractable Fe and Mn showed thatMn/ Fe ratios of the red earths were lower than those of the paddy soils. Fertilizing with Mn raised Mn/ Fe and re-duced oranging leaves, improved growth and increased yields. Analysis with electron probe showed that Mn treat-ment had less Fe deposit in root epidermis and more Ca and Si in roots.The results indicated that fertilizing with Mn could correct Fe toxicity. How to apply Mn and Fe counteractionin practice is worth further studying .

Effects of long-term application of different green manures on ferric iron reduction in a red paddy soil in Southern China

Dissimilatory Fe（Ⅲ） reduction is an important process in the geochemical cycle of iron in anoxic environment. As the main products of dissimilatory iron reduction, the Fe（Ⅱ） species accumulation could indicate the reduction ability. The effects of different green manures on Fe（Ⅲ） reduction in paddy soil were explored based on a 31-year rice-rice-winter green manure cropping experiment. Four treatments were involved, i.e., rice-rice-milk vetch （RRV）, rice-rice-rape （RRP）, rice-rice-ryegrass （RRG） and rice-rice-winter fallow （RRF）. Soils were sampled at flowering stage of milk vetch and rape （S1）, before transplantation （S2）, at tillering （S3）, jointing （S4）, and mature （S5） stages of the early rice, and after the harvest of the late rice （S6）. The contents of TFeHa （HCI-extractable total Fe）, Fe（Ⅱ）HCI （HCI-extractable Fe（Ⅱ） species） and Fe（Ⅲ）HCI （HCI- extractable Fe（Ⅲ） species） were measured. The correlations among those Fe species with selected soil environmental factors and the dynamic characteristics of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation were investigated. The results showed that TFeHc~ in RRF was significantly higher than those in the green manure treatments at most of the sampling stages. Fe（II）Ha increased rapidly after the incorporation of green manures in all treatments and kept rising with the growth of early rice. Fe（Ⅱ）Ha in RRG was quite different from those in other treatments, i.e., it reached the highest at the S2 stage, then increased slowly and became the lowest one at the S4 and S5 stages. Fe（Ⅲ）Ha showed oppositely, and Fe（Ⅱ）HCI/Fe（Ⅲ）HCI performed similarly to Fe（Ⅱ）HCI The maximum accumulation potential of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI was significantly higher in RRF, while the highest maximum reaction rate of Fe（Ⅱ）Ha accumulation appeared in RRG. Significant correlations were found between the indexes of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation and soil pH, oxidation-reduction potential （Eh） and total organic acids, respectively. In together, we found that long-term application of green manures decreased the TFeHa in red paddy soils, but promoted the ability of Fe（lll） reduction, especially the ryegrass; Fe（Ⅱ）Ha increased along with the growth of rice and was affected by soil conditions and environmental factors, especially the water and redox ability.

Allele Types of Rc Gene of Weedy Rice from Jiangsu Province, China

Weedy rice （Oryza sativa f. spontanea）, the predominant type of which has a red pericarp, seriously inhibits growth and yield of direct-seeded rice in Jiangsu Province, China. In this study, we randomly selected 10 weedy rice accessions from 10 plots in Jiangsu, and then sequenced the full lengths of their Rc genes （approximately 6.4 kb）. In addition, we collected 166 different full-length Rc genes in the Oryza genus from the literature and from GenBank. A collinearity sequence analysis showed that the 10 weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu all had the same wild-type allele of the Rc gene. Single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated that the nucleotide polymorphisms （π= 0.19） and the proportion of segregation sites （ew = 0.28） of the Rc genes in the 10 weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu were higher than those in 56 weedy rice accessions from USA （π = 0.09 and θw = 0.07）. Haplotype and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Rc genes of weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu were not revertants of the rc gene found in Asian cultivated rice （O. sativa） varieties with white pericarp. In addition, Rc gene sequences of the rice varieties Lvdao from Lianyungang, Jiangsu and Tangdao from Anhui were more similar to those of cultivated rice than to the weedy rice from Jiangsu. These findings support the continued quarantine of weedy rice and clarify the evolutionary mechanism of the red pericarp found in the weedy rice of Jiangsu.

Adsorptive Mass Transport of Dye on Rice Husk Ash

Experimentations have been carried out to characterize the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) dyes in the aqueous phase onto Rice Husk Ash (RHA). Theoretically analyses are also made for describing the sorption and diffusion processes. The effective pore diffusivities of the dye molecules studied in RHA are determined by a suitable global optimization technique. The depth of penetration, on the other hand, has been estimated for various initial concentrations of dyes. Theoretically predicted concentration pro-files are compared with the experimental values at different initial concentrations of these dyes. Such com-parative studies indicate that the predicted values are in excellent agreement with the experimental values.

红螯螯虾幼虾对4种水稻农药耐受性研究

为了解稻田常用的生物农药或杀虫剂对红螯螯虾大规格幼虾的毒性效应,测定了中生菌素、氯虫·噻虫嗪、噻唑锌和井冈霉素A对其的急性毒性反应。结果表明:4种农药对红螯螯虾大规格幼虾96 h半致死浓度分别为19.66、1.65、1132.83、2092.07 mg/L。安全浓度分别为5.65、1.27、260.40、248.11 mg/L,根据耐受性和行为特征观察发现,4种药物对于4 cm左右的红螯螯虾幼虾的毒性大小依次为氯虫·噻虫嗪>中生菌素>噻唑锌>井冈霉素A,根据国家标准(GB/T16310.5—1996),噻唑锌和井冈霉素A对于4 cm红螯螯虾幼苗属于无毒农药,中生菌素属于微毒农药,而氯虫·噻虫嗪为中毒农药。本试验明确了红螯螯虾幼虾对水稻常用农药的耐受性,为红螯螯虾-水稻综合种养过程中的病害防治工作提供参考。

基于元阳哈尼梯田红米价值链分析农户获益能力变化

根据2009—2011年和2020—2021年两个时间段在云南元阳哈尼梯田地区的田野调查,采用资源获益能力理论以及价值链分析框架,对构建的两条间隔约10年的红米价值链进行了比较分析。在哈尼梯田红米商品化过程中,当地经济、政策、社会文化等要素的变化重塑了红米价值链。梯田红米通过专业合作社管理、绿色食品认证、品牌包装、电商推广等政策措施实现了价值增值,小农户在这一过程中获益能力持续增强,但也存在获益不均、发展不平衡等问题。为推进“脱贫攻坚”到“乡村振兴”的有效衔接,有关部门在进一步提升梯田红米商业价值助力乡村产业振兴过程中,应通过政策调整同时提升在红米种植中小农户获得利益的公正性、稳定性和持续性,保障小农户持续获益。