MHD Stability Analysis and Flow Controls of Liquid Metal Free Surface Film Flows as Fusion Reactor PFCs

Numerical and experimental investigation results on the magnetohydrodynamics（MHD） film flows along flat and curved bottom surfaces are summarized in this study. A simplified modeling has been developed to study the liquid metal MHD film state, which has been validated by the existing experimental results. Numerical results on how the inlet velocity（V）, the chute width（W） and the inlet film thickness（d0） affect the MHD film flow state are obtained. MHD stability analysis results are also provided in this study. The results show that strong magnetic fields make the stable V decrease several times compared to the case with no magnetic field,especially small radial magnetic fields（Bn） will have a significant impact on the MHD film flow state. Based on the above numerical and MHD stability analysis results flow control methods are proposed for flat and curved MHD film flows. For curved film flow we firstly proposed a new multi-layers MHD film flow system with a solid metal mesh to get the stable MHD film flows along the curved bottom surface. Experiments on flat and curved MHD film flows are also carried out and some firstly observed results are achieved.

MHD Effect of Liquid Metal Film Flows as Plasma-Facing Components

Stability of liquid metal film flow under gradient magnetic field is investigated. Three dimensional numerical simulations on magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） effect of free surface film flow were carried out, with emphasis on the film thickness variation and its surface stability. Three different MHD phenomena of film flow were observed in the experiment, namely, retardant, rivulet and flat film flow. From our experiment and numerical simulation it can be concluded that flat film flow is a good choice for plasma-facing components （PFCs）

An accurate model for the thin film flow

This paper deals with the linear stability of a liquid film flowing down an inclined plane. The Navier-Stokes equations were reduced into four evolution equations that describe the development of the film depth, the flow rate, the free surface velocity, and the wall shear stress, using the Karman-Polhausen boundary layer integral method. Thus, we were able to determine the stability threshold and approach well the critical wave number for long waves. The obtained results were found to be in good agreement with the experiments of Liu et al.

A mechanistic model of heat transfer for gas–liquid flow in vertical wellbore annuli

The most prominent aspect of multiphase flow is the variation in the physical distribution of the phases in the flow conduit known as the flow pattern. Several different flow patterns can exist under different flow conditions which have significant effects on liquid holdup, pressure gradient and heat transfer. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in an annulus can be found in a variety of practical situations. In high rate oil and gas production, it may be beneficial to flow fluids vertically through the annulus configuration between well tubing and casing. The flow patterns in annuli are different from pipe flow. There are both casing and tubing liquid films in slug flow and annular flow in the annulus. Multiphase heat transfer depends on the hydrodynamic behavior of the flow. There are very limited research results that can be found in the open literature for multiphase heat transfer in wellbore annuli. A mechanistic model of multiphase heat transfer is developed for different flow patterns of upward gas-liquid flow in vertical annuli. The required local flow parameters are predicted by use of the hydraulic model of steady-state multiphase flow in wellbore annuli recently developed by Yin et al. The modified heat-transfer model for single gas or liquid flow is verified by comparison with Manabe＇s experimental results. For different flow patterns, it is compared with modified unified Zhang et al. model based on representative diameters.

Hydrodynamics of Liquid Film in Helical Tubes

Hydrodynamic experiments on a liquid film are carried out using water in both straight and helical tubes at angles of inclination ranging between 2.5° and 5° and on three different coil diameters (23.86 cm, 32.74 cm and 41.13 cm) for film Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 2000. The film thickness is measured by two micrometers, arranged to measure vertical and horizontal distances within the cross section of the tube. The results of film thickness are related to the hydraulic radius to characterize the film flow in both types of tube. Momentum transfer rates are shown to be higher in helical tubes than in the straight incline tube. An empirical correlation is presented for film thickness in the helical tube in terms of NT (coil tube)/NT (straight tube) for film Dean number ranging from 1 to 1000.

Liquid mean velocity and turbulence in a horizontal air-water bubbly flow

The liquid phase turbulent structure of an air-water bubbly horizontal flow in a circular pipe has been investigated experimentally. Three-dimensional measurements were implemented with two "X" type probes oriented in different planes, and local liquid-phase velocities and turbulent stresses were simultaneously obtained. Systematic measurements were conducted covering a range of local void fraction from 0 to 11.7%. The important experiment results and parametric trends are summarized and discussed.

一种测量液膜厚度的超声相控阵实验装置

气液两相流存在于核反应堆蒸发、飞行器冷却、化工生产降膜蒸发等过程,界面波的动态测量对工业过程监控和生产优化具有重要意义。界面波的准确识别与特性参数测量是开展科学研究与工程实践的重要前提。基于超声相控阵测量系统,设计了扇扫的测量方式,可以用于气液界面清晰的流型中液膜厚度和界面波形态三维测量。通过静态标定和圆管验证,确定了像素点和液膜厚度之间的关系,在气相表观流速为0.0719~0.4316 m/s,液相表观流速为0.0567~1.4161 m/s的工况下进行实时动态实验,获得了实时流动过程中较高精度的截面气液相界面信息,并构建了管道内部界面波三维分布形态,为界面波特性研究提供了一种实验参考方法。

水平管降膜换热器性能规律研究进展

水平管降膜换热器具有热质传递效率高、阻力小、结构简单等优点,被广泛应用于化工等传统领域及能源利用的节能减排领域。降膜换热器内部发生复杂的流动及传热传质相互耦合过程。介绍了实验及模拟研究手段的进展,综述了不同操作参数(气体温度、流向及流量,溶液流量、温度及浓度,内部媒介流量及温度等)与结构参数(管径、管间距等)对水平管降膜管间流型、液膜厚度与润湿性等流动特性的影响规律,以及对蒸发传热特性、吸收传热传质特性等换热器性能的影响规律,包括整体性能和局部微细特征,为水平管降膜换热器的性能优化提供理论支撑。指出在不同气流特征以及多因素相互作用下多维度的局部流动与传热传质性能的耦合影响规律以及强化换热手段会是水平管降膜换热器未来研究的重点方向。

湍流状态下垂直降膜波动特性影响因素研究

针对液膜的稳定性和均匀性会直接影响气液两相和气液固三相传热的问题,对影响液膜流动的因素进行研究。从液膜厚度、液膜速度和湍流强度3个参数定量分析槽宽(2~5 mm)、管径(73~113 mm)、气液接触角(0°~90°)、摩擦系数(0.1~0.9)和气速(2~10 m·s^(-1))对高雷诺数下垂直降膜波动特性的影响机理。结果表明,当槽缝宽度大于3.5 mm时,液膜厚度基本不变,湍流强度变化相对稳定。液膜的厚度、速度和湍流强度随管径的增大而显著变化。随着气液接触角的增大,液膜厚度和速度变化不大,但液膜的湍流强度在出口处略微降低。液膜厚度随着摩擦系数的增加略有增加。随着气体速度加快,液膜厚度先急剧减小,然后缓慢增加。气体速度对入口区域的液膜速度具有抑制作用。

某双油路离心式喷嘴雾化性能分析

燃油喷嘴的雾化对于解决航空发动机燃烧室问题是至关重要的,为探究某双油路离心式喷嘴的雾化性能,运用两相界面追踪流体体积(Volume of Fluid,简称VOF)方法对该喷嘴的内外部流场进行数值仿真。以双油路离心喷嘴的雾化锥角、质量流率以及液膜厚度作为雾化性能指标,分别模拟出主油路单独供油、副油路单独供油以及主副油路同时供油三种不同工作模式在不同压差条件下喷嘴燃油流动的稳态情况,获得双油路离心喷嘴的雾化性能指标并对其影响规律进行研究。结果显示:数值仿真能较好地模拟出喷嘴的雾化特性,随着压差增大,扩口式主油路单独工作时的雾化锥角减小,平口式副油路单独工作时的雾化锥角增大。当主、副油路同时工作时,雾化锥角随压差的增大而增大且始终处于单路单独工作时的雾化锥角之间;质量流率随着压差的增大而增大且增幅逐渐减缓;液膜厚度在低压区随压差的增大而迅速减小,随后趋于稳定。

基于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和界面剪切作用的扰动波高预测模型

环雾状流广泛存在于天然气等工业环境中,深入探究扰动波特性对了解环雾状流的演化规律有着重要意义。本文在内径为15mm的垂直管路中进行了不同工况条件下的环雾状流实验,分别利用电导环传感器和液膜收集系统测量了液膜厚度和夹带率,并通过双阈值方法从液膜时序信号中提取了扰动波高数据。探究了扰动波高和夹带率随气、液相流量和工况压力的变化规律,发现两者均随着液相流量的增大而增大,而随着气相流量和工况压力的增大,扰动波高呈下降趋势,夹带率呈上升趋势,验证了两者之间存在密切关联。然后分析了影响扰动波高的尺度参数,建立了基于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和界面剪切作用的扰动波高预测模型,相对均方根误差rRMSE为4.05%,且98.7%的数据点都在±10.0%的误差以内,预测效果良好。最后,将新模型与现有的扰动波高关系式进行比较,预测精度和可扩展性都有了较大提高。

基于横向剪切干涉系统的液膜厚度分布检测

测量液体薄膜的厚度在众多科学和工程领域中都具有重要的应用价值。本文基于横向剪切干涉技术,通过条纹追踪算法对相机拍摄得到的液膜干涉图像进行处理,研究了三角形与矩形竖直自由平面液膜的厚度分布及时间演变。实验结果表明,三角形液膜厚度范围为0.98~9.37μm,矩形液膜厚度范围为0.1~13μm。受重力影响,液膜厚度从顶部到底部逐渐增大,而在水平方向上液膜厚度分布均匀。随着时间的推移,重力排液导致液膜整体厚度逐步减小,顶部最薄弱处厚度率先到达最小值0.08μm后液膜整体破裂。进一步对矩形液膜进行分析,整个排液过程中液膜最大体积为2.66mm^(3),最大体积流量为0.28mm^(3)/s。此外,通过干涉条纹的分布变化可实现液膜表面流场可视化,为液膜微观表面流场研究提供了新的研究方法。

压流膜阻力对超微量点胶过程的影响及胶液转移率预测方法

超微量点胶技术是微纳制造技术发展中的关键环节,对封装效果起着决定性作用。然而,这项技术存在精度不高和控制困难等问题,需要进一步研究和改进。因此,基于胶液转印机制,根据液桥挤压模型得到压流膜阻力的数学模型,利用公式法和扫描法确定了胶滴体积,研究和预测了压流膜阻力对胶液转移率的影响,实现了pL量级的胶液转移。实验结果表明,压流膜阻力在胶液转移过程中起重要作用,随着压流膜阻力由0.5 mN增大至4 mN,接触面积从0.5×10^(4)μm^(2)左右增加至2.0×10^(4)μm^(2)以上,胶液转移率从约0.4增加至约0.8。除此之外,通过胶液转移率预测公式预测的胶液转移率与实际结果的平均差异率为2.18%,证明了胶液转移率预测方法的可行性。

PREDICTION OF HEAT TRANSFER OF AIR-WATER TWO PHASE FLOW IN A SMALL TUBE

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水平波纹管外降膜蒸发的液膜流动与换热特性分析

针对低温制冷剂R134a(C2H2F4)在水平管外存在降膜蒸发问题,运用流体体积(volume of fluid, VOF)模型与用户自定义函数(user-defined functions, UDF)数值模拟管外液膜流动与换热特性,包括液膜沿换热管(波纹管与光管)的轴向和圆周方向的流动、液膜厚度分布、液膜内气泡成核及分布等.计算结果表明:在恒热流(qw=2×104W·m-2)的波纹管与光管外壁上,R134a液膜在轴向和周向上的流动与换热均存在一定差异,波纹管外液膜在轴向上的铺展速度比光管快2.0 ms,而在周向上铺展较为均衡,且铺展速度稍慢于光管;波纹管外液膜平均厚度为0.120 mm,比光管薄7.00%,其中迎面区液膜厚度为0.119 mm,较光管薄13.14%;与光管相比,波纹管外液膜内气泡成核的起始时间提早2.6 ms,成核点数多15.32%,且分布较广,多见于周向角为55°~135°的区域;波纹管外平均换热系数比光管提高10.17%,迎面区换热系数为背面区的3.53倍.

端面粗糙度对螺旋浅槽机械密封液膜空化的影响

以螺旋浅槽上游泵送机械密封为研究对象,对端面粗糙度进行近似模拟,同时建立涉及表面粗糙度和液膜空化的间隙润滑膜流动计算模型,模拟分析端面不同部位粗糙度对密封液膜压力分布和空化的影响。研究表明:密封端面粗糙度会使液膜高压区压力提升、范围扩大,且粗糙度越大越明显,其中,动环非槽区粗糙度影响最大,静环端面粗糙度影响次之,动环槽区粗糙度影响最小;低转速(如1 000 r/min)时,无论端面粗糙与否,螺旋槽和粗糙微元均未导致液膜空化;较高转速时,位于较低膜压区的粗糙微元会导致液膜微观空化,动环槽区粗糙度对液膜宏观空化有一定的抑制作用且粗糙度越大抑制作用越明显,动环非槽区粗糙度导致膜压升高、空化区域收缩,静环端面粗糙度对液膜空化的影响相对较小;动、静环全端面粗糙时对空化的抑制作用比任何局部粗糙时强,且转速越高越明显。

绕管式换热器壳侧液体降膜流传热特性分析

为研究绕管式换热器壳侧传热特性,建立了以丙烷为模拟工质的三维液体降膜流传热模型,进行了不同流动工况下液体降膜流的传热数值模拟,分析了雷诺数、液相入口温度、换热管壁温、壳侧工作压力对绕管式换热器传热性能的影响。结果表明,流动工况对绕管式换热器的传热性能有显著影响;对于液体降膜流,传热膜系数随着雷诺数增大而增大,同时相同雷诺数时,随着换热管管层下降传热膜系数逐减减小;当液相入口温度升高时,传热膜系数增大,液相入口温度升高0.2 K时,平均传热膜系数升高约15%;当管壁温度与饱和温度间的温差较小时,升高管壁温度传热膜系数有明显增加,当管壁温度与饱和温度温差较大时,传热膜系数变化不显著。对于丙烷,工作压力增大时,液体降膜流的传热膜系数减小,当工作压力从0.2 MPa增大到0.3 MPa时,传热膜系数降低10%~15%,当工作压力从0.3 MPa增大到0.4 MPa时,传热膜系数降低约5%。所得结果可为绕管式换热器工艺设计提供参考。

槽区分布对T形槽液膜密封性能的影响

为研究槽区分布对密封性能的影响,以发散型T形槽液膜密封为研究对象,通过改变槽形区域位置,使其分布在动环外侧、中部及内侧,形成外槽形、中槽形和内槽形3种结构;建立其相应模型,对其液膜流场进行数值计算,讨论工况参数和槽形几何参数对3种槽形结构密封性能的影响。结果表明:槽区分布对密封性能有重大影响,同一条件下,外槽形拥有较强的流体动压特性和流体泵出效应,从而具有较大的开启力和较低的泄漏量,在3种槽形中密封性能最好;工况参数和槽形几何参数对3种槽形的开启力和泄漏量有较大影响,当膜厚取2~5μm,槽深取5~9μm,槽数取10~14个,发散角取32°~40°,可获得较好的密封性能。

基于幂律液固曳力模型流化床内湿颗粒流动特性的研究

采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型(TFM)结合颗粒动理学理论(KTGF)方法,对三维幂律流化床中的液固两相流动行为进行了模拟。基于幂律流体的流变方程以及压降方程,提出了两种幂律液固曳力模型,引入了考虑液膜效应的湿颗粒动态恢复系数模型,计算幂律流体与湿颗粒之间的作用力。将预测固含率分别与文献中测得的实验数据进行比较,结果表明结合动态恢复系数模型的相对误差介于0.45%~1.59%,与实验结果吻合较好。探究了稠度系数K以及流性指数n对颗粒流动特性的影响,结果表明随着流变参数的增大,床层内的颗粒平均浓度降低,湿颗粒表面液膜逐渐变厚,法向恢复系数降低;颗粒拟温度随n的升高先增大后减小,随K的上升而增大;曳力系数、颗粒压力以及颗粒黏度均随流变参数的增大而逐渐减小。颗粒在壁面处的浓度明显高于中心处附近的浓度,且颗粒在中心处向上运动,在壁面处附近回落,在流化床中形成环-核结构。