A statistical reappraisal of the relationship between liquid limit and specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and activity of clays

More than 500 datasets from the literature have been used to evaluate the relationships of specific surface area (SSA),cation exchange capacity (CEC) and activity versus the liquid limit (LL).The correlations gave R^2 values ranging between 0.71 and 0.92.Independent data were also used to validate the correlations.Estimated SSA values slightly overestimate the measured SSA up to 100 m^2/g.Regarding the estimated CEC values,they overestimated the measured CEC values up to 20 meq/(100 g).A probabilistic approach was performed for the correlations of SSA,CEC and activity versus LL.The analysis shows that the relations of SSA,CEC and activity with LL are robust.Using the LL values,it is possible to assess other basic engineering properties of clays.

Influence of heating and water-exposure on the liquid limits of GMZ01 and MX80 bentonites

Bentonite has been considered as a buffer material for embedding canisters with high-level radioactive waste（HLW） in deep geological repositories.GMZ bentonite deposit,located in Xinghe County,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China was proposed as a buffer/backfill material for HLW repository in China.The liquid limits of natural Na-bentonite GMZ01 and commercial Na-bentonite MX80,which are previously heated at 80 ℃ and 95 ℃,respectively,and exposed to water for different times are measured.It is observed that the liquid limit of GMZ01 increases slightly at the beginning,and then decreases as the heating time increases,while the liquid limit of MX80 decreases with the heating time.The liquid limits of both GMZ01 and MX80 decrease with increasing water-exposure time.After the samples are heated at 80℃and 95 ℃ for several months,the mineralogical composition of GMZ01 does not exhibit evident change,whereas MX80 experiences some changes.In addition,the chemical composition,cation exchange capacity（CEC） and exchangeable cation of all the samples do not change significantly.

Test study of high liquid limit clay modified by quick lime used as sub-grade material

Through laboratory test, the relationships among change of compactibility, liquid/plastic limit, free swell, swell ratio without load, california bearing ratio (CBR) and soakage (after being soaked in water), and mix-ratio of quick lime and time were studied. The results show that optimum water content, plastic limit and CBR of high liquid limit clay improved by quick lime increase with the increase of mix-ratio of quick lime, while the maximum dry density, liquid limit, plasticity index, soakage (after being immersed in water), free swell, and swell ratio without load decrease with the increase of mix-ratio of quick lime. Plastic limit of high liquid clay improved by quick lime gradually increases with time, while the liquid limit, plasticity index, free swell and swell ratio without load gradually decrease with time. When the mix-ratio of quick lime exceeds 2%, after 14 d, swell ratio without load of the improved clay is zero, its free swell is about 30% of that of untreated soil, and its plasticity index is less than 26 for sub-grade material, satisfying the requirement by 'Specifications for Design of Highway Subgrade'.

Influence of Heating and Water Exposure on Liquid Limit of Bentonite

Bentonite has been considered as the buffer material for embedding canisters with high-level radioactive waste(HLW)in the deep geology repositories. GMZ bentonite deposit which is located in Xinghe County,Inner Mongolia has been proposed as buffer/backfill material for HLW repository in China. Liquid limit of natural Na-bentonite GMZ01 and commercial Na-bentonite MX80 which were previously put in the oven at 80℃and 95℃,and exposed to water for different times were measured.The liquid limit of GMZ01 increased slightly at the beginning, and then decreased as the heating time increased.

Study on the formation of arc plasma on the resistive wall liquid metal current limiter

Due to its significant attributes,the liquid metal current limiter(LMCL)is considered a new strategy for limiting short-circuit current in the power grid.A resistive wall liquid metal current limiter(RWLMCL)is designed to advance the starting current-limiting time.Experiments are performed to investigate the dynamic behaviors of liquid metal,and the influence of different currents on the liquid metal self-shrinkage effect is compared and analyzed.Furthermore,the liquid metal self-shrinkage effect is mathematically modeled,and the reason for the formation of arc plasma is obtained by simulation.The laws of arc plasma formation and the current transfer in the cavity are revealed,and the motion mechanisms are explained by physical principles.The simulations are in accordance with the test data.It is demonstrated that the sudden change of the current density at both ends of the wall causes the liquid metal to shrink and depress under the electromagnetic force,and the current starts to transfer from the liquid metal path to the wall resistance path.The RWLMCL can effectively advance the starting current-limiting time.

Investigation on the Arc Ignition Characteristics and Energy Absorption of Liquid Metal Current Limiter Based on Self-Pinch Effect

The GaInSn liquid metal current limiter based on the fluid pinch effect has broad application prospects due to its particular properties. However, the limited rated current and abil- ity of power dissipation are the critical problems for its wide application. Firstly, the temperature distribution of the liquid metal current limiter （LMCL） was obtained by experiments with a rated current of 1 kA and the arc ignition phenomenon was observed with 1.5 kA, which indicates that the rated current is mainly limited by the arc rather than the high temperature compared to the traditional switchgears. Furthermore, an improved method is proposed by adding the paralleled pure resistance, impedance or another LMCL element to protect the setup from the fault energy concentration in the setup. The problem of a slower arc voltage increasing rate can be solved by adding a paralleled impedance with suitable parameters. Finally, the current limiting properties based on the improved method were investigated and the alternating oscillating current was found between two paralleled LMCL elements owing to their deviation of arc ignition in reality.

Evidence of vapor shielding effect on heat flux loaded on flowing liquid lithium limiter in EAST

A lithium(Li)vapour layer was formed around a flowing liquid Li limiter to shield against the plasma incident power and reduce limiter heat flux in the EAST tokamak.The results revealed that after a plasma operation of a few seconds,the layer became clear,which indicated a strong Li emission with a decrease in the limiter surface temperature.This emission resulted in a dense vapour around the limiter,and Li ions moved along the magnetic fleld to form a green shielding layer on the limiter.The plasma heat flux loaded on the limiter,measured by the probe installed on the limiter,was approximately 52%lower than that detected by a fast-reciprocating probe at the same radial position without the limiter in EAST.Additionally,approximately 42%of the parallel heat flux was dissipated directly with the enhanced Li radiation in the discharge with the liquid metal infused trenches(LIMIT)limiter.This observation revealed that the Li vapour layer exhibited an excellent shielding effect to liquid Li on plasma heat flux,which is a possible beneflt of liquid-plasma-facing components in future fusion devices.

A novel fault current limiter topology design based on liquid metal current limiter

The liquid metal current limiter(LMCL)is regarded as a viable solution for reducing the fault current in a power grid.But demonstrating the liquid metal arc plasma self-pinching process of the resistive wall,and reducing the erosion of the LMCL are challenging,not only theoretically,but also practically.In this work,a novel LMCL is designed with a resistive wall that can be connected to the current-limiting circuit inside the cavity.Specifically,a novel fault current limiter(FCL)topology is put forward where the novel LMCL is combined with a fast switch and current-limiting reactor.Further,the liquid metal self-pinch effect is modeled mathematically in three dimensions,and the gas-liquid two-phase dynamic diagrams under different short-circuit currents are obtained by simulation.The simulation results indicate that with the increase of current,the time for the liquid metal-free surface to begin depressing is reduced,and the position of the depression also changes.Different kinds of bubbles formed by the depressions gradually extend,squeeze,and break.With the increase of current,the liquid metal takes less time to break,but breaks still occur at the edge of the channel,forming arc plasma.Finally,relevant experiments are conducted for the novel FCL topology.The arcing process and current transfer process are analyzed in particular.Comparisons of the peak arc voltage,arcing time,current limiting efficiency,and electrode erosion are presented.The results demonstrate that the arc voltage of the novel FCL topology is reduced by more than 4.5times and the arcing time is reduced by more than 12%.The erosions of the liquid metal and electrodes are reduced.Moreover,the current limiting efficiency of the novel FCL topology is improved by 1%–5%.This work lays a foundation for the topology and optimal design of the LMCL.

LOW MACH NUMBER LIMIT OF A COMPRESSIBLE NON-ISOTHERMAL NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS MODEL

In this paper, we study the low Mach number limit of a compressible nonisothermal model for nematic liquid crystals in a bounded domain. We establish the uniform estimates with respect to the Mach number, and thus prove the convergence to the solution of the incompressible model for nematic liquid crystals.

Optical Limiting and Stabilization Properties of a Liquid Dye on 1064 nm Nanosecond Laser Pulses

A novel liquid dye 2-((2E,5E)-2,5-bis(4-(methyl(2,5, 8,11-tetraoxatridecan-13-yl)amino)benzylidene)cyclopentylidene) malononitrile (TO-BDCM) was synthesized by incorporating two oligo(ethenyl glycol) groups into the backbone of a prototype malononitrile derivative (BDCM) for the purpose of increasing its solubility in organic solvents. The nonlinear absorption properties of this liquid dye on 1064 nm ns pulsed laser were investigated in DMF with remarkably high concentration up to ~1M, showing a superior large nonlinear absorption coefficient of 55.6 cm3/GW2. Fairly good optical limiting and stabilization effects were achieved. Meanwhile, the liquid dye exhibited equivalent stability under laser irradiation compared to its prototype dye BDCM.

土性对工程泥浆固化强度影响规律及微观机理

本文开展了一系列不同液限高分子吸水树脂固化工程泥浆无侧限抗压强度试验,探讨了泥浆土液限对固化效率的影响规律,对比研究了掺入高岭土对泥浆固化强度的改进程度,最后基于XRD和SEM试验揭示了液限和高岭土对固化泥浆强度影响的微观机理。结果表明:随着泥浆土液限的增大,固化泥浆土强度逐渐降低,固化效率随着泥浆土液限增大显著衰减,当液限增加10%,固化泥浆土强度qu平均减少48.2%。然而高岭土的掺入则显著提升了固化泥浆土的强度,并且强度增长率随着龄期逐渐增大,对于龄期为90天时,增加40%高岭土能够提升固化泥浆土强度qu 1.17倍。微观结构试验表明泥浆土液限变化对水化产物产量的影响较小,固化泥浆土强度随泥浆土液限减小主要是由于固化泥浆土孔隙随着泥浆土液限增大而增多,使得微观结构松散从而导致强度降低。高岭土的掺入则显著提升了固化泥浆土的水化产物产量,增强了固化泥浆土胶结强度,从而提升了固化泥浆土强度。因此,在实际工程中,一方面可以通过调配泥浆土液限来提高固化效率;另一方面可以通过掺入高岭土或者一些高岭土基废弃物(如高岭土尾矿)来提高固化强度,实现“以废制废”绿色环保的理念。

冻融循环下低液限盐渍化粉土力学特性研究

为了研究冻融作用对低液限盐渍化粉土强度的影响,对不同初始含水率低液限盐渍化粉土进行冻融循环试验后,开展不固结不排水(UU)剪切和扫描电镜(SEM)试验,从宏微观角度揭示低液限盐渍化粉土强度的劣化机理。结果表明:未冻融时,含水率的改变不会引起低液限盐渍化粉土应力-应变曲线形态发生变化,均表现为软化型;在冻融作用下,含水率小于14%时试件的曲线形态不会发生改变,呈现软化型,高含水率的试件其应力-应变曲线形态会向着硬化性转变;通过分析冻融和含水率与破坏强度的关系,发现低液限盐渍化粉土破坏强度随含水率的提高呈现线性衰减,破坏强度随冻融循环次数的增加呈现指数型衰减,前3次冻融过程中破坏强度的衰减速率和幅度最大,随后趋于稳定;随着围压的增大,试件的应力-应变曲线会由软化型向硬化型过渡;在微观结构方面,冻融作用会改变土颗粒之间的接触形式,造成孔隙和裂隙的发育,冻融过程中微观结构的变异规律和宏观力学指标的劣化具有一致性。结合土体损伤力学,构建了冻融作用下的低液限盐渍化粉土黏聚力损伤劣化模型,冻融过程中的劣化度符合双曲线关系,最终劣化度A_(c)与含水率呈指数型关系,劣化速率B_(c)与含水率呈线性关系。

不同种类软土与杂填土互嵌沉降试验研究

为了研究不同种类软土与杂填土互嵌沉降的规律,以下卧的淤泥软土为研究对象,分别开展了不同软土种类在不同荷载及不同液性指数下与上覆杂填土的室内互嵌沉降试验。分析了不同种类软土与杂填土地基在50,100,150 kPa下总沉降、固结沉降及互嵌沉降随时间发展规律,以及不同种类软土分别在液性指数为0.8、1.0、1.2与杂填土地基在100 kPa下总沉降、固结沉降及互嵌沉降随时间发展规律。研究结果表明:三种土样互嵌沉降量与互嵌沉降完成度分别随荷载及液性指数的增大而增大,对于不同土样来说,高液限土的互嵌沉降大于低液限土的互嵌沉降,互嵌沉降完成度在不同的液性指数下具有不同的变化规律。

高液限红黏土用作路基填料的改良方法研究

为解决广西玉湛高速公路中高液限红黏土难以作为路基填料的技术难题,本文对该地区红黏土的物理力学性质进行了试验研究,并且开展了掺加河砂、山脚砂和消石灰的3种红黏土改良试验研究。研究结果表明:随着掺砂量的增大,掺河砂改良红黏土的液限、塑限、塑性指数和毛细管水上升高度都随之降低,而加州承载比CBR值随之增大;当掺砂量为15%时,掺河砂改良红黏土的液限和CBR值都满足规范要求,可以作为高速公路下路堤填料,但是如果作为高速公路上路堤和路床的填料,则需要进一步提高掺砂量。随着掺砂量的增大,掺山脚砂改良红黏土的最优含水率、液限、塑限、塑性指数随之降低,而最大干密度和CBR值随之增大;掺砂量为30%时,掺山脚砂改良红黏土的CBR值、液限和塑性指数都满足规范要求,可以作为路基填料。掺加4%消石灰时,红黏土的CBR值、液限和塑性指数虽都满足相关规范关于路基填料的要求,但是液限已非常接近规范限值,因此建议消石灰掺量取6%。现场填筑试验段结果表明,掺山脚砂或掺加消石灰改良高液限红黏土的方案都是可行的,改良土的液限、塑限、塑性指数和CBR值都有明显的改善,均可作为高速公路路基的填料。

改良高液限土填筑路基施工技术应用

结合某高速公路工程的实际情况,通过试验路段比对换土法、改良法、加筋法、排水法、预压法、包芯法6种处置方法改良高液限土路基的稳定性,并对其经济效益和环境效益进行了分析。结果表明,包芯法改良高液限土路基施工不仅可以有效提高路基压实度,还可以节约工程成本,减少污染,保护生态。

基于实验的碳酸盐岩气藏储量计算——以X气藏为例

四川盆地X气藏为碳酸盐岩储层,储层层间及层内都具有较强的非均质性,是气藏储量计算面临的困难之一。针对此问题,本文采用实验方法支撑储量计算,首先通过实验测量得到气藏各小层岩心的孔隙度、渗透率等基础物性参数,将小层渗透率校正为克氏渗透率,并根据物性差异将储层分类为孔隙型储层、孔隙-孔洞型储层,再通过产能模拟实验计算得到气藏工业产能对应的有效储层孔隙度和渗透率等储层物性下限。继而通过液膜厚度实验测得各目标储层的液膜厚度,并结合压汞实验测得的孔径分布曲线,得到有效储层中含烃孔隙体积比例,最后通过地质储量计算公式得到气藏储量。研究结果表明:①利用基础物性测试实验、产能模拟实验、水膜厚度实验等实验方法,确定储层物性下限以及有效孔隙体积比例,为气藏储量计算奠定基础,X气藏有效储层孔隙度下限为1.21%~1.56%;②气藏有效储层中含烃孔隙体积比例范围在42.62%~67.73%,通过地质储量计算公式可得到该气藏的有效储量;③该方法对于非均质性较强的碳酸盐岩储层气藏的储量确定具有理论意义和现场指导意义。

崩岗土壤液塑限的离子特异性效应

为探究崩岗土壤液塑限的离子特异性效应,选取福建省长汀县河田镇一处稳定型崩岗的3个土层土壤(红土层、砂土层和碎屑层)为研究对象,用液塑限联合测定仪对不同离子(Li^(+)、Na^(+)和K^(+))盐溶液交换处理后的土壤液塑限进行分析。结果表明,红土层的土壤塑限、液限和塑性指数均显著高于砂土层和碎屑层(P<0.05)。土壤塑限和液限均与土壤黏粒含量、有机质含量、阳离子交换量以及高岭石含量呈正相关关系,其中,土壤塑限与黏粒含量和阳离子交换量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。K^(+)交换处理后,红土层土壤塑限、液限和塑性指数比Li^(+)交换处理分别高5.80%、9.53%和12.99%,比Na^(+)交换处理分别高3.50%、9.77%和15.86%;K^(+)交换处理后,砂土层土壤塑限、液限和塑性指数比Li^(+)交换处理分别高7.22%、6.69%和6.83%,比Na^(+)交换处理分别高4.33%、5.27%和7.32%;而不同离子对碎屑层土壤液塑限的影响不显著。不同离子对同一土层土壤液塑限的影响不同,K^(+)交换处理后红土层、砂土层的土壤液塑限总体高于Li^(+)和Na^(+)交换处理,即较Li^(+)和Na^(+)而言,K^(+)可提高崩岗土壤液塑限。

瓜尔胶处理铝土矿矿泥强度特性及微观机制

生物聚合物作为一种新型环境友好的土壤处理及改良材料,即使使用量很小,也能对土体具有显著的强化作用,因此近年来得到了广泛的运用。本文对不同胶土比(0%、1%、1.5%和2%)瓜尔胶处理的铝土矿矿泥试样进行了界限含水率测试、快剪试验、核磁共振试验(NMR)和扫描电镜(SEM)等室内试验。试验结果表明,随着生物聚合物的增加,铝土矿矿泥的液塑限及抗剪强度均有所提高,其中2%瓜尔胶含量的铝土矿泥液限提升了26%,黏聚力提升了182%。NMR试验表明了瓜尔胶能够使铝土矿矿泥试样的含水量增大,且其内部会出现大孔隙。而SEM图证实了瓜尔胶和铝土矿矿泥颗粒形成瓜尔胶—铝土矿矿泥基质,从而提高了液塑限及抗剪强度。

铝在酸性AlCl_(3)-EMIC和AlCl_(3)-BMIC离子液体中的阳极溶解

1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(EMIC)和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(BMIC)与氯化铝(AlCl_(3))形成的离子液体是电解铝用离子液体中最具有工业应用前景的2种离子液体。本文采用线性伏安、计时电流、计时电位、恒电压电解、恒电流电解等电化学实验方法对比搅拌和不搅拌条件下,铝在酸性AlCl_(3)-EMIC和AlCl_(3)-BMIC 2种离子液体中的阳极溶解,以筛选出较优的电解质体系,并探究搅拌、温度、电流密度、电位等工艺参数对电解过程的影响,为工业放大提供基础数据。

温度对高液限土吸附结合水及其变形影响的试验研究

为研究温度变化对高液限黏土吸附结合水含量的影响及高液限黏土路堤的变形规律,该文选取海南高液限黏土为主要研究对象,并与湖南低液限砂土进行对比研究。通过核磁共振试验,探究温度对高液限黏土吸附结合水含量的影响规律;通过温控固结仪开展固结试验,分析温度对高液限黏土路堤变形的影响规律;借助分子动力学模拟软件,从微观层面探究温度对高岭石吸附水分子影响机制。结果表明:温度由5℃上升至45℃,高液限黏土中吸附结合水减少4.3个百分点,远大于低液限砂土减少量(1.4个百分点)。恒定温度、相同荷载路径下,高液限黏土孔隙比随温度升高变化较大,而低液限砂土几乎不受影响,说明高液限黏土温敏性更强。恒定压力下,温度升高对高岭石吸附水有削弱作用;相同的升温路径下,压力越大高岭石吸附的水分子量越多。