Low gas-liquid ratio foam flooding for conventional heavy oil

The recovery of heavy oil by water flooding is 10% lower than that of conventional crude oil, so enhanced oil recovery （EOR） is of great significance for heavy oil. In this paper, foam flooding with a gas-liquid ratio （GLR） of 0.2：1 for the Zhuangxi heavy oil （325 mPa.s at 55 ℃） was performed on cores, sand packs and plate model. In sand pack tests, polymer enhanced foam flooding increased oil recovery by 39.8%, which was 11.4% higher than that for alkali/surfactant/polymer （ASP） flooding under the same conditions. Polymer enhanced foam flooding in plate models shows that the low GLR foam flooding increased oil recovery by about 30%, even when the extended water flooding was finished at 90% water cut. Moreover, it was discovered by microscopy that foam was more stable in heavy oil than in light oil. These results confirm that low GLR foam flooding is a promising technology for displacing conventional heavy oil.

Dissolution Kinetics of Calcined Ulexite in Ammonium Chloride Solutions at High Solid-to-Liquid Ratios

The dissolution kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium chloride solutions at high solid-to-liquid ratios were investigated. In the experiments, calcination temperature, solution concentration, reaction temperature, and pre-hydration were chosen as parameters. It was observed that the dissolution rate increased with increasing calcination temperature, solution concentration, and reaction temperature, whereas it was not affected by pre-hydration. Employing graphical and statistic methods, the dissolution rate, based on homogeneous reaction model, can be given as: (1-X(B2O3))-1-1= k(c(NH4Cl))1.982t. The activation energy for the dissolution of the ulexite sample calcined at 160 ℃ was found to be 84.04 kJ·mol-1.

Effect of the Filling Liquid Ratio on the Thermal Performance of a Novel Thermal Diode with Wick

The application of thermal diodes,which allow heat to flow more readily in one direction than the other,is an important way to reduce energy consumption in buildings and enhance the battery heat dissipation of electric vehicles.Depending on various factors including the specific design,materials used,and operating conditions,the convective thermal diode can exhibit the best thermal rectification effect in intended applications compared to the other thermal diodes.In this study,a novel convective thermal diode with a wick was proposed based on the phase change heat transfer mechanism.This design takes advantage of both capillary forces provided by the wick and gravity to achieve enhanced unidirectional heat transfer performance for the designed convective thermal diode.The effect of the filling liquid ratio on the thermal performance of the thermal diode was experimentally investigated,which was in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.The research findings showed that with an optimal liquid filling ratio of 140%,the thermal diode with a wick can achieve a better thermal rectification ratio when subjected to a lower heating power,and the maximum thermal rectification ratio of 21.76 was experimentally achieved when the heating power of the thermal diode was 40 W.

On the trajectory of nonturbulent liquid jets in subsonic crossflows at different density ratios

Numerical simulations using volume of fluid(VOF)method are performed to study the impact of liquid-to-gas density ratio on the trajectory of nonturbulent liquid jets in gaseous crossflows.In this paper,large eddy simulation(LES)turbulence model is coupled with the VOF method to describe the turbulence effects accurately.In addition,dynamic adaptive mesh refinement method with two refinement levels is applied to refine the size of the cells located at gas-liquid interface.Density ratio is changed from 10 to 5000 while other nondimensional numbers are kept constant.Large density ratios are considered in this paper since they are common in many practical applications such as solution precursor/suspension plasma sprays.Our simulations show that the penetration height,especially in the farfield,increases as the density ratio increases.A general correlation for the jet trajectory,which can be used for a wide range of density ratios,is developed based on our simulation results.

高气液比井下气液旋流分离器结构设计与性能分析

针对井下高气液比工况气液高效分离难度大的问题,提出了一种旋流-重力耦合式井下气液分离器结构。结合实验研究、数值模拟及实验设计方法,对气液分离器结构参数进行显著性分析和优化设计,建立显著性结构参数与气液分离效率间的数学关系模型,确立了结构参数的最佳匹配方案。分析了入口流量、压力及气液比对气液分离器性能的影响规律。结果表明,重力沉降与旋流分离的结合设计可以实现高气液比条件下的液相沉积,进而实现气液两相的高效分离。分离器的分离效率随着进液量升高而升高,增幅逐渐趋于平稳。随着气液比增大,分离效率呈现先增加后降低的趋势。得出该气液分离器的最佳进液量为42m^(3)/d,最佳入口压力2MPa,最佳气液比为700∶1,在最佳工况下分离效率为97%,模拟结果与实验结果呈现出较好的一致性。研究结果将为高气液比条件下气液分离装备研发提供新的思路和参考。

新型螺旋式气液旋流分离器数值模拟研究

为研究气液旋流分离器的气液分离性能,解决油气产出液中潜在高含气导致泵气锁的问题。基于旋流分离理论,设计了一种新型螺旋气液分离器。在不同气液比条件下对其内部流场进行研究。研究结果表明:随着分流比的增加,旋流器的内壁面和底流口附近的含气体积分数显著降低,同时旋流器溢流压力损失逐渐增大,而底流压力损失逐渐减小,溢流压力损失增加的速率与底流压力损失减小的速率基本相同;分流比的增加使气液分离器的除气效率逐渐提高,底流含气体积分数逐渐减小。综合分析气液比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶5以及1∶8的4种工况,得出了其最佳溢流分流比分别为58%、39%、22%以及15%。研究结果可为高含气油井的井下气液分离装置设计提供依据,同时可为现场应用及操作提供指导。

2022年初5次降雪过程分析和预报着眼点

本文采用ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)细网格和NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)模式数据、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、降雪加密观测和常规资料,对2022年初的5次降雪过程进行对比分析,发现5次降雪过程均为雨转雪过程,且持续时间相对较短,平原为雨夹雪或小雪到中雪,山区中到大雪,局部暴雪,数值模式预报的积雪深度与实况相差甚远;大尺度环流形势为500 hPa中低纬南支槽或弱波动配合700 hPa上的暖湿气流和中低层冷空气,造成边界层浅薄的冷垫上温度骤降而在短时间内形成降雪;相较于平原地区,高山区上空温度层结与最大上升运动中心的配置,有利于降雪粒子较长时间维持在有利于枝状雪花的形成区域,且高山区云底云水含量显著偏低、整层温度足够低,故高山区更利于暴雪的形成。

高地层倾角油藏高低部位油井液量配比研究

在高倾角断块油藏中,受重力作用影响,高、低部位油井开发效果差异大。运用物理模拟实验分析了地层倾角对高、低部位油井开发效果的影响,推导了考虑均衡驱替的水驱断块倾角油藏高、低部位油井产液量配比计算方法,并通过与数值模拟结果对比,验证了油井产液量配比计算方法的准确性。研究发现:随着储层倾角的增加,高部位流线变少、水驱波及区域变小、采出程度变低。随着储层倾角增加,达到均衡动用所需的油井产液量配比(高部位油井产液量与低部位油井产液量比)增加。在相同储层倾角的情况下,随着原油密度和注水强度增加,倾角对达到均衡驱替所需的油井产液量配比的影响变弱,油井产液量配比降低。该研究对高倾角断块油藏均衡开发具有指导意义。

相变腔冷凝现象对沸腾-凝结共存相变传热的影响

针对平板热管均热器内部狭小空间存在着强烈的沸腾与凝结相互作用,以去离子水为工质,可视化实验研究了冷凝面上发生的凝结现象及其对相变腔传热性能的影响。通过分析冷凝面上液滴的形成、长大、汇聚成液膜、滴落,以及气液界面产生气泡随气流运动对冷凝液膜的冲刷作用,揭示了不同热流密度和充液率时相变腔冷凝面传热传质特性对沸腾-凝结共存相变传热影响的内在机理。实验结果表明:受重力影响,水蒸气在冷凝面上凝结有液滴和液膜共存并相互转化的特性,冷凝面热阻在相变腔总热阻中占比65%~88%,适宜的充液率有利于沸腾气泡冲刷冷凝壁面,加快冷凝液的回流,改善冷凝面及相变腔的传热性能;随着热流密度的增大,沸腾过程变得剧烈,冷凝面受沸腾气泡的冲刷频率提高,冷凝液回流速度加快,冷凝面热阻减小,传热性能得到提高。

高气液比水平井临界携液流量预测新模型

明确气井积液机理和携液规律对于掌握井下流体的流动状态至关重要。目前现场应用的临界携液流量模型较多,但是不同模型计算结果差异较大,Turner等模型计算的长北区块气井携液流量偏大,不利于指导生产。通过开展水平井流动模拟正交实验,捕捉典型流态,发现管斜角在45°~60°出现过渡流,通过编制流态识别程序进一步确定管斜角为46°时开始出现过渡流,此时携液最困难。基于液滴理论,引入井斜修正系数,建立了新的临界携液流量模型,新模型在长北区块气井中具有良好的适用性。新模型敏感性分析结果表明,由强到弱影响气井携液能力的因素依次为油管内径、井底流压、井斜角、井底温度。绘制的临界携液流量图版为后期开展停喷井治理措施的时机提供了依据。

Preparation of Liquid Soap from Sheep’s Tail Fat

The aim of this study was to select sheep fat from Tsetserleg sum of Arkhangai aimag as raw material and to produce liquid soap. The oil was extracted from raw materials such as sheep’s tail fat (TF), outer fat (OF), and inner fat (IF), which were analyzed by chemical methods, and the liquid soap was obtained by cold methods. Liquid soap was prepared from three types of raw materials, each of which was mixed with 70% fat oil and 30% liquid oil. The ratio was chosen to dilute the liquid soap to 2% of the product. The most suitable oil for preparing liquid soaps from raw materials such as TFO, OFO, and IFO was the tail fat oil (TFO). The highest unsaturated fatty acid content in crude fats and oils was 41.23%, the highest content of saturated fatty acids was 22.3%, and the highest content of methyl-stearate was 33.65% by the GC-MS analytical method.

Automatic Detection Instrument for the Ratio of Chlorine to Bromine in Oxidized Liquid of Bromine Production Based on Fuzzy Method

In the process of bromine production,because of lag adjustment methods,there are problems of adjusting delay,raw material wastage and low growth rate.By considering the nature of bromine production,with the help of fuzzy data processing method,computer detection and display technique,we designed an automatic detection instrument for the ratio of chlorine to bromine in oxidized liquid of bromine production.This instrument can be used to detect the different parameters of raw materials adjustment and control in real time,and afford assurance that raw materials will be adjusted in time.This paper briefly introduces the working mechanism,hardware and software design of the instrument.

塔河油田稠油井生产测井技术应用效果评价

通过对比塔河油田不同稠油井测量产液剖面时的稀稠比、测量时机、仪器组合,分析成败原因,最终总结出一套适合稠油井的生产测井施工优化方案,并在两口井的施工中实施,均取得合格生产测井数据。

山东深秋一次暴雪过程雪水比影响因子分析

利用地面气象观测站资料、加密地面观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)第五代大气再分析数据(ECMWF Reanalysis v5,ERA5;分辨率为0.25°×0.25°)逐小时资料,对山东2021年11月6—8日极端暴雪过程雪水比影响因子进行研究。结果显示:此次暴雪过程平均雪水比分布总体呈“北大南小、西大东小”的分布特征,降雪初期产生的雪水比小,降雪中后期产生的雪水比大;温度偏高、云内液态水含量较高的地区雪水比较小,温度偏低、云内液态水含量较低的地区雪水比较大;雪水比与地面气温、地表温度呈负相关,地面气温与雪水比的相关性最大,积雪产生之后地表温度与雪水比变化无明显相关。

大跨度桥梁超低频调谐液体质量阻尼器研发及应用

大跨度桥梁在运营过程中易发生较为明显的超低频振动问题,采用调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)进行控制时,由于箱梁内部空间有限,常规TMD在结构上无法满足要求。基于此,提出一种基于浮力和流固耦合作用的超低频调谐液体质量阻尼器(TLMD)。为研究TLMD对结构的阻尼减振效果,进行模型试验,分析安装TLMD前、后主结构加速度幅值和阻尼比;将该新型超低频TLMD在贵州龙里河大桥上进行实桥应用,测试主梁频率特性和阻尼比。模型试验及实桥应用结果表明:TLMD减振技术可实现0.283 Hz乃至更低频率的超低频阻尼减振;采取TLMD控制后,模型试验主结构的阻尼比从0.038%提高至2.2%,主结构的加速度幅值从减振前的0.41 m/s2降低至0.01 m/s2;贵州龙里河大桥超低频TLMD当采用0.31%的质量比时,主梁一阶竖弯模态实测阻尼比从0.20%提高至0.82%,阻尼比提高了3.1倍。超低频TLMD参数稳定、性能可靠,有效降低了阻尼器的安装高度,显著提升了结构阻尼比,增强了桥梁的抗风性能。

高气液比油井井筒压降实验及理论模型研究

深层、超深层油藏中普遍存在着高气液比油井,具有井筒压降大、流动规律复杂的特点。准确预测井筒压降、气体析出位置以及含气率等井筒流动参数对于油井停喷时机预测以及人工举升工艺设计至关重要。为此,文中开展了油-气-水三相流动规律模拟实验,分析了气流速、液流速、含水率和井斜角等参数对持液率的影响规律。基于实验结果分析低压实验与高压气井流动相似性,考虑压力变化对气相密度的影响,修正了气液相无因次准数,建立了新持液率计算模型,模型与实验结果相对百分误差和绝对百分误差仅为0.88%和12.50%。进而建立了高气液比油井井筒压降预测模型,采用47口油井现场实际生产测压数据验证新压降模型,结果表明新模型相对性能系数在所有评价模型中最低,仅为0.22,表明模型预测精度高,能够满足工程需求。

料液比对搅拌型UHT核桃酸奶品质特性的影响

超高温瞬时灭菌技术(ultra high temperature,UHT)在植物乳制品领域的应用备受关注。然而,关于UHT对植物乳制品品质特性的影响并未探明。为解决植物基酸奶在灭菌过程中存在的蛋白过度变性和微生物残留问题,研究了1∶8、1∶10、1∶12、1∶14、1∶16共计5个料液比梯度的核桃酸奶,探讨了UHT处理下不同料液比对搅拌型核桃酸奶品质的影响。研究结果显示,在不同料液比下,核桃酸奶的pH和酸度在发酵过程中表现出一致的趋势。料液比为1∶12时,核桃酸奶具有最高的硬度、稠度和持水性,分别为211.37 g、464.51 g·s和83.54%,相对于其他料液比有效地改善了核桃酸奶的品质特性。料液比为1∶8时,核桃酸奶具有最小的粒径,为37.63μm。综上,通过对核桃酸奶进行UHT处理并使用适宜的料液比,可以明显地改善核桃酸奶的品质特性。研究结果可为搅拌型核桃酸奶产品的生产提供关键的实验数据和理论支持,并为相关领域的学术研究和工业应用提供参考。

改性膨润土对污水中重金属离子吸附实验研究

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。为了研究改性膨润土对污水中重金属离子的吸附效果,分析pH值、初始浓度、时间、固液比、温度和粒径对膨润土吸附效果的影响,并采用微观手段研究在吸附重金属离子前后膨润土内部矿物成分的变化以及红外光谱图的变化规律。结果表明:当改性膨润土掺量为0.2 g、吸附时间为1.5 h、温度设置为40℃,pH值设定为6,初始浓度均设定为200 mg/L和固液比设置为0.8 g/L时,改性膨润土的吸附效果达到较佳。改性膨润土经过吸附实验后,可以检测到明显的CuSO_(4)衍射峰,但是改性膨润土内部其他矿物成分不变,这说明改性膨润土可以有效地吸附污水中的铜离子。

CO_(2)驱抽油机井高气液比防气举升技术

针对CO_(2)驱替过程中,采出井气液比升高、产液量下降快,抽油泵气影响严重,无法正常生产的问题,形成了CO_(2)驱抽油机井高气液比防气举升技术。首先,通过在柱塞上增设导压孔,平衡泵筒内部压力,形成导压式防气抽油泵,防止气锁现象发生,维持油井生产;其次,应用基于重力沉降的串联型气液分离装置,减少进入抽油泵泵筒内的气体体积,降低气的影响,提升举升效率;最后,利用室内实验、现场试验相结合的方式,证明了高气液比防气举升技术的可行性,措施后平均单井日增油0.2 t,经济效益显著。CO_(2)驱抽油机井高气液比防气举升技术在气驱油井的应用过程中,单井产液量提升明显,能有效举升CO_(2)驱替出的原油,是碳利用的重要组成场景,可进行工业化推广。