Event vertex and time reconstruction in large-volume liquid scintillator detectors

Large-volume liquid scintillator detectors with ultra-low background levels have been widely used to study neutrino physics and search for dark matter.Event vertex and event time are not only useful for event selection but also essential for the reconstruction of event energy.In this study,four event vertex and event time reconstruction algorithms using charge and time information collected by photomultiplier tubes were analyzed comprehensively.The effects of photomultiplier tube properties were also investigated.The results indicate that the transit time spread is the main effect degrading the vertex reconstruction,while the effect of dark noise is limited.In addition,when the event is close to the detector boundary,the charge information provides better performance for vertex reconstruction than the time information.

Application of time–frequency entropy from wake oscillation to gas–liquid flow pattern identification

Gas–liquid two-phase flow abounds in industrial processes and facilities. Identification of its flow pattern plays an essential role in the field of multiphase flow measurement. A bluff body was introduced in this study to recognize gas–liquid flow patterns by inducing fluid oscillation that enlarged differences between each flow pattern. Experiments with air–water mixtures were carried out in horizontal pipelines at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Differential pressure signals from the bluff-body wake were obtained in bubble, bubble/plug transitional, plug, slug, and annular flows. Utilizing the adaptive ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and the Hilbert transform, the time–frequency entropy S of the differential pressure signals was obtained. By combining S and other flow parameters, such as the volumetric void fraction β, the dryness x, the ratio of density φ and the modified fluid coefficient ψ, a new flow pattern map was constructed which adopted S（1–x）φ and （1–β）ψ as the vertical and horizontal coordinates, respectively. The overall rate of classification of the map was verified to be 92.9% by the experimental data. It provides an effective and simple solution to the gas–liquid flow pattern identification problems.

Control performance comparison between tuned liquid damper and tuned liquid column damper using real-time hybrid simulation

Tuned liquid damper (TLD) and tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) are two types of passive control devices that are widely used in structural control. In this study, a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) technique is employed to investigate the diff erence in control performance between TLD and TLCD. A series of RTHSs is presented with the premise of the same liquid length, mass ratio, and structural parameters. Herein, TLD and TLCD are physically experimented, and controlled structures are numerically simulated. Then, parametric studies are performed to further evaluate the diff erent performance between TLD and TLCD. Experimental results demonstrate that TLD is more eff ective than TLCD under diff erent amplitude excitations.

Time Sequential and Phase-resolved Measurement and Analysis of Corona Discharge in Air and Streamer Discharge in Insulating Liquid

Insulation is one of the most important parts in a high voltage equipment.There are gaseous,liquid and solid insulations which are commonly used.In a high voltage transformer for example the insulating materials are all used.During operation of a high voltage equipment high electric stress may occur.Under extreme condition failure of the insulation may take place.Excessive electric field in air may cause corona discharges while in liquid insulation discharges may take place in the form of streamer.This paper reports experimental results on the corona and streamer discharges in air and silicone oil.The discharges were artificially generated around a needle tip in a needle-plane electrode system with gap length of 4 mm under sinusoidal and triangular voltages.The needle was made of steel with tip radius of 3 μm and curvature angle of 30°.The needle was made by Ogura Jewelry.The discharge pulses were measured using personal-computer based partial discharge(PD)measurement system with sensitivity of better than 0.5 pC.The system is able to measure discharge in time sequential.Phase-resolved analysis of the discharges was done to interpret the physical processes behind the discharges.The experimental results showed that corona discharges took place at negative half cycles.The discharges were concentrated around 270° of phase angle of applied voltage.The discharge magnitude and discharge number of corona clearly dependent on the instantaneous of applied voltage.These were strongly supported by the application of triangular voltage.Streamer discharges occurred at both positive and negative half cycles.The discharges pulses concentrated around the peak of applied voltage at phase angle of 90° and 270°.Experimental results under sinusoidal and triangular voltages revealed that streamer discharge magnitude as well as probability of occurrence was strongly dependent on the instantaneous applied voltage.

Development of timer based on liquid level measurement system

This paper describes the design and development of the timer based on liquid level measurement system in which timer 555 is used in astable mode. The capacitor charging time i. e. the ON time pulse width of the timer output waveform which is measured using a digital storage oscillator （DSO）,is linearly proportional to the capacitance of a co-axial cylindrical capacitive transducer, and this capacitance once again linearly varies with the change in liquid level. Hence, we obtain a linear relationship between the liquid level and the capacitor charging time. The main advantages of this developed system are linear input-output relationship, small in size, easily portable, cost effective, and independent on the ambient temperature effect. The system can also be exploited to measure dielectric constant of liquid or solid in various process industries.

Difference in Surface Roughness of Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate Sheet before and after Application of Finishing Liquid: Part 2 Changes over Time in Surface Roughness

Surface texture of the mouthguard affects the sense of adaptation in the athlete and further affects hygiene. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes over time in surface roughness after finish polishing of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets and before and after finishing liquid application, and to evaluate its effectiveness. Total of 160 specimens of EVA (3 × 3 mm) were divided into 4 groups according to polishing condition (control = unpolished;RB = Robinson-brush;LF = Lisko-Fine, and MW = Mouthguard-wheel). Polishing was performed at low speed by using a straight headpiece. The rotation speed was 5000, 4000 and 6000 rpm for RB, LF, and MW, respectively. Next, a finishing liquid was applied to each specimen. Changes over time in surface roughness before and after application of the finishing liquid were compared by a non-contact surface shape measuring machine. The arithmetic average height (Sa) was measured. The measurement time points were before application, immediately after application, and at 5, 10, and 15 min after application. The changes over time of the surface roughness of the sheet before and after application of the finishing liquid were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests. Surface roughness of the specimen before application became coarse in the order of control;MW, LF and RB, and Sa were about 0.21 μm, 2.03 μm, 2.94 μm, and 4.72 μm, respectively. That showed the same order after finishing liquid application. Significant decrease in Sa for RB and LF were seen at 10 min after application and at 5 min after application, respectively. Sa of MW was not significantly different before and after application. The results of this study showed that a lubricity of about 1.0 μm increases within 5 - 10 min of application of finishing liquid, but in cases where polishing was performed to about 2.0 μm;the application of finishing liquid has no ef-fect.

Screening for Plant Toxins in Honey and Herbal Beverage by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ion Mobility-Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

The standards of plant toxins were separated by a C18 column with gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid/water (V/V) and 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile (V/V) as mobile phase and acquired by ion mobility-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (IM-QTOF MS) in positive ion mode. A database of 308 plant toxins including retention time, collision cross-section (CCS) and its fragment ions was established. Honey dissolved in water or herbal beverage was extracted by acetonitrile and purified with PSA sorbent, and then acquired by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography IM-QTOFMS. The acquired data were processed by comparing with the database we established to confirm the target compounds. The average recoveries for samples at two levels ranged from 60.6% - 120.1%, with relative standard deviation (n = 6) less than 25%. The limit of quantitation for plant toxins ranged from 1 - 20 μg/kg. The developed screening method was used in determination of honey, herbal beverage and honey flavored tea beverage samples. The results showed that berberine was detected in one honey with 1 μg/kg and caffeine was present in some beverages with the concentration from 200 and 5500 μg/kg. This method could meet the requirement for rapid screening of plant toxins in honey and herbal beverage. It can be used for the quality control of honey and herbal beverage in enterprises or quality inspection departments. It also can be used in the rapid screening of food poisoning.

Optical simulation of in-plane-switching blue phase liquid crystal display using the finite-difference time-domain method

The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate the optical characteristics of an in-plane switching blue phase liquid crystal display.Compared with the matrix optic methods and the refractive method,the finite-difference timedomain method,which is used to directly solve Maxwell＇s equations,can consider the lateral variation of the refractive index and obtain an accurate convergence effect.The simulation results show that e-rays and o-rays bend in different directions when the in-plane switching blue phase liquid crystal display is driven by the operating voltage.The finitedifference time-domain method should be used when the distribution of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal display has a large lateral change.

Individual and Combined Effects of the Extractant,Surfactant and Modifier Concentrations on the Droplet Coalescence Time of the Primary Emulsion in the Liquid Surfactant Membrane Extraction Process

In this work, the individual and combined effects of the extractant, surfactant and modifier concentrations on the droplet coalescence time of the primary emulsion in the liquid surfactant membrane extraction process were evaluated, through emulsification experiments. Adogen 464 was used as extractant (carrier), and Escaid 110, as diluent. Two systems were studied. The first one composed by the extractant, the surfactant and the diluent, and the second one composed by the same reagents, but with the addition of 1-decanol as modifier. It was observed that, when the modifier is not present in the membrane phase, the surfactant not only stabilizes the primary emulsion, but, apparently, it also plays a role similar to that of the alcohol, promoting the solvation of the amine in a low polarity diluent. Furthermore, the extractant, a quaternary amine, helps to stabilize the primary emulsion in systems without a modifier. For membrane phases consisting of 1 or 5% w/w of Adogen 464 and 2% or 5% w/w of ECA 4360, a concentration of 3% w/w of 1-decanol was sufficient to promote the solvation of Adogen 464 in Escaid 110 and to obtain a low droplet coalescence time.

CO₂Absorption Solvent Degradation Compound Identification Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Quadrapole-Time of Flight (LCMSQTOF)

The degradation of the alkanolamine solvent used in the removal of acid gases from natural gas streams due to exposure to contaminants, thermal degradation and presence of oxygen or oxygen containing compounds will change the solvent properties, such as heat transfer coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and mass transfer coefficient of the solvent. Therefore, characterization and quantification of amine degradation product becomes one of the important analyses to determine alkanolamine solvent’s health. In order to identify degradation products of alkanolamine solvent, analytical strategies by using mass spectrometry (MS) as detector have been studied extensively. In this work, due to the low concentration of the amine degradation product, a method was developed for identification of alkanolamine degradation products using LCMS-QTOF technique. A strategy for identification of trace degradation products has been identified. Six (6) alkanolamine degradation products had been identified by using LCMS-QTOF targeted analysis in the blended alkanolamine solvent used in natural gas processing plant. Another fifteen (15) molecular formulas having similarity in chemical structure to alkanolamine degradation products were identified using untargeted analysis strategy, as possible compounds related to degradation products. Using LCMS-QTOF via targeted and untargeted analysis strategy, without tedious column separation and reference standard, enables laboratory to provide a quick and indicative information for alkanolamine solvent’s organic degradation compounds identification in CO2 adsorption, within reasonable analysis time.

复合露酒的非挥发性成分鉴定及抗疲劳效应

该研究采用高效液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间串联质谱联用(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS)法对复合露酒(38%vol)中的非挥发性化合物进行检测,并将复合露酒灌胃至小鼠22 d,考察其对小鼠负重游泳的影响,评价其抗疲劳的保健作用。结果表明,从复合露酒(0.2257 g生药/mL)中共鉴定出52种非挥发性物质,包括皂苷类24种、黄酮类6种、核苷类4种、氨基酸类4种、生物碱类3种、其他11种。与模型组相比,低、中、高剂量组小鼠体质量减少量均极显著减少(P<0.01);中、高剂量组小鼠负重游泳时间均极显著延长(P<0.01);低、中剂量组小鼠血尿素氮(BUN)含量显著增加(P<0.01,P<0.05);低、中、高剂量组小鼠乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、肝糖原(LG)含量显著增加(P<0.01,P<0.05),说明该款复合露酒非挥发性成分丰富,可增强身体对负荷的适应性,具有明显的抗疲劳效果,对功能性食品开发提供一定的基础。

高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱法测定荔枝果实中29种农药多残留

采用高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱技术结合优化的QuEChERS方法,建立了荔枝全果中29种农药的多残留检测分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,利用无水硫酸镁吸水和氯化钠盐析作用,进行离心分层后,取部分乙腈上清液进行净化,净化剂为无水MgSO_(4)、N-丙基乙二胺吸附剂、石墨化碳黑吸附剂,采用电喷雾离子源正负离子交换扫描方式对29种农药数据信息进行采集。29种农药在质量浓度0.001~0.2 mg/L内具有较好线性相关性(相关系数R^(2)均大于0.99),在3个添加水平(0.01、0.1、0.5 mg/kg)下,29种农药的回收率均值为70.2%~102.4%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~6.2%。方法检出限为0.1~3μg/kg,定量限为0.3~10μg/kg。该方法具有操作便捷、回收率高和灵敏度高等特点,可用于同时快速测定荔枝中29种农药的多残留。

超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱用于化妆品中15种前列腺素类似物的快速筛查和测定

建立了超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)快速筛查和测定化妆品中15种前列腺素类似物的方法。样品以饱和氯化钠作为分散剂(蜡质类样品以四氢呋喃分散),经乙腈提取,离心取上清液过滤后,采用Poroshell 120 EC-C_(18)柱(150 mm×3.0 mm,2.7μm)分离,以5 mmol/L甲酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱。在ESI正离子模式下,采用Targeted MS/MS模式采集15种前列腺素类似物的质谱信息,构建筛查数据库进行快速筛查,确证后的目标物通过外标法定量。结果表明,15种前列腺素类似物的线性关系良好,相关系数(r^(2))均大于0.99;检出限为0.3~17.6μg/g,定量下限为1.1~58.8μg/g。在低、中、高3个加标水平下,水剂、膏霜、乳类、粉类、凝胶5类化妆品基质的回收率为70.1%~134%,相对标准偏差不大于7.5%。该方法简单高效、准确度好,可用于化妆品中前列腺素类似物的定性确证和定量分析,为化妆品风险识别提供技术支撑。

高扬程泵站虹吸式出水流道虹吸形成过程分析

为研究高扬程泵站虹吸式出水流道虹吸形成过程,以某高扬程泵站的出水流道及出水池为研究对象,建立三维模型并使用Fluent仿真计算了虹吸管流态变化。针对3种出水池水位使用VOF模型计算其压力、流速等参数。驼峰段原角度为段前150°、段后160°,在虹吸段顶端使用DN350的真空破坏阀,同时改变驼峰段角度进行优化,发现将段前角度增加10°后,虹吸形成时间为448 s,相较于优化前缩短了56 s,改善了泵启动过程。分析发现,不同水位下虹吸形成时压力分布较为均匀;水位较低时流速分布不均,不良流态产生,低水位造成的负面影响远大于高水位;在驼峰段安装DN350真空阀能减小水力损失,对虹吸形成过程起到促进作用;真空阀会影响经典断面处流速分布,产生高流速区,出水池水位较低时,该现象使得流速分布不均。

基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱联用技术的荆莲核消方化学成分分析

基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱联用技术(UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE),结合UNIFI软件对荆莲核消方(JLHXF)进行化学成分解析。使用Supelco Ascentis?Express C18色谱柱(3.0 mm×50 mm,2.7μm)在乙腈(A)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(B)的流动相体系下进行梯度洗脱;利用电喷雾离子源(ESI)在正、负离子模式下进行扫描,借助UNIFI软件及相关文献对成分进行分析鉴定。通过UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE技术在正、负离子模式下采集复方的质谱数据,通过化合物的精确相对分子质量和串联质谱数据采用UNIFI软件辅助解析,结合对照品质谱信息及相关文献,共鉴定和推断出187个化学成分,其中黄酮类化合物77个、有机酸类化合物41个、萜类化合物26个、苯丙素类化合物24个、苯酞类化合物12个以及其他类化合物7个。UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE技术可快速鉴定出荆莲核消方中的化学成分,准确性较高,为该方药效物质基础研究提供了可靠依据。

某液体火箭发动机用起动器峰值压力时间超差故障研究

针对某液体火箭发动机用起动器峰值压力时间超差故障,进行了原因分析,提出了改进措施并对其有效性进行了试验验证。结果表明:造成起动器峰值压力时间超差故障的原因为起动器内膜片与端盖间的焊接强度不足,在高温燃气冲击下膜片过早脱落、烧蚀,从而导致压力提前泄放。提出将1圈焊接改进为2圈焊接、将点焊改进为连续焊接,焊接后增加气密性及承压性能检测,以及加强削弱槽深度检测等改进措施。验证试验表明上述改进措施可有效避免起动器出现峰值压力时间超差故障。

高效液相色谱法测定室温下硝酸甘油注射液的存贮期限

目的高效液相色谱法测定硝酸甘油注射液在室温下的含量变化,预测硝酸甘油注射液在室温下的存贮期限。方法(1)HPLC法测定硝酸甘油注射液的含量。采用色谱柱(Kromasil C18),以甲醇:水(59:41)为流动相,流速1.0 ml·min^(-1),检测波长215 nm,柱温30℃;(2)采用加速试验和长期留样试验对硝酸甘油注射液的稳定性进行研究,经典恒温试验预测其在室温下的有效期。结果硝酸甘油注射液检测浓度在10μg·ml^(-1)-600μg·ml^(-1)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(R=0.9999),日内精密度、日间精密度、稳定性试验、重复性实验RSD均小于2%,含量测定平均值在99.99μg·ml^(-1)(标准值100μg·ml^(-1)),加样回收率RSD为1.67%。经典恒温试验测得硝酸甘油的含量变化符合一级反应规律,在25℃,硝酸甘油注射液的速率变化常数K_(25)=7.1395×10^(-4),有效贮存期限为147 d;在30℃时,K_(30)=9.4175×10^(-4),有效贮存期限为111 d。长期留样观察实验可以验证该实验的可靠性。结论高效液相色谱法检测方法简单、快速、精密度高,重复性好。硝酸甘油注射液在室温(25℃)下的存储期限约5个月,可以为临床管理抢救车药品提供参考依据。

基于自建数据库的超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法定量测定玉米中5种真菌毒素

目的基于自建数据库建立超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)测定玉米中玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)、交链孢酚(alternariol,AOH)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether,AME)、细交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid,TeA)、腾毒素(tentoxin,TEN)5种负离子真菌毒素的方法。方法样品经提取、净化、复溶后,采用Waters UPLC BEH C18色谱柱进行分离后在信息依赖型的扫描(information-dependent scanning,IDA)负离子模式采集。SCIEX OS Explorer条件下确定5种负离子真菌毒素精确数据录入数据库。在玉米基质中以筛查检出限作为主要参数验证方法。结果高分辨模式下采用加内标来改善基质干扰系数校正,在玉米基体中对真菌毒素类的基质效应θ进行计算,θ在0.84~1.10之间。基质匹配内标校准定量,5种负离子真菌毒素在范围内具有较好的线性关系,相关系数(r)为0.9972~0.9993。5种负离子真菌毒素的检出限为0.2~5.0μg/kg。玉米基质在低、中、高3个加标水平下的平均回收率为83.9%~119.4%,相对标准偏差为2.39%~11.37%(n=6)。用此方法检测内蒙地区120份玉米中5种负离子真菌毒素都有检出,TeA和TEN检出率高达98.1%和95.6%。有3份玉米中ZEN超过100μg/kg限量标准,应引起相关监管部门重视。结论本方法具有高通量、精准、快速等优点,可以在无标准物质情况下对玉米中ZEN、AOH、AME、TeA、TEN的定性筛查,为玉米中这5种真菌毒素污染监测提供技术支持。

失笑散化学成分分析

目的分析失笑散的化学成分。方法采用超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)法,色谱柱为Cortecs UPLC T3柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.6μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为2μL;电喷雾离子源(ESI),正负离子模式。结果共解析出53个化学成分,其中组方药材蒲黄中23个,五灵脂中14个,其余16个为两者共有。蒲黄独有成分及其与五灵脂共有成分均以黄酮类成分为主,而五灵脂独有成分以萜类成分为主。结论该方法操作简便,重复性好,可为进一步研究失笑散的效应-物质基础提供依据。

基于高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术和分子对接技术分析筛选大叶藜抗卵巢癌活性成分

本研究采用高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术(High performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry,HPLC-Q-TOF-MS)及分子对接技术筛选大叶藜中抗卵巢癌活性成分。获得大叶藜(Chenopodium hybridum L.)醇提物和大孔树脂精制物对卵巢癌OVCAR-3细胞抑制的影响,确定大叶藜抗卵巢癌活性部位,并采用HPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析活性部位的化学成分。选择5个重要的卵巢癌相关蛋白Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9、BAX和EGFR,分别与大孔树脂精制物中的化学成分进行分子对接。发现大叶藜醇提物与大孔树脂精制物对OVCAR-3细胞增殖的抑制率随浓度增加而升高,其中大孔树脂精制物具有较强的抗卵巢癌活性;HPLC-Q-TOF-MS鉴定出大孔树脂精制物中13个化学成分,包括槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷、山柰酚等12个黄酮类成分和1个酚酸类成分绿原酸;分子对接结果说明,13个成分与5个靶点之间具有较高亲和力,其中槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷与山柰酚-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷-7-O-β-D-木糖苷与各靶点间结合较好。研究证明,大叶藜抗卵巢癌活性部位为大孔树脂精制物,其活性成分主要为黄酮,具有较好的抗卵巢癌作用。