Comparison of Liquid Water Content Retrievals for Airborne Millimeter-Wave Radar with Different Particle Parameter Schemes

In the application of the physical iterative method to retrieve millimeter-wave radar liquid water content(LWC)and liquid water path(LWP),particle parameter scheme is the main factor affecting retrieval performance.In this paper,synchronous measurements of an airborne millimeter-wave radar and a hot-wire probe in stratus cloud are used to compare the LWC retrievals of the oceanic and continental particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 50μm and the particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 500μm and 1500μm(scheme 1,scheme 2,scheme 3,and scheme4,respectively).The results show that the particle parameter scheme needs to be selected according to the reflectivity factor when using the physical iterative method to retrieve the LWC and LWP.When the reflectivity factor is less than-30 d BZ,the retrieval error of scheme 1 is the minimum.When the reflectivity factor is greater than-30 d BZ,the retrieval error of scheme 4 is the minimum.Based on the reflectance factor value,the LWP retrievals of scheme 4 are closer to the measurements,the average relative bias is 5.2%,and the minimum relative bias is 4.4%.Compared with other schemes,scheme 4 seems to be more useful for the LWC and LWP retrieval of stratus cloud in China.

EVOLUTION OF LIQUID WATER CONTENT IN A SEA FOG CONTROLLED BY A HIGH-PRESSURE PATTERN

On March 16–17, 2008, a sea fog occurred in Dianbai in the west of Guangdong Province and was accompanied by a high-pressure synoptic system. Using comprehensive observation datasets, this study analyzes the evolution of liquid water content during this sea fog and investigates the relationships between liquid water content and the average diameters and count densities of fog droplets, air temperature, wind speed and turbulence exchanges. The main results are presented as follows. (1) The sea fog showed a quasi-periodic oscillation characteristic, i.e., it developed, disappeared and then developed again. (2) During the sea fog, the number of fog droplets changed significantly while the changes in average diameter of the fog droplets were relatively small. The development and disappearance of the sea fog correlated significantly with the fog droplet numbers. (3) The air-cooling mechanism played a significant role in sea fog formation and development. However, the influences of this mechanism were not evident during fog persistence. (4) During sea fog formation, weak turbulence exchanges were helpful for fog formation. During sea fog development and persistence, liquid water content increased when turbulence exchanges weakened, and vice versa. The changes in turbulence exchanges were closely related to the quasi-periodic oscillations observed in sea fog presence.

Influence of liquid water content on wind turbine blade icing by numerical simulation

In order to research the influence of liquid water content ( LWC ) on blade icing of wind turbine, a numerical simulation method for blade icing was established. The numerical simulation was based on low speed viscous N-S equation. The trajectory equation of water droplets was established by Lagrangian method. The mass and energy conservation equations of the water droplets impacting on the surface of the blade were solved based on control body theory. Three sections along blade span wise of a 1.5 MW wind turbine were decided to simulate icing. Five kinds of LWC were selected for simulation including 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and 1.0 g/m^3 under two ambient temperatures of -10 ℃ and -20 ℃. The medium volume droplet diameter ( MVD ) was 30μm. The simulations included icing shape on blade surface, dimensionless icing area and dimensionless maximum stagnation thickness. Furthermore, the flow fields around both the iced blade airfoil and the original one were simulated and analyzed. Accor-ding to the results, the typical icing characteristics of icing shape, icing area and thickness were greatly affected by the difference of LWCs. This study can provide theoretical reference for the research on antiicing and deicing of wind turbine blade.

A Comparative Study of Cloud Liquid Water Content from Radiosonde Data at a Tropical Location

In this paper, some features of cloud liquid water content with respect to rain and water vapor are presented. Cloud liquid water density profile is obtained from radiosonde observation with Salonen's model and Karsten's model at Kolkata, a tropical location in the Indian region. Cloud liquid water contents (LWC) are obtained from these profiles which show a prominent seasonal variation. The monsoon months exhibit much higher values of LWC than in other months. However Salonen's model yields higher LWC values than that obtained with Karsten's model. The variation of daily total rainfall with LWC shows a positive relationship indicating the role of LWC in controlling the rainfall. Also the variation pattern of LWC with integrated water vapor (IWV) content of the atmosphere indicates that a threshold value of water vapor is required for cloud to form and once cloud is formed LWC increases with IWV.

Analysis of Vertical Profiles of Precipitable Liquid Water Content in a Tropical Climate Using Micro Rain Radar

In this paper, some distinctive features of the vertical profile of precipitable liquid water content (LWC) with considerable respect to rain rates (R) and radar reflectivity (Z) obtained in a tropical location are presented. Assessment of LWC allows applications in the specific area of flight icing severity, aviation safety as well as signals traversing through the atmosphere. The parameters were typically measured using vertically-pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) over a period of 2 years (2011-2012) at Akure, a tropical location of Nigeria. The radar scanned at every 10 seconds and integrated over one minute samples to reduce event logging error associated with the instrument. The vertical profile of the LWC typically reveals a prominent seasonal variation. However, majority of the LWC profiles has low LWC, less than 0.1 gm?3 while the maximum observed LWC is about 3.18 gm?3. A strong like hood relation was observed between the melting layer height and the LWC, with the LWC reaches peak at the considerable height of about 4160 m which coincides precisely with the freezing height level (rain height of ~4520 m) of the study location. Good correlation was also observed between the LWC and R in most of the heights considered. The results obtained will assist system engineers to assess the level of absorption, reflection and attenuation of electromagnetic signals as a result of precipitable LWC along the transmitting paths. The novelty of the present work is in the area of linking LWC and Z as against usual relation between Z and R.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD LIQUID WATER CONTENT BY SPACE-BORNE COMBINED RADAR-RADIOMETER

A retrieval method of microwave(MW)space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined radar-radiometer is suggested.A three-layer cloud model is chosen to represent the typical stratified precipitating cloud.The retrieval method mainly follows our previously suggested scheme with some modifications.Numerical comparative study shows that in space-borne remote sensing of cloud liquid water content by the combined method is much better than by radar only;Also the retrieval accuracy of cloud liquid water content may be improved when using the three-layer cloud model in the combined method.

Molecular dynamics study of room temperature ionic liquids with water at mica surface

Water in room temperature ionic liquids(RTILs) could impose significant effects on their interfacial properties at a charged surface. Although the interfaces between RTILs and mica surfaces exhibit rich microstructure, the influence of water content on such interfaces is little understood,in particular, considering the fact that RTILs are always associated with water due to their hygroscopicity. In this work, we studied how different types of RTILs and different amounts of water molecules affect the RTIL-mica interfaces, especially the water distribution at mica surfaces,using molecular dynamics(MD) simulation. MD results showed that(1) there is more water and a thicker water layer adsorbed on the mica surface as the water content increases, and correspondingly the average location of K^+ ions is farther from mica surface;(2) more water accumulated at the interface with the hydrophobic [Emim][TFSI] than in case of the hydrophilic [Emim][BF4] due to the respective RTIL hydrophobicity and ion size. A similar trend was also observed in the hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules. Moreover, the 2D number density map of adsorbed water revealed that the high-density areas of water seem to be related to K^+ ions and silicon/aluminum atoms on mica surface. These results are of great importance to understand the effects of hydrophobicity/hydrophicility of RTIL and water on the interfacial microstructure at electrified surfaces.

Yangtze River Delta Aerosol liquid water in PM_(2.5)and its roles in secondary aerosol formation at a regional site of Yangtze River Delta

Aerosol liquid water content(ALWC)plays an important role in secondary aerosol formation.In this study,a whole year field campaign was conducted at Shanxi in north Zhejiang Province during 2021.ALWC estimated by ISORROPIA-Ⅱ was then investigated to explore its characteristics and relationship with secondary aerosols.ALWC exhibited a highest value in spring(66.38μg/m^(3)),followed by winter(45.08μg/m^(3)),summer(41.64μg/m^(3)),and autumn(35.01μg/m^(3)),respectively.It was supposed that the secondary inorganic aerosols(SIA)were facilitated under higher ALWC conditions(RH>80%),while the secondary organic species tended to form under lower ALWC levels.Higher RH(>80%)promoted the NO_(3)^(-)formation via gas-particle partitioning,while SO_(4)^(2-)was generated at a relative lower RH(>50%).The ALWC was more sensitive to NO_(3)^(-)(R=0.94)than SO_(4)^(2-)(R=0.90).Thus,the self-amplifying processes between the ALWC and SIA enhanced the particle mass growth.The sensitivity of ALWC and OX(NO_(2)+O_(3))to secondary organic carbon(SOC)varied in different seasons at Shanxi,more sensitive to aqueous-phase reactions(daytime R=0.84;nighttime R=0.54)than photochemical oxidation(daytime R=0.23;nighttime R=0.41)in wintertime with a high level of OX(daytime:130-140μg/m^(3);nighttime:100-140μg/m^(3)).The self-amplifying process of ALWC and SIA and the aqueous-phase formation of SOC will enhance aerosol formation,contributing to air pollution and reduction of visibility.

Aircraft Observations of Liquid and Ice in Midlatitude Mixed-Phase Clouds

ABSTRACT This paper reports airborne measurements of midlatitude altostratus clouds observed over Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China on 3 March 2007. The case demonstrates mixed-phase conditions at altitudes from 3200 to 4600 m （0°C to -7.6°C）, with liquid water content ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g m-3. In the observed mixed-phase cloud, liquid water content exhibited a bimodal distribution, whereas the maximum ice particle concentration was located in the middle part of the cloud. The liquid and ice particle data showed significant horizontal variability on the scale of a few hundred meters. The cloud droplet concentration varied greatly over the horizontal sampling area. There was an inverse relationship between the cloud droplet concentration and ice particle concentration. A gamma distribution provided the best description of the cloud droplet spectra. The liquid droplet distributions were found to increase in both size and concentration with altitude. It was inferred from the profile of the spectra parameters that the cloud droplet sizes tend to form a quasi-monodisperse distribution. Ice particle spectra in the cloud were fitted well by an exponential distribution. Finally, a remarkable power law relationship was found between the slope （λ） and intercept （No） parameters of the exponential size distribution.

二氧化碳吞吐采出液处理用破乳剂的研究与应用

二氧化碳吞吐作为增产的一种重要措施,在油田得到越来越广泛的应用。但是随之而来的是采出液中因含有二氧化碳而导致的污水发黑、含油高的问题,给集输系统油水处理带来较大的困难。文章根据油水分离的原理,对破乳剂的配方进行了优化,在破乳剂中引入了具有清水作用的成分。室内试验表明,极大降低了脱出污水含油,投入现场应用后,现场破乳剂的用量从原来的300 mg/L降至160 mg/L,水含油由原来的200 mg/L降至140 mg/L,现场运行稳定。后期还将继续降低药剂用量,该项工作每年可为NP2-3节省破乳剂费用47%,同时为油田含二氧化碳污水的处理提供了借鉴。

华东一次极端冰雹天气过程雷达回波特征的比较分析

2005年6月14日到15日凌晨,受东北冷涡影响,华东出现了一次历史上罕见的冰雹天气过程,最大冰雹直径达15~18 cm,并伴有雷暴大风和龙卷。本文利用2005年6月14日08:00(北京时,下同)至15日08:00新一代多普勒天气雷达资料,统计分析了这次过程中江苏沭阳、江苏泗阳、安徽固镇三地极端冰雹的雷达回波特征,结果如下:(1)极端冰雹过程是由不同超级单体造成,由于环境CAPE、深层垂直风切变和低层相对风暴螺旋度都很强,导致三个超级单体都具有强中气旋,而强中气旋与环境相互作用导致向上的扰动气压梯度力,使得超级单体上升气流大大增强并强烈发展。(2)三地超级单体雹暴回波最大反射率因子超过70 dBZ,60 dBZ以上强回波持续时间超过3 h,60 dBZ最大高度超过11 km。比较而言,沭阳超级单体持续时间最长,泗阳超级单体回波强度最大,固镇超级单体雹暴60 dBZ以上的反射率因子垂直扩展高度最高。从上述雹暴例子初步得到线索:当最大反射率因子超过68 dBZ、60 dBZ回波扩展高度在10 km以上预示有极端冰雹出现。(3)有界弱回波区(BWER)或弱回波区(WER)以及位于其上的回波悬垂是超级单体雹暴的典型结构。泗阳雹暴显示有WER和宽广的回波悬垂,沭阳和固镇雹暴则显示出BWER和宽广的回波悬垂,固镇雹暴中气旋切变值的持续上升伴随着雹暴的强盛发展。(4)三个超级单体雹暴的垂直液态水含量(VIL)异常高,分别为88 kg·m^(-2)、102 kg·m^(-2)、89 kg·m^(-2),远超过6月大冰雹的VIL阈值65 kg·m^(-2)。固镇雹暴显示出强烈的风暴顶辐散特征,辐散速度差值最高达80 m·s^(-1)。(5)固镇雹暴出现近1 h的三体散射长钉(TBSS),沭阳、固镇雹暴出现旁瓣回波,都表明雹暴中存在大冰雹。

Study of Water Movement in Unsaturated Copper Ore

Leaching is widely applied in the exploitation of depleted ores. In order to discover the law of leachant movement in the leaching process and calculating volumes and time intervals of spraying leachant,experiments and numerical simulation with the TOUGH2/EOS3 module were carried out in order to find out the principle of water movement in unsaturated copper ore. The results show that water volume increases at the same location over time,that copper ore tends to become saturated and that liquid velocity decreases at the same time as the distance from top in-creases. On the other hand,a comparison and analysis of our experimental and simulated results indicate that the EOS3 module could accurately simulate the water movement in an unsaturated state.

苏北高液限土的工程特性试验研究

通过原位测试和室内试验等手段,对苏北高液限土的工程特性进行了研究。研究结果表明:高液限土的液限对分类定名、状态等物理性质有显著影响,含水量相同时,液限越高,土的状态越硬,高液限土的强度及承载力远高于同含水量的淤泥质土,高液限土的压缩系数大,压缩模量小,固结系数随液限的增大而减小。苏北地区高液限土具有高含水率、高压缩性、固结系数低、强度相对高的特点,必然会表现出不同于一般粘性土的工程性质,研究结论可为高液限土地基处理等岩土设计和研究提供参考。

基于Ka波段云雷达观测的中国西天山降雨云宏微观物理特征研究

利用Ka毫米波云雷达与自动气象站降雨资料,研究了西天山地区2019年和2020年5~8月的降雨云宏微观特性。结果表明:(1)降雨主要发生在夜间,累积降雨量集中在21:00(北京时间,下同)至次日07:00,降雨频次和累积降雨量相关系数为0.71。大雨强频次虽最少,但对总累积降雨量贡献较显著。(2)小雨强、中雨强、大雨强平均反射率因子最大值分别为30 dBZ、35.8 dBZ和39.5 dBZ,最大平均液态水含量分别为1.5 g m^(-3)、4.2 g m^(-3)和7.3 g m^(-3)。(3)不同降雨强度对应的反射率因子都有两个集中区域,2.0~4.4 km反射率因子集中在15~26 dBZ,地面附近的小雨强、中雨强、大雨强对应的反射率因子分别集中在24~32 dBZ、29~38 dBZ和31~42 dBZ。1.75 km以下中雨强和大雨强液态含水量小于1gm^(-3)的频率明显少于小雨强,降雨强度的越大降雨粒子径向速度越集中。

内蒙古中部干旱半干旱区水汽和液态水特征研究

基于多通道微波辐射计数据与呼和浩特站逐小时降水数据分析2017、2018年4—9月内蒙古中部干旱和半干旱区35个降水日积分水汽含量、积分液态水含量月变化特征,进一步分析层状云稳定性降水和积状云对流性降水中液态水含量、水汽含量的垂直分布特征和积分液态水含量、积分水汽含量的相位特征。结果表明,降水日积分水汽含量和积分液态水含量具有明显的季节变化特征,两者均在夏季和初秋较大。降水发生前积分水汽含量与积分液态水含量有明显跃增,这种变化在对流性降水中更明显,且超过80%的样本显示积分水汽含量与积分液态水含量存在反相位变化。对流性降水水汽含量主要分布在0~6 km高度,且随高度递减,而液态水含量随高度先增加后减小;稳定性降水水汽含量和液态水含量的垂直分布与对流性降水一致,但两者均小于对流性降水。基于积分水汽含量与积分液态水含量的降水发生判断条件对指导当地人工增雨作业、缓解旱情有实际应用价值。

高空冷涡背景下飞机积冰特征和机制的探测研究

飞机结冰可能引发严重飞行事故。为了了解飞机在冷涡背景下自然结冰的特征和机制,2021年5月,内蒙古呼伦贝尔市人工增雨作业人员使用Y-12运输机在高空冷涡天气系统中进行了7个架次飞机结冰探测试验,其中出现中度和重度飞机积冰各2个架次,对飞机积冰探测的环境气象条件进行了讨论,着重分析了5月31日2个架次重度飞机积冰过程取得的DMT粒子测量数据。结果表明:飞机平飞海拔高度为3.5~4.2 km,环境温度为-8~-4℃时,重度飞机积冰出现在冷涡东南部水汽饱和区中;测量的过冷水含量在高值时段的平均值达到0.25~1.04 g·m^(-3),平均有效直径为15~100μm的粒子浓度显著偏高,达到100~200个·cm^(-3),高浓度的过冷水含量导致飞机外壳出现瞬时快速积冰。简述了高空冷涡东南象限航线上的云层粒子图像和云粒子增长方式,讨论了高空冷涡东南象限的大气结冰条件。

基于深度学习的气象要素时空预报策略——直接预报和迭代预报的对比

以大气垂直累积液态水含量的预报问题为例,使用UNet网络结构作为基础结构构建时空预报模型,对比了采用两类预报策略的模型的预报效果,预报策略包含一个迭代预报策略(Recursive Forecast Strategy,RFS)以及两个直接预报策略(Direct Forecast Strategies,DFSs)。研究结果表明,两个直接预报模型对整体预报时段的预报效果明显优于迭代预报模型,直接预报模型的RMSE比迭代预报模型低19%。随着预报时次的增加,迭代预报模型的预报误差累积速度比两个直接预报模型快。在两个直接预报模型中,多时次输出模型(Direct Forecast Model Multi-Steps,DFS-M)的预报表现更加稳健,在整体预报时段上预报效果优于单时次输出模型(Direct Forecast Model Single-Step,DFS-S),但DFS-S模型对几个前期时次的预报效果较好。本研究利用深度学习可解释性技术中的深度学习重要特征分析方法(Deep Learning Important FeaTures,DeepLIFT)分析DFS-M和DFS-S模型各个输入时次对于模型预报的相对重要性。研究结果表明,DFS-M和DFS-S模型80%的输入重要性都集中在最后两个输入时次上,较早期输入时次的重要性随着预报时次的增加而呈现上升趋势。由于各输出时次间存在一定的统计相关性,受输出时次相关性约束的DFS-M模型的输入时次重要性变化比DFS-S模型更加稳定。通过将DFS-M和DFS-S模型对于不同时次的预报进行结合,可以得到效果更加均衡的预报。本研究可以为基于深度学习的天气气候预报方法的选择提供新的思路。

不同含水量红壤中X80管道钢的腐蚀行为

通过开路电位、动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱等电化学测试研究了不同含水量红壤中X80管道钢的腐蚀行为。结果表明:X80管道钢的自腐蚀电位、腐蚀速率、腐蚀类型均与红壤含水量及X80管道钢表面吸附薄液膜密切相关。随红壤含水量增大,X80管道钢表面吸附液膜的连续性增大,开路电位下降,腐蚀电流密度增大,X80管道钢的腐蚀模式从局部腐蚀变为均匀腐蚀。

质子交换膜电解池二维两相流综合模拟研究

建立一个二维、非等温质子交换膜电解池两相流稳态模型,研究不同电压下电解池膜电极组件(MEA)中温度、液态水饱和度、膜态水分布以及温度、液态水饱和度和膜厚对质子交换膜电解池性能的影响,并通过实验验证模型的可靠性。实验结果表明:即使忽略接触电阻,膜润湿性较好,高电压(2.0 V)下欧姆损失占比仍可达到34.7%;随着电压的增大,极化损失的主导部分由活化损失变为欧姆损失,且传质损失占总极化损失的比例最小;当电压较小时,膜水含量是质子交换膜(PEM)电导率的主要影响因素,当电压较大时,温度是PEM电导率的主要影响因素。升高温度、增加液态水饱和度及降低膜厚均能有效提高电解池的性能。