A Study on the Chess Culture of Ethnic Minority Groups in Gansu Province

As a region inhabited by large populations of ethnic minority groups, Gansu province boasts rich ethnic cultural resources which reflect traditional culture and intangible cultural heritage that had taken shape thousands of years ago. Among these are various ethnic folk chess games. They are time-honored with many types such as the “Fang” chess of the Hui ethnic group, the “Jiu” chess of the Tibetans, the “King and Ministers” chess, the Mongolian chess, the Mongolian military chess, etc. These games embody distinctive ethnic and regional characteristics, as well as the cultural elements of a particular ethnic minority group. It is of great significance, therefore, to study the ethnic chess by collecting, documenting and comparing different types of related chess. The paper explores ways to standardize, protect and promote them scientifically in joint efforts, and draws a conclusion that examining their significance in the present era and the ethnic characteristics is the key to understanding the profound culture behind the chess.

Farming Ritual and Festival Folk Custom of Dong Ethnic Minority Group

In order to pray for harvest and express gratitude, Dong ethnic arranged sacrifices of farming in accordance with periodicity of rice production and its requirements to festivals and calendar. Meanwhile, New Year, Pray in Spring and Return in Autumn not only play significant roles in agricultural production, but also evolve to farming holidays which are enriched with more social connotations. Centered on husbandry and production, some folklore that is rich in local color has been formed in Dong society. The writer introduced some farming ritual of Dong ethnic group, such as, sowing, Kai Yang Men, Rain-praying, Chang Xin, reaping and Lunar New Year, summarized their belief in the land worship, festival ritual, ancestor ritual and ceres ritual. It is concluded that sacrifice is a production-related folklore, which is formed by repeated operation and constant practice. Some taboos were also prohibited in agricultural sacrifice because people were not able to change the unfavorable reality of farming with their insufficient experience and knowledge; however, they resorted to witchcraft for the purpose of harvest. It is believed that the activity of sacrifice will also be kept in the life of Dong ethnic group due to their dependency on agriculture and the land.

Genetic polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA HVS-I and HVS-II of Chinese Tu ethnic minority group

We analyzed the two hypervariable segments HVS-I and HVS-II of 108 Chinese Tu ethnic minority group samples for forensic and population genetics purposes, Comparing with Anderson sequence, 79 polymorphic loci in HVS-I and 40 in HVS-II were found in Chinese Tu ethnic minority group mtDNA sequences, and 90 and 64 haplotypes were then defined. Haplotype diversity and the mean pairwise differences were 0.9903±0.0013 and 5.7785 in HVS-I, and 0.9777±0.0013 and 3.5819 in HVS-II, respectively. By analyzing the hypervariable domain from nucleotide 1,6180 to 1,6193 in HVS-I, we defined some new types of sequence variations. We also compared the relationship between Tu population and other populations using mtDNA HVS-I sequences. According to Rst genetic distances, the phylogenetic tree showed that the Tu population, the Xi＇an Han population, the Chinese Korean, and the Mongol ethnic group were in a clade. This indicated a close genetic relationship between them. There were far relations between the Tu population and other Chinese southern Han populations, Siberian, European, African, and other foreign populations. The results suggest that Tu population has a multi-origin and has also merged with other local populations.

On General Issues of Bilingual Education for Minority Ethnic Groups

Minority language literacy is an important issue in national education policy for any multi-nationality country.China sticks to the policy of safeguarding the rights and interests of ethnic minority groups to use their own languages and writing systems.In education,considering communications among different nationalities and the development of minority ethnic groups,a bilingual education policy is being implemented by insisting on teaching students in their own ethnic languages;when the mastery of their own languages has been achieved,bilingual teaching will be employed.There are three types of bilingual teaching for minority ethnic groups:teaching in their own languages,with Mandarin Chinese added;teaching in Mandarin Chinese,with minority languages added;teaching both in Mandarin Chinese and in minority languages.The biggest problems to be solved in implementing bilingual education in ethnic minority regions are the editing of language textbooks and supporting materials for minority ethnic groups and the training of ethnic minority teachers.

Distribution of Dongxiang Folk Story Resources in Dongxiang Autonomous County,Gansu Province

Based on the field survey in Dongxiang Autonomous County of Gansu Province in 2017 and 2018,we found and obtained rich effective Dongxiang folk story resources.These first-hand story resources remain in relatively remote areas of the county,with elderly women in the Dongxiang Language Reservation Area in the central and east of the county as the main oral inheritance group.The distribution characteristics of folk stories:few people preserve most stories,while most people could not narrate complete stories,and few traditional story resources are widespread.At present,due to various reasons,the oral environment and inheritance status of folk stories in Dongxiang County is not optimistic,the survey is difficult,and the story resources are scattered,and there is a tendency to gradually disappear.Therefore,it is necessary to actively protect the existing Dongxiang folk artists and folk story resources,and to conduct digital sorting of these resources in time.

One Health as a potential platform to rescue the neglected fruit trees in Yucatan,Mexico

Neglected and underutilized species of plants(NUS)have been identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization as valuable resources for fighting poverty,hunger and malnutrition as they can help make agricultural production systems more sustainable and resilient.Adaptation of NUS to changing environments over several millennia has rendered most of these plants resistant to pests and climate change.In this paper,we explore the potential values of some of the Mayan fruit trees justifying conservation efforts in their native habitats.Our research was primarily based on a scoping review using Google Scholar.We considered articles published in English,Spanish and Portuguese.Our review rendered two sets of articles including those focusing on the nutritional and medicinal properties of NUS and their products,and those focusing on their uses in traditional medicine.Both sets of papers strongly support arguments for conservation of NUS.Additionally,our scoping review expands and includes a case study on the conservation of NUS,highlighting the critical role of civil society on how it can spearhead rescue efforts of botanical resources through the creation of what is possibly the first arboretum of its kind in the Americas.Among the project's key selling points was not only the rescue of an important component of Yucatan's cultural heritage but its nutritional value as well as its potential medicinal properties.Our paper is not prescriptive on how to preserve or even commercially exploit NUS.It is intended as a thought-provoking piece on the potential of a One Health approach as a multi-sectoral platform to support conservation efforts,while stimulating greater interest in the subject and encouraging more action from the academic and pharmaceutical sectors as well as civil society.

边疆自觉、少数民族文学与当代中国观

近现代中国由王朝帝国向民族国家转型过程中,边疆的自觉,边民的发现、想象和书写,构成了统一的多民族中国的观念基础。国际地理和国内空间的再认识与复杂化,意味着中国对于外部与内部、世界与自我的认知变化。在国内外多重因素所导致的主动与被动的迁徙与流动中,地理、政治、社会与价值观念得以重构,形成了中国特色社会主义的主权国家。包容不同类型的文化于国家一体的内部,兼顾共同性与特殊性,促成了新中国多民族共同主体的再造。这个主体再造的过程,决定了少数民族文学作为中国特色国家意志体现与文化表达的当代属性。少数民族文学从属于社会主义文化新体系与格局的建构,成为总体性中华民族审美共同体的组成部分,进而形成了集体主义的美学风格。在经由改革开放以来各种“后学”思潮的洗礼之后,如今需要重申社会主义早期文化实践的遗产,重塑中华民族共同体美学。

中国古代北方民族丧葬仪式、特点及影响

葬礼作为人生的最后一项礼仪,是生者举行的哀悼和纪念死者的仪式。作为一种文化习俗,北方少数民族的丧葬仪式意蕴丰富,形态多样,并随着社会发展而不断演变。古代北方少数民族的丧葬仪式,呈现出共有性、宗教色彩浓厚、“游牧”特征、丧葬形式多样性等四个特点。北方民族丧葬仪式的变化,既有北方少数民族之间相互影响的因素,又有汉族对北方少数民族影响的因素。北方少数民族丧葬仪式的鲜明特征、汉化的发展趋势,体现了民族交往交流交融的多元化形态,是观察历史上民族交往交流交融的重要窗口。

从“远夷”到“中华民族”共识的演变——《旅行杂志》中的云南边疆民族认知变迁

在以《旅行杂志》涉滇内容为切入点的探讨中,可以看到从“远夷”到“中华民族”共识的演变及内地对云南边疆民族认知变迁。近代中国,“华夷”观与“中华民族”说并存。民国以后,尤其抗战后“中华民族”说渐被认同,但“华夷”观仍有影响。新中国建立后,“劳动者”“建设者”取代“华夷”,认同基准重构。《旅行杂志》不同时期对云南民族形象呈现不同,抗战前是“远夷”,抗战时是“典范”,建国后是“劳动者”“建设者”。形象差异源于接触程度和观念转变。中华民族形成过程中各民族共同开拓疆域、缔造国家、书写历史、创造文化、培育精神,《旅行杂志》从一个微观视角反映了其凝聚融合过程。

社会保障满意度何以提升少数民族群体的国家认同——以类型细分为视角的实证分析

突破对社会保障体系与国家认同的整全型认知,以国家认同和社会保障制度进行类型细分为主线构建分析框架,以“2021年中国社会状况综合调查”(CSS2021)数据为资料进行实证分析表明,当代中国少数民族群体的社会保障满意度对该群体的理性赞同型国家认同具有支撑促进作用,但不能促进该群体的情感归属型国家认同;少数民族群体对“普惠型社会保障”的满意度对该群体的国家认同具有支撑作用,但少数民族群体对“救济型社会保障”的满意度对其国家认同不具有影响。实证分析结果在一定意义上回应了理论界关于少数民族群体社会保障满意度与国家认同关系的理论论争,可为少数民族社会保障政策实施过程中精准发力提供理论参考,助力中华民族共同体意识的培育。

生态文学视域中西方作家对我国少数民族自然写作的影响——以海明威和索南才让为例

随着社会现代化的不断发展对生态环境产生的冲击的加剧,生态问题逐渐成为中国社会广泛关注的一大问题,生态文化也成为当代中国文学写作尤其是边地少数民族写作的关注焦点。我国少数民族的自然生态写作在纵向继承发展本民族传统文学优势的同时,也受到了欧美现代文学及其他民族文学的影响。不同于传统小说对生态破坏现状的直白揭露,蒙古族作家索南才让在海明威等作家的影响下以温和且真实的视角,从人和自然的生命联系等角度进行对生态自然的书写,从批判视角走向深层次的领悟和思考,原生态地呈现藏区游牧民族生活场景,在时代巨变的宏观主题下生动展现了具有复合性身份立场的游牧作家的独特生态书写。索南才让在作品中呈现了与海明威笔下相一致的自然生命意义,并着力书写人与自然生命的关系,力图给读者塑造出一个真实的边地环境,展现游牧民族心中的荒原实景。从索南才让生活的边缘游牧环境、创作初期所受到的西方作家影响,以及其作品中人物塑造、色彩运用、民族信仰、象征意义等,可以探寻到索南才让的生态文学观。

人口较少民族聚居区保持型双语教育兴起的归因分析——以裕固族聚居区为例

中国少数民族地区双语教育类型大致可分为过渡型双语教育和保持型双语教育两种,近年来在人口较少民族聚居区兴起的双语教育属于保持型双语教育。通过运用教育人类学持续观察法对裕固族聚居区的保持型双语教育的兴起进行归因分析,发现教育系统外部主要原因有本族语言及传统文化趋于濒危和族群性的焦虑加剧,以及可供社会行动者选择的实践策略空间在相关政策叠加实施的背景中生成和拓展;教育系统内部的主要原因有校本课程开发的蓬勃兴起和民族文化精英的强力推动。从当下中国的经验事实和情境分析来看,“完善差别化的区域政策”可以作为新时代少数民族地区双语教育政策的基本定位和主导逻辑。

海南苗族女性服饰的“短缺”设计特色及变迁分析

海南苗族女性的传统服饰是我国苗族女性服饰中的一种独立类型,但外界对其服饰的设计特色知之甚少。由研究可知,海南苗族女性的传统服饰具有突出的“短缺”设计特征,主要表现在上衣的前襟左长右短、蜡染裙的门襟开敞暴露等方面,但又通过上衣和下裙相互取长补短的配套设计弥补了这种“短缺”。海南苗族女性服饰具有半遮半露的独特风格,是适应海南苗族独特的地理居住环境和社会历史发展条件下的产物。同时,针对因这种“短缺”设计而引起的当代海南苗族女性传统服装样式的变迁现象,从非遗传承活态流变性规律的角度进行了分析和思考。

延安解放区西南少数民族文学研究

延安解放区是中国共产党带领中华民族走向团结与解放的重要基石,它从政治建设、经济发展、文化教育、民族政策等方面构筑起了中华民族的共同家园。在团结御辱、共克时艰的民族解放激流中,少数民族作家纷纷投奔革命圣地延安,究其原因,既有民族解放的诉求,又有个人理想的探寻,也有成长环境的熏陶,他们的文学叙事丰富了延安解放区文学的同一性与多元化。延安解放区西南少数民族文学将时代共振与边地异动的主题相结合,呈现出了延安文艺与西南边陲艺术风格的交融,在语言形式上体现了集体诗学与个体审美的相互关联。通过探究延安解放区西南少数民族作家的文学创作,有利于加深西南边地与中原内陆地区的联结,彰显各民族在共同奋斗中铸就的深厚情感与文化记忆,为当下铸牢中华民族共同体意识增添丰厚的精神内涵。

中华民族共同体意识融入校园教育路径研究——以云南民族地区民间文学类国家级“非遗”为例

民间文学类非物质文化遗产与中华民族共同体意识教育分属文化和教育两大不同系统,但却有着内在的关联。其关联在于不同民族的民间文学类“非遗”项目中蕴含着丰富的中华民族共同体意识,为开展中华民族共同体意识教育提供了直接的资源。在云南各民族民间文学“非遗”项目的教育资源、媒介优势及其多渠道多层次进校园的教育路径,对云南边疆民族地区中华民族共同体意识教育极具意义。

桂西少数民族文献阅读推广工作实践研究--基于河池、百色、崇左三市公共图书馆的调查

文章在借鉴国内成功经验及学界最新理论成果的基础上,通过文献梳理、问卷调查、电话访谈等方式,系统地研究桂西河池、百色、崇左三市少数民族文献及当地31家公共图书馆对此展开的一系列阅读推广工作,分析总结阅读推广实践工作现状及困难,提出桂西公共图书馆应从制定规范统一的划分标准、加强多方面合作、大力培养专业技术人才、加大宣传力度、创新推广形式等方面努力开展好民族文献阅读推广工作。该项研究在理论方面有助于进一步充实和丰富民族文献阅读推广、少数民族文化传承与创新等知识内容,也为促进图书馆阅读推广工作提供科学的理论和方法依据。

中国羌族特色村寨及建筑研究综述

羌族特色村寨具有独特的建筑与文化,但在城市化进程中面临着衰败、空心化等问题。随着乡村振兴策略的推进,许多学者对其进行了大量研究,对其的梳理总结有利于全面了解研究情况,为今后研究找到方向。该文从纵向的历史方面与横向的主题方面对现有研究进行梳理。纵向研究包括历史上的零星记载、以1997年起的系统研究及2008年起的研究激增三个阶段。研究主题主要包括关于羌寨的基础研究,关于羌族建筑的基础研究,关于碉楼及装饰的研究,对羌寨及建筑保护的思考,关于地震灾后重建的研究,羌族文化、乡村旅游等多学科视角下的研究等。研究发现,当前对羌寨的研究视角多样,不仅从民族学、建筑人类学的角度,还包括旅游、文化、社会等多角度;不局限于描述性研究,还包括创新型研究;不仅对静态物理空间进行研究,还关注其发展变迁、保护和更新,特别是地震影响下的保护;研究从主观认知向多种理论指导下的客观理性分析转变。今后的研究方向包括:围绕数字技术的特色村寨档案建立,保护和规划设计,关注传统技艺灭失及居民参与的研究,以问题为导向的具体在地研究,理论构建及创新型研究。

民族文化与生态美学的建构:论当代畲族文学创作

近年来,当代畲族文学作家群体不断壮大,创作空间不断拓展,审美风格渐趋多样化。以民族文化为本位,以生态美学为维度,是当代畲族文学创作的审美追求。当代畲族文学的生态审美思想主要表现在自然崇拜、中和之道、生命关怀三个方面,在这种美学思想的观照下,当代畲族文学在民族性消解和精神还乡的二元对立中实现了和而不同、多元共通的发展。

《西双版纳傣族农奴社会》的电影创作分析

将《西双版纳傣族农奴社会》放置到“少数民族社会历史科学纪录片”产生的特定背景中,通过对该影片所基于的西双版纳傣族社会历史调查与研究、影片拍摄提纲的撰写过程、影片拍摄提纲与影片的比较、当地文化持有者的场面调度等几方面的观察,尝试分析影片的整个摄制情况。与众多“少数民族社会历史科学纪录片”相比,该影片以复原拍摄为主要手段,综合运用动画、图表、字幕等影像方式,呈现出强烈的论文电影特征,影片对傣族社会制度与上层建筑的着力用笔也是众多少数民族社会历史科学纪录片中所未见的。