Cholera continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults in developing countries. Vaccine against cholera is an approach in the control of this epidemic and pandemic d...Cholera continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults in developing countries. Vaccine against cholera is an approach in the control of this epidemic and pandemic disease. From the development of very early oral cholera vaccine, advances in vaccine development documented due to a good illustration of the epidemiology, outbreak strategy, and pathophysiology of the disease causing pathogen. The newer-generation oral cholera vaccines are safe and guarantee a high level of protection during outbreak settings for several years. Yet infants and young children in developing countries are hyporesponsive to vaccines and show poor protection against cholera. In this review, we survey and analyse our current knowledge on the etiology of cholera, its clinical manifestation, global epidemiology and elaborate the vaccine candidates, which are effective against the pathogen and the corresponding immune responses to the available vaccines. These reviews comprehensively cover the salient features of recent discoveries related to Vibrio cholerae virulence, past and present vaccine candidates and their advantages and disadvantages with their development strategies. We believe that the advances that have been included in this review will give a comprehensive insight to the prevention and control of cholera outbreaks and development of effective cholera vaccines.展开更多
目的用甲型肝炎病毒（hepatitis A virus,HAV）L-A-1减毒株制备甲型肝炎灭活疫苗,并检测其免疫原性。方法用细胞工厂培养人胚肺二倍体细胞（2BS株）,感染L-A-1减毒株增殖病毒,收获含病毒的细胞,经裂解、聚乙二醇（polyethylene glycol,...目的用甲型肝炎病毒（hepatitis A virus,HAV）L-A-1减毒株制备甲型肝炎灭活疫苗,并检测其免疫原性。方法用细胞工厂培养人胚肺二倍体细胞（2BS株）,感染L-A-1减毒株增殖病毒,收获含病毒的细胞,经裂解、聚乙二醇（polyethylene glycol,PEG）6000沉淀、三氯甲烷抽提、凝胶过滤层析纯化后,甲醛灭活,氢氧化铝佐剂吸附,制备3批试验疫苗。按照《中国药典》三部（2010版）中甲肝灭活疫苗标准进行各项检定,并进行小鼠效力试验,计算半数有效稀释倍数;将疫苗于37℃存放5、10、15、20、25和30 d,考察疫苗的加速稳定性。结果甲型肝炎病毒经提取纯化后,抗原回收率达80%以上,杂蛋白去除率达95%以上;制备的3批试验疫苗各项检定结果均符合《中国药典》三部（2010版）要求;小鼠效力试验结果显示,半数有效稀释倍数分别为进口疫苗和国产疫苗的1.25～1.40和2.02～2.26倍;37℃保存30 d,疫苗的体外相对效力仍在合格范围内。结论制备了纯度较高的甲型肝炎灭活疫苗,其在小鼠体内具有良好的免疫原性,为进一步规模化生产甲型肝炎灭活疫苗奠定了基础。展开更多
文摘Cholera continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults in developing countries. Vaccine against cholera is an approach in the control of this epidemic and pandemic disease. From the development of very early oral cholera vaccine, advances in vaccine development documented due to a good illustration of the epidemiology, outbreak strategy, and pathophysiology of the disease causing pathogen. The newer-generation oral cholera vaccines are safe and guarantee a high level of protection during outbreak settings for several years. Yet infants and young children in developing countries are hyporesponsive to vaccines and show poor protection against cholera. In this review, we survey and analyse our current knowledge on the etiology of cholera, its clinical manifestation, global epidemiology and elaborate the vaccine candidates, which are effective against the pathogen and the corresponding immune responses to the available vaccines. These reviews comprehensively cover the salient features of recent discoveries related to Vibrio cholerae virulence, past and present vaccine candidates and their advantages and disadvantages with their development strategies. We believe that the advances that have been included in this review will give a comprehensive insight to the prevention and control of cholera outbreaks and development of effective cholera vaccines.
