Impact of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on the risk of gallbladder polyps in lean and non-obese individuals:A cohort study

Background:The association between non-obese or lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and gallbladder polyps(GBPs)has not yet been evaluated.We aimed to determine whether NAFLD is an independent risk factor for the development of GBPs,even in non-obese and lean individuals.Methods:We analyzed a cohort of 331208 asymptomatic adults who underwent abdominal ultrasonography(US).The risk of GBP development was evaluated according to the obesity and NAFLD status.Results:The overall prevalence of NAFLD and GBPs≥5 mm was 28.5%and 2.9%,respectively.The prevalence of NAFLD among 160276 lean,77676 overweight and 93256 obese participants was 8.2%,31.2%,and 61.1%,respectively.Individuals with NAFLD had a significantly higher incidence of GBPs with a size of≥5 mm[adjusted odds ratio(OR)=1.18;95%confidence interval(CI):1.11–1.25].A higher body mass index and its categories were also significantly associated with an increased risk of GBPs≥5 mm.Moreover,risk of GBPs≥5 mm was significantly increased even in NAFLD individuals who are not obese(lean:adjusted OR=1.36,95%CI:1.19-1.54;overweight:adjusted OR=1.14,95%CI:1.03–1.26,respectively).Conclusions:Non-obese/lean NAFLD is an independent risk factor for GBP development,suggesting that NAFLD may play an important role in the pathogenesis of GBPs regardless of the obesity status.Therefore,a more thorough evaluation for GBPs may be necessary when hepatic steatosis is detected on abdominal US,even in non-obese or lean individuals.

Radical cholecystectomy without liver resection for peritoneal side early incidental gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer(GBC)is a rare disease with a poor prognosis.Simple cholecystectomy may be an adequate treatment only for very early disease(Tis,T1a),whereas reoperation is recommended for more advanced disease(T1b and T2).Radical cholecystectomy should have two fundamental objectives:To radically resect the liver parenchyma and to achieve adequate clearance of the lymph nodes.However,recent studies have shown that compared with lymph node dissection alone,liver resection does not improve survival outcomes.The oncological roles of lymphadenectomy and liver resection is distinct.Therefore,for patients with incidental GBC without liver invasion,hepatic resection is not always mandatory.

Formation and rupture of liver hematomas caused by intrahepatic gallbladder perforation:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Gallbladder perforation is a serious complication of acute cholecystitis.Such perforation is a rare but life-threatening situation that can lead to the formation and rupture of liver hematomas.Here,we report a case of a ruptured intrahepatic hematoma caused by intrahepatic gallbladder perforation,and we present a literature review.CASE SUMMARY A 70-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a complaint of right upper quadrant abdominal pain,flustering and dizziness.The preoperative diagnosis was a ruptured malignant liver tumor,and the patient’s medical images and increased level of carbohydrate antigen-199 suggested that the gallbladder had been invaded.However,the tumor was proven to be a liver hematoma secondary to gallbladder perforation after surgery.The patient was discharged uneventfully on the fifteenth postoperative day.CONCLUSION Intrahepatic gallbladder perforation is difficult to diagnose preoperatively.Radiological examinations play a crucial role in the diagnosis but only for partial cases.Early diagnosis and appropriate surgery are key to managing this rare condition.

Metastasis of primary gallbladder carcinoma in lymph node and liver

AIM: To evaluate the patterns with metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma in lymph nodes and liver. METHODS: A total of 45 patients who had radical surgery were selected. The patterns with metastasis of primary gallbladder carcinoma in lymph nodes and liver were examined histopathologically and classified as TNM staging of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. RESULTS: Of the 45 patients, 29 (64.4%) had a lymph node positive disease and 20 (44.4%) had a direct invasion of the liver. The frequency of involvement of lymph nodes was strongly influenced by the depth of the primary tumor (P= 0.0001). The postoperative survival rate of patients with negative lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that of patients with positive lymph node metastasis (P= 0.004), but the postoperative survival rate of patients with Nl lymph node metastasis was not significantly different from that of patients with N2 lymph node metastasis (P= 0.3874). The postoperative survival rate of patients without hepatic invasion was significantly better than that of patients with hepatic invasion (P= 0.0177). CONCLUSION: Complete resection of the regional lymph nodes is important in advanced primary gallbladder carcinoma (PGC). The initial sites of liver spread are located mostly in segments IV and V. It is necessary to achieve negative surgical margins 2 cm from the tumor. In patients with hepatic hilum invasion, extended right hepatectomy with or without bile duct resection or portal vein resection is necessary for curative resection.

Fatty liver is an independent risk factor for gallbladder polyps

BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps(GBPs)are known to be associated with obesity and metabolic diseases.However,to date,the relationship between GBPs and abnormal body fat distribution,such as fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia,has not yet been established.AIM To evaluate whether GBPs are associated with fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of subjects who underwent various laboratory tests,body composition measurement with a non-invasive body composition analyzer,and abdominal ultrasonography during health checkups.A total of 1405 subjects with GBPs were compared with 2810 age-and sex-matched controls.RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 46.8±11.7 years,and 63.8%were male.According to multiple logistic regression analysis,the presence of fatty liver[odds ratio(OR)1.413;95%confidence interval(CI)1.218-1.638;P<0.001]was an independent risk factor for GBP,together with low levels of alanine aminotransferase(OR 0.993;95%CI 0.989-0.996;P<0.001).Additionally,fatty liver showed both independent(OR 1.629;95%CI,1.335-1.988;P<0.001)and dosedependent(moderate to severe fatty liver;OR 2.137;95%CI,1.662-2.749;P<0.001)relationship with large GBPs(≥5 mm).The presence of sarcopenia and high visceral fat area were not significantly associated with GBPs.CONCLUSION Fatty liver was found to be closely associated with GBPs irrespective of sarcopenia and visceral obesity.

Ectopic liver tissue (choristoma) on the gallbladder: Acomprehensive literature review

BACKGROUND Liver tissue situated outside the liver with a hepatic connection is usually calledan accessory liver, and that without a connection to the mother liver, is calledectopic liver tissue.AIM To identify studies in the literature on ectopic liver tissue located on thegallbladder surface or mesentery.METHODS We present two patients and review published articles on ectopic liver tissuelocated on the gallbladder surface accessed via PubMed, MEDLINE, GoogleScholar, and Google databases. Keywords used included accessory liver lobe,aberrant liver tissue, ectopic liver tissue, ectopic liver nodule, heterotopic livertissue, hepatic choristoma, heterotopic liver tissue on the gallbladder, and ectopicliver tissue on the gallbladder. The search included articles published before June2020 with no language restriction. Letters to the editor, case reports, reviewarticles, original articles, and meeting presentations were included in the search.Articles or abstracts containing adequate information on age, sex, history of liverdisease, preliminary diagnosis, radiologic tools, lesion size, surgical indication,surgical procedure, and histopathological features of ectopic liver tissue wereincluded in the study.RESULTS A total of 72 articles involving 91 cases of ectopic liver tissue located on the gallbladder surface or mesentery were analyzed. Of these 91 patients, 62 werefemale and 25 were male (no gender available for 4 patients), and the age rangewas 5 d to 91 years. Forty-nine patients underwent surgery for chroniccholecystitis or cholelithiasis, and 14 patients underwent surgery for acutecholecystitis. The remaining 28 patients underwent laparotomy for other reasons.Cholecystectomy was laparoscopic in 69 patients and open in 11 patients. Theremaining 19 patients underwent various other surgical procedures such asautopsy, liver transplantation, living donor hepatectomy, Whipple procedure, andliver segment V resection. Histopathologically, hepatocellular carcinoma wasdetected in the ectopic liver tissue of one patient.CONCLUSION Ectopic liver tissue is a rare developmental anomaly which is usually detectedincidentally. Although most studies suggest that ectopic liver located outside thegallbladder has a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, this is not reflected instatistical analysis.

Gallbladder polyp as a manifestation of hemobilia caused by arterial-portal fistula after percutaneous liver biopsy: A case report

Outpatient percutaneous liver biopsy is a common practice in the differential diagnosis and treatment of chronic liver disease. The major complication and mortality rate were about 2-4% and 0.01-0.33% respectively. Arterio-portal fistula as a complication of percutaneous liver biopsy was infrequently seen and normally asymptomatic. Hemobilia, which accounted for about 3% of overall major percutaneous liver biopsy complications, resulted rarely from arterio-portal fistula We report a hemobilia case of 68 years old woman who was admitted for abdominal pain after liver biopsy. The initial ultrasonography revealed a gallbladder polypoid tumor and common bile duct (CBD) dilatation. Blood clot was extracted as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed hemobilia. The patient was shortly readmitted because of recurrence of symptoms. A celiac angiography showed an intrahepatic arterio-portal fistula. After superselective embolization of the feeding artery, the patient was discharged uneventfully. Most cases of hemobilia caused by percutaneous liver biopsy resolved spontaneously. Selective angiography embolization or surgical intervention is reserved for patients who failed to respond to conservative treatment.

PRIMARY NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE LIVER AND GALLBLADDER

To study Clinico-pathological characters of the neuroendocrine tumors of the liver and gallbladder.MethodsUsing histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscope, 3 cases of liver and gallbladder were investigated. The primary antibodies including anti-chromogranin A, gastrin, serotonin, insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, adreno- corticotropic hormone (ACTH), calcitonin, bombesin, β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) were employed to identify the property of tumors.ResultsIn one cases tumor of neuroendocrine carcinoma. In the other two cases tumor were typical carcinoid. In immunohistochemistry study, the tumor cells showed positive reaction to chromagranin A and contained positive cells of gastrin, serotonin, insulin and pancreatic polypaptide. Electronmicroscopy showed the cytoplasm contained dense round granules.ConclusionThe Nuroendocrine tumor of liver and gallbladder is a special type neoplasm with character of histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Subject headings neuroendocrine tumor gallbladder liver immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for a left-sided gallbladder

Cholecystectomy is a common procedure.Abnormalities in the anatomy of the biliary system are common but an abnormal location of the gallbladder is much rarer.Despite frequent pre-operative imaging,the aberrant location of the gallbladder is commonly discovered at surgery.This article presents a case of a patient with the gallbladder located to the left of the falciform ligament in the absence of situs inversus totalis that presented with right upper quadrant pain.A laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and it was noted that the cystic duct originated from the right side.The presence of a left sided gall bladder is often associated with various biliary,portal venous and other anomalies that might lead to intra-operative injuries.The spectrum of unusual positions and anatomical gallbladder abnormalities is reviewed in order to facilitate elective and emergent cholecystectomy as well as other hepatobiliary procedures.With proper identification of the anatomy,minimally invasive approaches are still considered safe.

Unexpected gallbladder cancer:Surgical strategies and prognostic factors

Gallbladder cancer is the most common tumor of the biliary tract and it is associated with a poor prognosis.Unexpected gallbladder cancer is a cancer incidentally discovered,as a surprise,at the histological examination after cholecystectomy for gallstones or other indications.It is a potentially curable disease,with an intermediate or good prognosis in most cases.An adequate surgical strategy is mandatory to improve the prognosis and an adjunctive radical resection may be required depending on the depth of invasion.If the cancer discovered after cholecystectomy is a pTis or a pT1a,a second surgical procedure is not mandatory.In the other cases(pT1b,pT2 and pT3 cancer) a re-resection(4b + 5 liver segmentectomy,lymphadenectomy and port-sites excision in some cases) is required to obtain a radical excision of the tumor and an accurate disease staging.The operative specimens of re-resection should be examined by the pathologist to find any "residual" tumor.The "residual disease" is the most important prognostic factor,significantly reducing median disease-free survival and disease-specific survival.The other factors include depth of parietal invasion,metastatic nodal disease,surgical margin status,cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis,histological differentiation,lymphatic,vascular and perineural invasion and overall TNM-stage.

Endoscopic transcystic stent placement for an intrahepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation

Perforation of the gallbladder with cholecystohepatic communication is a rare cause of liver abscess. Because it is a rare entity, the treatment modality has not been fully established. We report for the first time a patient with an intrahepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation successfully treated by endoscopic stent placement into the gallbladder who had a poor response to continuous percutaneous drainage.

Hepatectomy for gallbladder-cancer with unclassified anomaly of right-sided ligamentum teres: A case report and review of the literature

Right-sided ligamentum teres(RSLT) is a congenital anomaly in which the right umbilical ligament becomes dominant and anomalous ramifications of the hepatic vessels and biliary system are present. A male patient in his 70 s was diagnosed with advanced gallbladder cancer directly infiltrating the right hepatic duct(RHD), together with RSLT. Preoperative three-dimensional simulation of the liver based on multiple detector computed tomography images after cholangiography revealed ramifications of all segmental portal veins from the portal trunk and discordance of the arterial and biliary branching patterns of segment 8. Fusion analysis of the biliary architecture and segmental volumetry showed that the RHD drained segments 1 r, 5, 6, and 7. We successfully performed a modified right-sided hepatectomy sparing segment 8(i.e., resection of the RHD drainage territory), with negative surgical margins. This report is the first to describe major hepatectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer with RSLT.

Sinistroposition of the gallbladder and common bile duct

BACKGROUND: Despite its rare incidence, few cases of left-side gallbladder have been already published. METHODS: We reported herein the case of a 29-year-old man with a left liver tumor in whom left lateral bisegmen- tectomy was mandatory. It represents the first description of a sinistroposition of both gallbladder and common bile duct. RESULTS: Surgical exploration revealed a left-side gall- bladder , located under the left lobe of the liver. During he- patic parenchyma dissection at the left side of the round liga- ment and the Rex recessus, the common bile duct was in- jured. Complete separation of hepatic pedicle structures showed that the upper biliary convergence passed on the left side of the Rex recessus before reaching the hepatoduo- denal ligament. CONCLUSION: Only careful dissection of the hepatoduo- denal ligament up to Rex recessus level prior to liver paren- chyma resection could avoid biliary tract injury during left lobectomy.

Primary liposarcoma of gallbladder diagnosed by preoperative imagings: A case report and review of literature

A 49-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our department because of high fever and a huge abdominal mass. Computed tomography （CT） and magnetic resonance （MR） imagings revealed a tumor, about 30 cm in diameter, occupied the right hepatic lobe and the peritoneal cavity. Abdominal angiography showed that the tumor was fed mainly by the cystic artery. We preoperatively diagnosed angiosarcoma of the gallbladder and performed tumor resection with cholecystectomy because the tumor was almost casplated, however the posterior wall of the gallbladder attached to the tumor firmly. Histologically, the tumor was composed of spindle cells including lipoblasts with cellular pleomorphism, which were also detected in the muscular layer of the gallbladder. We finally diagnosed pleomorphic liposarcoma of the gallbladder. At 10 mo and 29 mo after the first operation, she underwent two more operations because of recurrence. Now she has a good quality of life 3 years and 6 mo after the first operation.

Cholecystectomy is independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an Asian population

AIM: To investigate the relationship between gallstone disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in a large Asian population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 17612 subjects recruited from general health check-ups at the Seoul National University Hospital, Healthcare System Gangnam Center between January 2010 and December 2010 was conducted. NAFLD and gallstone disease were diagnosed based on typical ultrasonographic findings. Subjects who were positive for hepatitis B or C, or who had a history of heavy alcohol consumption(> 30 g/d for men and > 20 g/d for women) or another type of hepatitis were excluded. Gallstone disease was defined as either the presence of gallstones or previous cholecystectomy, and these two entities(gallstones and cholecystectomy) were analyzed separately. Clinical parameters including body mass index, waist circumference, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, and regular physical activity were reviewed. Laboratory parameters, including serum levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein, were also reviewed.RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 48.5± 11.3 years, and 49.3% were male. Approximately 30.3% and 6.1% of the subjects had NAFLD and gallstone disease, respectively. The prevalence of gallstone disease(8.3% vs 5.1%, P < 0.001), including both the presence of gallstones(5.5% vs 3.4%, P < 0.001) and a history of cholecystectomy(2.8% vs 1.7%, P < 0.001), was significantly increased in the NAFLD group. In the same manner, the prevalence of NAFLD increased with the presence of gallstone disease(41.3% vs 29.6%, P < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that cholecystectomy was associated with NAFLD(OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.03-1.77, P = 0.028). However, gallstones were not associated with NAFLD(OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 0.95-1.39, P = 0.153). The independent association between cholecystectomy and NAFLD was still significant after additional adjustment for insulin resistance(OR = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.01-2.08, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: This study shows that cholecystectomy, but not gallstones, is independently associated with NAFLD after adjustment for metabolic risk factors. These data suggest that cholecystectomy may be an independent risk factor for NAFLD.

Stepwise evaluation of liver sectors and liver segments by endoscopic ultrasound

The liver has eight segments, which are referred to by numbers or by names. The numbering of the segments is done in a counterclockwise manner with the liver being viewed from the inferior surface, starting from Segment Ⅰ(the caudate lobe). Standard anatomical description of the liver segments is available by computed tomographic scan and ultrasonography. Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) has been used for a detailed imaging of many intra-abdominal organs and for the assessment of intra-abdominal vasculature. A stepwise evaluation of the liver segments by EUS has not been described. In this article, we have described a stepwise evaluation of the liver segments by EUS. This information can be useful for planning successful radical surgeries, preparing for biopsy, portal vein embolization, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, tumour resection or partial hepatectomy, and for planning EUS guided diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

自拟利胆经验方治疗慢性胆囊炎临床观察

目的观察孙晓生教授自拟利胆1号方治疗慢性胆囊炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法选取108例慢性胆囊炎患者为研究对象,利用随机数字表法分为2组,各54例。对照组采取常规西医治疗,观察组加用自拟利胆1号方治疗,4周后对比2组临床疗效。结果治疗前2组患者的中医症状积分、肝胆功能指标、免疫指标、炎性细胞因子相比,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗4周后均较治疗前改善且观察组改善效果优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论自拟利胆1号方对慢性胆囊炎有效,不良反应发生率低,使用前景广阔。

肝胃不和胃脘痛辨治经验

胃脘痛包括现代医学的各种急慢性胃炎和消化性溃疡,是消化系统常见病、多发病。在中医学藏象学说和病因病机理论中,肝胃不和是导致胃脘痛发作的主要病机之一,若肝的疏泄功能失职,导致气滞、气郁、化火、克脾等皆可直接或间接影响胃之通降,形成肝病及胃或肝胃同病,均可导致胃脘痛。笔者根据肝胃不和的临床表现将肝胃不和病机归纳总结为肝气郁结、胃失和降,肝郁化火、肝胃郁热,肝郁气滞、肝胃阴虚,肝胃气滞、气滞血瘀,肝郁脾虚、胃失和降,胆胃不和、气逆不降,胆胃郁热、痰湿中阻7个证型。现就肝胃不和辨证和治法方药进行梳理分析,以期对临床辨治胃脘痛有一定的借鉴。

子午流注择时穴位贴敷联合加味温胆汤治疗肝胃不和型妊娠恶阻31例

目的 观察子午流注择时穴位贴敷联合加味温胆汤对肝胃不和型妊娠恶阻的疗效。方法 收集2021年1月~2023年11月在福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院产科住院的肝胃不和型妊娠恶阻62例进行回顾性分析,根据治疗方法不同分为单一补液组(A组)31例和在A组基础上进行子午流注择时穴位贴敷联合加味温胆汤组(B组)31例,对两组患者恶心呕吐(PUQE)评分、妊娠焦虑量表评分、尿酮体水平及转阴率、重返住院率等情况进行分析、总结。结果 治疗后,两组患者恶心呕吐(PUQE)评分、妊娠焦虑量表评分、尿酮体水平均低于治疗前(P<0.05);B组恶心呕吐(PUQE)评分、妊娠焦虑量表评分、尿酮体水平均低于A组且B组优于A组(P<0.05)。B组尿酮体转阴率54.84%,高于A组29.03%(P<0.05);B组重返住院率3.22%,低于A组22.58%(P<0.05)。结论 子午流注择时穴位贴敷联合加味温胆汤治疗能够改善患者恶心呕吐症状,减轻患者的妊娠焦虑状态,改善尿酮体水平,提高尿酮体转阴率,减少重返住院率,且操作简单方便,效果优于单一静脉补液。

孙建光从肝胆论治不寐临证经验

不寐是由于情志、饮食等诸多原因引起的以睡眠时长和(或)深度不足为主要表现的病证。轻者表现为入睡困难、眠浅易醒,或者醒后不能复寐,甚者可彻夜不寐,长期反复发作则严重影响患者的身心健康和生活质量。随着现代人们生活节奏的加快和饮食习惯的改变,越来越多的患者开始深受不寐困扰。不寐发病与情志不畅、饮食不节、年老体弱、思虑劳倦等因素关系密切。现代医家认为本病总属阴盛阳衰、阴阳失交,病机关键在于心火不能下通于肾,肾水不能上济于心,在治疗上多以心肾论治。孙建光教授是山东中医药大学博士生导师,师承尹常健教授、王文正教授,从事中医临床、教育、科研工作二十余年,临证多从肝胆论治不寐,每收良效。孙建光教授认为肝气郁滞不畅常为不寐起病的始动因素,在此基础上又可化火、生痰、化瘀,导致痰、火、瘀等多病理因素夹杂,病情进一步发展则出现肝虚之证,并兼有心、脾、肾多脏腑失养,故切不可单以心肾为治。临证常以调理气机为辨治基础,酌施疏肝护肝之法,治病求本,随证施以清热利湿、化痰降浊、活血化瘀等诸法。对于顽固性失眠或久病不愈的患者重视补肝、健脾、养心、滋肾,且在此基础上尤为重视调养脾胃,顾护中焦,收效颇丰。