With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countrysi...With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock＇s dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal＇s leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve the energy and reduce emission of the waste.And it also plays an important role in protecting the eco-environment,beautifying homestead and developing the ecological agriculture and so on.The liquid and solid residue in the biogas production can be reused as fertilizer for crops or food for animals after pretreatment,which is propitious to accelerate the development of the circular economy in Heilongjiang Province.展开更多
Disturbances caused by livestock grazing are considered as a key attributable factor for the habitat loss of red panda. The present study was carried out in Eastern Nepal mainly focusing on the habitat preferences of ...Disturbances caused by livestock grazing are considered as a key attributable factor for the habitat loss of red panda. The present study was carried out in Eastern Nepal mainly focusing on the habitat preferences of red panda and impacts of livestock grazing on it. In total, 15 linear transects were delineated at an elevation interval of 100 m assessing indirect signs of red panda and livestock. Habitat preferences of red panda, vegetation abundance, coverage percentage of vegetation layers (canopy and shrub layer) and distance to water source were recorded using randomly plotted 58 quadrats of 10 m × 10 m. Questionnaire survey and Key Informant Interviews were carried out to evaluate the perception of local community on conservation threats and importance of red panda conservation. Jaccard’s similarity index was used to determine the spatial habitat overlap of livestock and red panda. Litsea elongata, Lithocarpus pachyphylla and Rhododendron falconeri were the most common species in the study area. Grazing signs were observed from 51% of red panda habitats in the study area. Livestock herding has induced negative impacts on the habitat of red panda inside the community forests. The study findings will extend the existing body of knowledge regarding the status of red panda in Eastern Himalayas. In addition, this research will help in the formulation of effective legal and strategic framework of sustainable grazing management.展开更多
We are entering an exciting epoch in livestock biotechnology during which the fundamental approaches(such as transgenesis, spermatozoa cryopreservation and artificial insemination) will be enhanced based on the modern...We are entering an exciting epoch in livestock biotechnology during which the fundamental approaches(such as transgenesis, spermatozoa cryopreservation and artificial insemination) will be enhanced based on the modern understanding of the biology of spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) combined with the outstanding recent advances in genomic editing technologies and in vitro cell culture systems. The general aim of this review is to outline comprehensively the promising applications of SSC manipulation that could in the nearest future find practical application in livestock breeding. Here, we will focus on 1) the basics of mammalian SSC biology;2) the approaches for SSC isolation and purification;3) the available in vitro systems for the stable expansion of isolated SSCs;4) a discussion of how the manipulation of SSCs can accelerate livestock transgenesis;5) a thorough overview of the techniques of SSC transplantation in livestock species(including the preparation of recipients for SSC transplantation,the ultrasonographic-guided SSC transplantation technique in large farm animals, and the perspectives to improve further the SSC transplantation efficiency), and finally, 6) why SSC transplantation is valuable to extend the techniques of spermatozoa cryopreservation and/or artificial insemination. For situations where no reliable data have yet been obtained for a particular livestock species, we will rely on the data obtained from studies conducted in rodents because the knowledge gained from rodent research is translatable to livestock species to a great extent. On the other hand, we will draw special attention to situations where such translation is not possible.展开更多
In the Turkish society, family is accepted as the basic element of social structure. However, the role and importance ofwomen in the family is mostly neglected. Thirty-three percent of women state that their primary d...In the Turkish society, family is accepted as the basic element of social structure. However, the role and importance ofwomen in the family is mostly neglected. Thirty-three percent of women state that their primary duties are child care and domestictask. Besides duties of women in the house, the participation of women to both agricultural production and activities outside thehouse is quite high. On the other hand, only 5% of women accept income generating activities as the main duty of women. Thepercentage of women who accept all above-mentioned responsibilities as women’s duty is 60%. This high ratio shows that agreat deal of women can participate indoor or outdoor activities depending on the family needs, however, their responsibilitiesstemming from being a mother or wife always have thepriority. However, in rural areas women are involved in agriculturalproduction activities as a labor, in adition to housework, care for children and the elderly. In small and medium-sized enterprises,labor-intensive work is mostly undertaken by women, and workloads are often higher than men. In this study, face-to-face surveyswith 84 women in small-scale livestock farming in villages in the central province of Diyarbakır yielded results. It has beenunderstood that women do not make decisions on domestic affairs in their own family, that they can not decide on their own behalf,they give more opinions on decisions taken, and even some families do not even report opinions on decisions. It may be possible toimprove and increase the living standards and social and economic structures of women living in rural areas by increasing theirknowledge of animal care.展开更多
Background: Metagenomics approaches are increasingly being utilized as “dipstick” for microbial carriage. In this study, 16S rRNA metagenomics was used to probe for microbial community that resides in the ticks, tho...Background: Metagenomics approaches are increasingly being utilized as “dipstick” for microbial carriage. In this study, 16S rRNA metagenomics was used to probe for microbial community that resides in the ticks, those they pick from the environment, wildlife and livestock and to identify potential tick borne zoonoses. Methods: Tick DNA from 463 tick pools collected from domestic animals between 2007 and 2008 were amplified with primers that target the 16S rRNA V3-V4 domain and then sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform using 300 cycles version 3 kits. Ticks were pooled according to species and animal from which they were collected. A non-target control was used to track laboratory contaminants. Sequence data were analyzed using Mothur v1.3 pipeline and R v3.3.1 software and taxonomy determined using SILVA rRNA database. Shannon diversity index was used to compute bacterial diversity in each tick species before computing the means. Results: A total of 645 bacteria genera grouped into 27 phyla were identified. Four phyla contributed 97.4% of the 36,973,934 total sequences. Proteobacteria contributed 61.2% of these sequences that tarried to 33.8% genera, compared to 15.9% (23.4% genera) for Firmicutes, 15.6% (20% genera) for Actinobacteria and 4.7% (11.6% genera) for Bacteroidetes. The remaining 23 phyla only contributed 2.6% of the sequence reads (11.2% genera). Amongst the 645 genera, three groups were discernible, with the biggest group comprised commensals/symbionts that contributed 93.6% of the genera, but their individual sequence contribution was very low. Group two comprised genera that are known to contain pathogenic species, with Coxiella contributing 15,445,204 (41.8%) sequences, Corynebacterium (13.6%), Acinetobacter (4.3%), Staphylococcus (3.9%), Bacillus (2.7%) and Porphyromonas (1.6%), Ralstonia (1.5%), Streptococcus (1.3%), Moraxella (1.3%), amongst others. Group three comprised genera known to contain tick borne zoonotic pathogens (TBZ): Rickettsiae, Anaplasma, Francisella, Ehrlichia, Bartonella and Borrelia. Individually the TBZ contributed Amblyomma variegatum carried the least diverse bacteria (mean Shannon diversity index of 2.69 ± 0.92) compared to 3.79 ± 1.10 for A. gemma, 3.71 ± 1.32 for A. hebraeum, 4.15 ± 1.08 for other Amblyomma spp, 3.79 ± 1.37 for Hyalomma truncatum, 3.67 ± 1.38 for other Hyalomma spp, 3.86 ± 1.27 for Rhipicephalus annulatus, 3.56 ± 1.21 for Rh. appendiculatus, and 3.65 ± 1.30 for Rh. Pulchellus, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.443). Conclusion: This study illustrates the utility of 16S rRNA metagenomics in revealing the complexity of bacteria communities that reside and/or transit through the tick having been picked from the environment, livestock and/or wild animals, some with potential to cause zoonoses.展开更多
Toyamara Da Vera Cruz is all ears when Peng Yansen, her teacher, glves instructions. Although she has extensive experience in farming herself. coming from a long line of livestock breeders, Cruz is now learning a new ...Toyamara Da Vera Cruz is all ears when Peng Yansen, her teacher, glves instructions. Although she has extensive experience in farming herself. coming from a long line of livestock breeders, Cruz is now learning a new skill from Peng.展开更多
When biochar made from waste pallet was added to treated livestock wastewater, the total nitrogen and ammonium ion concentrations decreased, with removal rates over 10 days of about 60% and 30%, respectively. Bacteria...When biochar made from waste pallet was added to treated livestock wastewater, the total nitrogen and ammonium ion concentrations decreased, with removal rates over 10 days of about 60% and 30%, respectively. Bacteria were isolated with high ammonium removal ability and they were identified based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Anaerobic denitrifying <i>Cronobacter</i> spp. was isolated from the biochar used for water purification. When each strain was cultured in a liquid medium containing ammonium sulfate (initial ammonium concentration 30 mg/L), the highest ammonium removal rates were 83.8% - 96.5%. Organic acids were more effective than carbohydrates as sole carbon sources for nitrogen removal from wastewater. The absorbance at 660 nm increased with nitrogen removal, indicating that cells proliferated, so it was presumed that ammonium was taken up by assimilation.展开更多
基金Supported by Foundation of Heilongjiang Province Educational Committee (11551056)Scientific Fund of Heilongjiang Province for Youth (QC2009C40)+1 种基金Fund of Harbin City Innovative Talent (2009RFQXN096)Heilongjiang Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock＇s dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal＇s leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve the energy and reduce emission of the waste.And it also plays an important role in protecting the eco-environment,beautifying homestead and developing the ecological agriculture and so on.The liquid and solid residue in the biogas production can be reused as fertilizer for crops or food for animals after pretreatment,which is propitious to accelerate the development of the circular economy in Heilongjiang Province.
文摘Disturbances caused by livestock grazing are considered as a key attributable factor for the habitat loss of red panda. The present study was carried out in Eastern Nepal mainly focusing on the habitat preferences of red panda and impacts of livestock grazing on it. In total, 15 linear transects were delineated at an elevation interval of 100 m assessing indirect signs of red panda and livestock. Habitat preferences of red panda, vegetation abundance, coverage percentage of vegetation layers (canopy and shrub layer) and distance to water source were recorded using randomly plotted 58 quadrats of 10 m × 10 m. Questionnaire survey and Key Informant Interviews were carried out to evaluate the perception of local community on conservation threats and importance of red panda conservation. Jaccard’s similarity index was used to determine the spatial habitat overlap of livestock and red panda. Litsea elongata, Lithocarpus pachyphylla and Rhododendron falconeri were the most common species in the study area. Grazing signs were observed from 51% of red panda habitats in the study area. Livestock herding has induced negative impacts on the habitat of red panda inside the community forests. The study findings will extend the existing body of knowledge regarding the status of red panda in Eastern Himalayas. In addition, this research will help in the formulation of effective legal and strategic framework of sustainable grazing management.
基金supported by the S grant of the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sport(MEYS)of Czech Republicsupported by the Primus Research Programme PRIMUS/17/MED/16 of the Charles University
文摘We are entering an exciting epoch in livestock biotechnology during which the fundamental approaches(such as transgenesis, spermatozoa cryopreservation and artificial insemination) will be enhanced based on the modern understanding of the biology of spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) combined with the outstanding recent advances in genomic editing technologies and in vitro cell culture systems. The general aim of this review is to outline comprehensively the promising applications of SSC manipulation that could in the nearest future find practical application in livestock breeding. Here, we will focus on 1) the basics of mammalian SSC biology;2) the approaches for SSC isolation and purification;3) the available in vitro systems for the stable expansion of isolated SSCs;4) a discussion of how the manipulation of SSCs can accelerate livestock transgenesis;5) a thorough overview of the techniques of SSC transplantation in livestock species(including the preparation of recipients for SSC transplantation,the ultrasonographic-guided SSC transplantation technique in large farm animals, and the perspectives to improve further the SSC transplantation efficiency), and finally, 6) why SSC transplantation is valuable to extend the techniques of spermatozoa cryopreservation and/or artificial insemination. For situations where no reliable data have yet been obtained for a particular livestock species, we will rely on the data obtained from studies conducted in rodents because the knowledge gained from rodent research is translatable to livestock species to a great extent. On the other hand, we will draw special attention to situations where such translation is not possible.
文摘In the Turkish society, family is accepted as the basic element of social structure. However, the role and importance ofwomen in the family is mostly neglected. Thirty-three percent of women state that their primary duties are child care and domestictask. Besides duties of women in the house, the participation of women to both agricultural production and activities outside thehouse is quite high. On the other hand, only 5% of women accept income generating activities as the main duty of women. Thepercentage of women who accept all above-mentioned responsibilities as women’s duty is 60%. This high ratio shows that agreat deal of women can participate indoor or outdoor activities depending on the family needs, however, their responsibilitiesstemming from being a mother or wife always have thepriority. However, in rural areas women are involved in agriculturalproduction activities as a labor, in adition to housework, care for children and the elderly. In small and medium-sized enterprises,labor-intensive work is mostly undertaken by women, and workloads are often higher than men. In this study, face-to-face surveyswith 84 women in small-scale livestock farming in villages in the central province of Diyarbakır yielded results. It has beenunderstood that women do not make decisions on domestic affairs in their own family, that they can not decide on their own behalf,they give more opinions on decisions taken, and even some families do not even report opinions on decisions. It may be possible toimprove and increase the living standards and social and economic structures of women living in rural areas by increasing theirknowledge of animal care.
文摘Background: Metagenomics approaches are increasingly being utilized as “dipstick” for microbial carriage. In this study, 16S rRNA metagenomics was used to probe for microbial community that resides in the ticks, those they pick from the environment, wildlife and livestock and to identify potential tick borne zoonoses. Methods: Tick DNA from 463 tick pools collected from domestic animals between 2007 and 2008 were amplified with primers that target the 16S rRNA V3-V4 domain and then sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform using 300 cycles version 3 kits. Ticks were pooled according to species and animal from which they were collected. A non-target control was used to track laboratory contaminants. Sequence data were analyzed using Mothur v1.3 pipeline and R v3.3.1 software and taxonomy determined using SILVA rRNA database. Shannon diversity index was used to compute bacterial diversity in each tick species before computing the means. Results: A total of 645 bacteria genera grouped into 27 phyla were identified. Four phyla contributed 97.4% of the 36,973,934 total sequences. Proteobacteria contributed 61.2% of these sequences that tarried to 33.8% genera, compared to 15.9% (23.4% genera) for Firmicutes, 15.6% (20% genera) for Actinobacteria and 4.7% (11.6% genera) for Bacteroidetes. The remaining 23 phyla only contributed 2.6% of the sequence reads (11.2% genera). Amongst the 645 genera, three groups were discernible, with the biggest group comprised commensals/symbionts that contributed 93.6% of the genera, but their individual sequence contribution was very low. Group two comprised genera that are known to contain pathogenic species, with Coxiella contributing 15,445,204 (41.8%) sequences, Corynebacterium (13.6%), Acinetobacter (4.3%), Staphylococcus (3.9%), Bacillus (2.7%) and Porphyromonas (1.6%), Ralstonia (1.5%), Streptococcus (1.3%), Moraxella (1.3%), amongst others. Group three comprised genera known to contain tick borne zoonotic pathogens (TBZ): Rickettsiae, Anaplasma, Francisella, Ehrlichia, Bartonella and Borrelia. Individually the TBZ contributed Amblyomma variegatum carried the least diverse bacteria (mean Shannon diversity index of 2.69 ± 0.92) compared to 3.79 ± 1.10 for A. gemma, 3.71 ± 1.32 for A. hebraeum, 4.15 ± 1.08 for other Amblyomma spp, 3.79 ± 1.37 for Hyalomma truncatum, 3.67 ± 1.38 for other Hyalomma spp, 3.86 ± 1.27 for Rhipicephalus annulatus, 3.56 ± 1.21 for Rh. appendiculatus, and 3.65 ± 1.30 for Rh. Pulchellus, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.443). Conclusion: This study illustrates the utility of 16S rRNA metagenomics in revealing the complexity of bacteria communities that reside and/or transit through the tick having been picked from the environment, livestock and/or wild animals, some with potential to cause zoonoses.
文摘Toyamara Da Vera Cruz is all ears when Peng Yansen, her teacher, glves instructions. Although she has extensive experience in farming herself. coming from a long line of livestock breeders, Cruz is now learning a new skill from Peng.
文摘When biochar made from waste pallet was added to treated livestock wastewater, the total nitrogen and ammonium ion concentrations decreased, with removal rates over 10 days of about 60% and 30%, respectively. Bacteria were isolated with high ammonium removal ability and they were identified based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Anaerobic denitrifying <i>Cronobacter</i> spp. was isolated from the biochar used for water purification. When each strain was cultured in a liquid medium containing ammonium sulfate (initial ammonium concentration 30 mg/L), the highest ammonium removal rates were 83.8% - 96.5%. Organic acids were more effective than carbohydrates as sole carbon sources for nitrogen removal from wastewater. The absorbance at 660 nm increased with nitrogen removal, indicating that cells proliferated, so it was presumed that ammonium was taken up by assimilation.
