Prediction of Rolling Load in Hot Strip Mill byInnovations Feedback Neural Networks

Because the structure of the classical mathematical model of rolling load is simple, even with the self-adapting technology, it is difficult to accommodate the increasing dimensional accuracy. Motivated by this fact, an Innovations Feedback Neural Networks （IFNN） was presented based on the idea of Kalman prediction. The neural networks used the Back Propagation （BP） algorithm and applied it to the prediction of rolling load in hot strip mill. The theoretical results and the off-line simulation show that the prediction capability of IFNN is better than that of normal BP networks, namely, for the prediction of the rolling load in hot strip mill, the prediction precision of IFNN is higher than that of normal BP networks. Finally, a relative complete rolling load prediction system was developed on Windows 2003/XP platform using the OOP programming method and the SQL server2000 database. With this sys- tem, the rolling load of a 1700 strip mill was calculated, and the prediction results obtained correspond well with the field data. It shows that IFNN is valid for rolling load prediction.

Effect of Load Distribution on Strip Crown in Hot Strip Rolling

In order to establish precision model, a software to calculate the strip crown of four-high hot rolling mill was developedby using affecting function method according to the strip crown calculation theory. The effect of work roll diameter,unit width rolling load, roll bending force, work roll crown, initial strip crown and reduction, etc, on load distributioneffect rate was simulated by using the software. The results show that the load distribution effect rate increaseswith the increase of strip width, work roll diameter, unit width rolling load, roll bending force, work roll crown,initial strip crown and reduction. Based on the simulation results, base value of load distribution effect rate andfitting coefficients of six power polynomial of load distribution effect rate modification coefficient were determinedconsidering all of the above parameters. A simplified mathematical model for calculating load distribution effect ratewas established.

Improvement on Conventional Load Distribution Algorithm in Hot Tandem Mills

Load distribution is a key technology in strip hot rolling process, which influences the coil＇s mierostrueture and performance. Currently, Newton-Raphson algorithm is applied to load distribution of hot tandem mills in many hot rolling plants and has some serious defects such as having a strict restriction on initial iterative calculation value and requiring coefficient matrix of nonlinear equations to be nonsingular. To eliminate these defects and improve the online performance of the process control computer, Newton descendent numeric algorithm is introduced to this field to widen the initial value range and a new model named error conversion algorithm is put forth to deal with special conditions when the coefficient matrix is singular. Furthermore, considering the characteristics of load distribution, a condition of strip thickness distribution abnormality and corresponding solutions are provided which ensure that rolling parameters can be calculated normally. Simulation results show that the improved algorithm has overcome the defects of the Newton-Raphson algorithm and is suitable for online application.

Control and application of cooling path after rolling for hot strip based on ultra fast cooling

Hot rolled strip requires diverse and flexible control of cooling path in order to take full advantages of strengthening mechanisms such as fine grain strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and transformation strengthening, adapting to the development of advanced steel materials and the requirement of reduction-manufacturing. Ultra fast cooling can achieve a great range of cooling rate, which provides the means that the hardened austenite obtained in high temperature region can keep at different dynamic transformation temperatures. Meanwhile, through the rational allocation of the UFC (ultra fast cooling) and LFC (laminar flow cooling), more flexible cooling path control and cooling strategy of hot rolled strip are obtained. Temperature distribution and control strategies under different cooling paths based on UFC are investigated. The process control temperature can be limited within 18 °C, and the mechanical properties of the steels get a great leap forward due to the cooling paths and strategies, which can decrease costs and create great economic benefits for the iron and steel enterprises.

A brief investigation on transversal temperature distribution during hot rolling

Temperature evolution of a working piece during hot rolling has a significant influence on the microstmcture and final mechanical properties of the material. As the measurement technologies improve, on-line measurement of the temperature across the strip width has become accessible, and thus monitoring and control of the transversal temperature distribution during hot rolling can be realized. The scanning of the temperature across the strip width can help us to understand the state of the temperature variation at the strip edges and as a result help us improve the temperature homogeneity of the strip. In this paper, reaearch on temperature distribution along the strip width is reviewed first, and then the mechanism of the scanning measuring devices is introduced. With the temperature scanning measurement data taken from the finishing mill entry point and the down coiler entry point, the temperature distribution at the strip edges is analyzed. It is pointed out that the roughing process is the main contributor to the temperature inhomogeneity. Furthermore,the contribution of the edger heater to the temperature homogeneity is investigated.

On-line control of surface quality for an axially moving steel strip partially immersed in fluid under tension

An on-line control method of surface quality for continuous hot-dip galvanized steel strip after cooling is presented, which combines analytical dynamics theory of a thin plate with the finite element method. The inherent characteristics of the non-immersed and partially immersed strip in liquid zinc were calculated on the basis of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, respectively. Multi-parameter fitting of the deviation between results using different methods was performed. To optimize the strip excitation frequency away from the resonance region, on-line vibration control of the strip near the air knife under full product conditions was achieved by changing the field production parameters based on the field test results. The results indicate that although the axial velocity has little effect on the inherent characteristics of the strip compared with other manufacturing parameters such as the steel specifications and tension, it induces external excitations,including moving the aerodynamic load and bearing vibration. To some degree, the vibration near the air knife can be reduced by strengthening the support stiffness of the contact rolls. A total on-line control program of surface quality for continuous hot-dip galvanized pure Zn and galvannealed steel sheet in the cooling section is proposed.

Multi-Objective Load Distribution Optimization for Hot Strip Mills

Load distribution is a key technology in hot strip rolling process, which directly influences strip product quality. A multi-objective load distribution model, which takes into account the rolling force margin balance, roll wear ratio and strip shape control, is presented. To avoid the selection of weight coefficients encountered in single objective optimization, a multi-objective differential evolutionary algorithm, called MaximinDE, is proposed to solve this model. The experimental results based on practical production data indicate that MaximinDE can obtain a good pareto-optimal solution set, which consists of a series of alternative solutions to load distribution. Decision-makers can select a trade-off solution from the pareto-optimal solution set based on their experience or the importance of ob- iectives. In comparison with the empirical load distribution solution, the trade-off solution can achieve a better per- formance, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the multi-objective load distribution optimization. Moreover, the conflicting relationship among different objectives can be also found, which is another advantage of multi-objective load distribution optimization.

分布式存储中基于动态局部修复码的负载均衡研究

分布式存储系统中数据的访问存在不均衡性,大多数访问聚集在少部分数据上,便会引起系统的负载不均衡,导致部分高负载节点成为整个系统的性能瓶颈。针对此问题提出一种负载均衡的动态局部修复码(ALRC),该编码方案通过历史热度对冷热数据进行优先级确立,再对冷热数据进行动态编码,使其具备(r,t)-availability性质,让数据能够拥有额外的访问路径,借此提高热数据的并行访问性能和系统的负载均衡性,同时兼顾一定的存储效率。实验结果表明,ALRC在系统负载较不均衡时只需要相较于编码前少量的额外存储开销,便可拥有相较于原方案53%以上负载均衡度的提升,从而确保节点间的负载分布均匀,提高整个系统的性能和可靠性。

热轧薄规格带钢板凸度纵向分布特征的研究

为了控制某1780 mm热轧生产线薄带钢板凸度的纵向分布,通过分析现场轧制过程工艺及板凸度数据,对影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明:随着带钢厚度的减小,带钢板凸度纵向差值越大,其带钢长度方向上F7机架出口温度、速度和F1机架轧制压力和弯辊力差值越大。随着带钢宽度的减小,板凸度纵向衰减量逐渐增大,带钢中后部的板凸度逐渐低于目标值的下限。随精轧F7机架出口速度、温度的升高以及F1机架轧制压力和弯辊力的降低,板凸度发生衰减,且上述轧制参数波动值越大衰减特征越明显、衰减量越大。

基于改进斑点鬣狗算法的热轧带钢负荷分配智能优化

针对热连轧过程中由于负荷分配不均匀导致板形控制效果不佳的问题,以传统的轧制机理为基础建立负荷分配均匀、板形良好的目标函数,分别采用斑点鬣狗算法和改进斑点鬣狗算法进行单目标和双目标的负荷分配的优化求解。结果表明,改进斑点鬣狗算法将末机架的相对凸度差从0.000 834 5降低到0.000 014 83和-0.000 026 34,且在允许的范围内,上游机架负荷分配合理,充分发挥了轧机的轧制能力。

装饰条干扰下超高层建筑表面风压系数及风荷载体型系数研究

为解决因幕墙装饰条对超高层建筑外表面风压分布造成干扰使其分布不均衡导致的装饰条掉落问题,基于Davenport脉动风速功率谱及拟合函数、LES湍流模型和《建筑结构荷载规范》(GB 50009—2012)的推荐计算公式,利用计算流体动力学方法对装配不同型号装饰条的超高层建筑进行三维风场流体模拟。研究了超高层建筑及装饰条自身表面的风压分布特征和装饰条风荷载体型系数随其横截面体型特征及布置间距变化的规律。结果表明:超高层建筑外表面平直区域风压极值增高,拐角过渡区域风压极值降低,配置装饰条能够改善建筑表面拐角区域风压突变现象;当装饰条横截面为矩形时,其正侧表面的风荷载体型系数随截面高度增大而增大,横截面为梯形时,其侧表面的风荷载体型系数随下底的减小而减小,风荷载体型系数随装饰条间距变化的趋势不明显。

Optimization of Temperature and Force Adaptation Algorithm in Hot Strip Mill

Abstract： In the hot strip rolling control system, the temperature distribution and deformation resistance are the main parameters affecting prediction of rolling force. In order to improve the model prediction precision, an optimiza- tion algorithm based on objective function was put forward, in which the penalty function index was adopted. During the adaptation process, the temperature distribution and deformation resistance were taken as the optimized parame ters, and the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm was used to search the optimal solution of the objective function. Fur thermore, the temperature adaptation and force adaptation were solved simultaneously. Application results show that the method can improve the accuracy of the rolling force model obviously, and it can meet the demand of the indus trial production and has a good application prospect.

粗糙条对某超高层建筑风荷载影响的风洞试验研究

超高层建筑外幕墙围护结构的骨架等粗糙条构件,会改变建筑表面绕流形态,从而对风效应产生影响,但目前我国建筑结构荷载规范中尚缺乏相关规定。文中以某典型超高层建筑项目为研究对象,对建筑模型表面设置粗糙条与去除粗糙条两种工况进行刚性模型同步测压试验对比研究,通过分析建筑模型表面风压系数、基底倾覆弯矩和体型系数等风荷载特性的变化,以研究建筑表面粗糙条对超高层建筑结构风荷载的影响规律。研究表明:设置粗糙条对建筑表面极值正压影响不大,但会显著降低建筑表面极值负压绝对值、最大降幅约39.8%,将显著影响建筑角区及侧风面,使建筑侧风面的平均和脉动风压系数显著减小、最大减幅分别为24%和30%,整体上,设置粗糙条有利于建筑围护结构的抗风设计。设置粗糙条会影响结构整体风荷载,在0°正吹风向角下,粗糙条会使建筑沿层高分段风荷载体型系数略微增大、最大增幅约为8%,使塔楼基底绕X轴的倾覆剪力和倾覆弯矩略微增大、增幅分别为4.9%和6.0%;设置粗糙条对建筑顶部峰值加速度极值出现的风向角有影响,且可降低峰值加速度幅值,降幅约为7.91%。

板带热轧中间坯厚度分布规律研究

在热连轧生产过程中,受测量环境和测量手段的限制,尚未实现对中间坯厚度的实时在线精确测量,对产品最终的厚度精度和精轧区穿带过程稳定性造成影响。为解决此问题,采用轧制特性法分析中间坯厚度产生偏差的原因;为进一步研究各因素对厚度偏差影响的规律,通过影响系数法计算中间坯长度方向上温度和厚度分布,建立热力耦合有限元模型,并将有限元结果与计算结果进行比较。研究结果表明:随着轧制过程的进行,在轧制方向上,中间坯温度逐渐降低,头、尾温度的平均偏差约为22℃,头、尾最大温度偏差达到32℃;由于温度偏差导致中间坯厚度呈变大趋势,中间坯头尾厚度偏差为0.20 mm,长度方向最大厚度偏差达0.53 mm;本文得到的中间坯厚度和温度的分布能够为后续精轧过程提供前提条件,为高精度控制成品轧件的厚度以及维持穿带稳定性提供依据。

分布式存储中基于局部修复码的负载均衡方法

针对分布式存储中热数据访问性能低下的问题,提出一种基于局部修复码(LRC)的负载均衡方法,采用编码的方式规避节点的集中式访问,并提高热数据的访问效率。首先,利用平衡不完全区组设计(BIBD)构造一类适用于小规模存储系统的特殊LRC,从而为编码数据提供多种访问方式;然后,分别基于里所(RS)码和随机阵列码将LRC推广到更大规模,并使它满足存储系统一定的容错需求;最后,提出一种热数据访问算法以降低热数据的访问压力,并结合合理的数据布局方案实现存储系统在高频访问场景下的负载均衡。理论分析和实验结果表明,所提方法能以极小的代价实现负载均衡,明显优于传统方法中利用多副本及最大距离可分(MDS)码实现的负载均衡方法,尤其是解决了因冷热数据访问不均带来的负载失衡问题,可以有效提高热数据存储系统的访问效率。

基于板形补偿的热轧带钢负荷分配控制研究

为提高微中浪轧制的精确度和稳定性,通过模拟计算的方法分析了不同负荷分配控制方案对精轧出口板形的影响。结果表明,精轧出口凸度随F1~F3道次压下量的主动增加而减小,随F4~F6和F7道次压下量的主动增加而增加。F1~F3道次压下量对精轧出口凸度的影响最大,F1~F3道次压下量每增加10%,板凸度减小约0.04 mm。精轧出口的平直度随F1~F3道次和F4~F6道次压下量的主动增加而增加,随F7道次压下量的主动增加而减小。F1~F3道次压下量每增加10%,平直度增大2 IU;F7道次压下量每减小10%,平直度增大1 IU。另外,主动增加F1~F3道次和F4~F6道次的压下量会增大边部与中部的内应力极差,主动增加F7道次的压下量会减小边部与中部的内应力极差。

基于曲率积分算法的热轧车板变形误差补偿重构研究

当薄板材料受到载荷和弯矩共同作用时,会产生局部区域弯曲以及形成明显扭转的状态。为了对薄板变形重构效果进行有效分析,设计了一种面向误差补偿的热轧车板变形曲率积分重构方法,并展开试验测试分析。利用薄板表面曲率参数计算分布应变程度,对垂直轧制方向完成曲率的样条插值,获得薄板沿平行轧制方向变形参数,采用以上变形曲线组成边界条件,完成插值计算,最终实现薄板整体结构变形重构。研究结果表明:持续增加载荷过程中,重构方差也随之增大,最大误差则出现减小。相对切角递推算法,采用曲率积分算法有助于获得更低误差,达到更优重构效果,表现出更高计算效率。该研究对提高板带轧制过程中的成形精度,以及控制稳定性具有很好的实践价值。

Theoretical Explanation of Uneven Transverse Temperature Distribution in Wide Thin Strip Rolling Process

A new theoretical thermomechanical explanation of the uneven transverse temperature distribution, along the width for thin and wide hot rolled strip was proposed. In particular, starting from the irregular pressure and friction distribution which led to an uneven heat generation, a 2D mathematical model of calculating the transverse termperature distribution was presented. A physical explanation for this problem was given and the model was used as an essential basis to build a corresponding FEM simulation model, in which heat loss and generation were considered. Deformation and friction heat were described in details. For a clearer and more logical analysis, the heat generation problem was split into two parts： one for the strip centre, and one for the sides, in correspondence with the temperature peak points at 100 mm from the strip edge. Finally, the result shows that how thenew theoretical model can lead to the exact interpretation of the measured uneven temperature distribution.

500 kV变压器空载过励磁下的损耗与温升特性仿真研究

为了研究变压器空载过励磁下的铁心损耗和温升特性,针对某500 kV单相油浸式变压器,在对其进行低倍过励磁试验的基础上,分析了不同运行条件对激磁电流的影响;应用有限元仿真软件,建立变压器磁场-温度场耦合的仿真模型,并计算了不同倍数过励磁工况对变压器铁心热点温升的影响。试验和仿真结果表明,随着过励磁倍数的增加,变压器铁心损耗和热点稳态温升也在增加,在1.15倍及以上过励磁时,铁心热点稳态温升超过规定限值,变压器不可长期运行。

单向板在带状荷载作用下的弯矩分布分析与配筋设计

文献上现有的结构分析大多对线荷载作用下的单向板受力性能进行研究,而实际工程中荷载分布宽度无法完全忽略,研究单向板在带状荷载作用下的弯矩分布很有必要。为了能精准确定带状荷载作用下单向板的弯矩分布以及最大弯矩位置,本文导出带状荷载作用下板内弯矩的弹性理论计算公式,并利用MATLAB和ABAQUS对同一算例进行分析,验证了推导公式的合理性。本文给出可快速精确计算带状荷载作用下单向板内弯矩分布的MATLAB计算程序,并提出2种单向板设计建议,最后对带状荷载的分布宽度进行讨论,为结构工程师解决此类问题提供实用方法。