Modular handover algorithm for 5G HetNets with comprehensive load index

Most existing handover decision system （HDS） designs are monolithic, resulting in high computational cost and unbalance of overall network. A novel modular handover algorithm with a comprehensive load index for the 5th generation （5G） heterogeneous networks （HetNets） is proposed. In this paper, the handover parameters, serving as the basis for handover, are classified into network＇s quality of service （QoS） module, user preference （UP） module and degree of satisfaction （DS） module according to the new modular HDS design. To optimize switching process, the comprehensive network load index is deduced by using triangle module fusion operator. With respect to the existing handover algorithm, the simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can reduce the handover frequency and maintain user satisfaction at a higher level. Meanwhile, due to its block calculation, it can bring about 1.4 s execution time improvement.

Glycemic index,glycemic load and insulinemic index of Chinese starchy foods

AIM:To determine the glycemic index(GI),glycemic load(GL)and insulinemic index(Ⅱ)of five starchy foods that are commonly used in Chinese diets.METHODS:Ten healthy subjects aged between 20-30 years were recruited.Each subject was asked to consume 50 g of available carbohydrate portions of test foods and reference food.Finger capillary blood samples were collected at the start of eating and 15,30,45,60,90 and 120 min after consumption.The GI and Ⅱ of foods were calculated from the ratio of incremental area under the glucose/insulin response curves of test and reference foods.The GL for each test food was determined from its GI value and carbohydrate content.RESULTS:The results showed that brown rice elicited the highest postprandial glucose and insulin responses,followed by taro,adlay,yam and mung bean noodles,which produced the lowest.Among the five starchy foods,brown rice evoked the highest GI and GL at 82±0.2 and 18±0.2,followed by taro(69±0.4,12±0.2),adlay(55±0.4,10±0.2),yam(52±0.3,9±0.0)and mung bean noodles(28±0.5,7±0.2),respectively.The Ⅱ values of the test foods corresponded with GI values.Similarly,brown rice gave the highest Ⅱ at 81±0.1,followed by taro(73±0.3),adlay(67±0.3),yam(64±0.5) and mung bean noodles(38±0.3).All five starchy foods had lower GI,GL and Ⅱ than reference bread(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The GI,GL and Ⅱ values of starchy foods provide important information for the public to manage their diet and could be useful for the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

Glycemic index and glycemic load of selected Chinese traditional foods

AIM:To determine the glycemic index(GI)and glycemic load(GL)values of Chinese traditional foods in Hong Kong.METHODS:Fifteen healthy subjects(8 males and 7 females)volunteered to consume either glucose or one of 23 test foods after 10-14 h overnight fast.The blood glucose concentrations were analyzed immediately before,15,30,45,60,90 and 120 min after food consumption using capillary blood samples.The GI value of each test food was calculated by expressing the incremental area under the blood glucose response curve(IAUC)value for the test food as a percentage of each subject's average IAUC value for the glucose.The GL value of each test food was calculated as the GI value of the food multiplied by the amount of the available carbohydrate in a usual portion size,divided by 100.RESULTS:Among all the 23 Chinese traditional foods tested,6 of them belonged to low GI foods(Tuna Fish Bun,Egg Tart,Green Bean Dessert,Chinese Herbal Jelly,Fried Rice Vermicelli in Singapore-style,and Spring Roll),10 of them belonged to moderate GI foods(Baked Barbecued Pork Puff,Fried Fritter,"Mai-Lai"Cake,"Pineapple"Bun,Fried Rice Noodles with Sliced Beef,Barbecue Pork Bun,Moon Cakes,Glutinous Rice Ball,Instant Sweet Milky Bun,and Salted Meat Rice Dumpling),the others belonged to high GI foods(Fried Rice in Yangzhou-Style,Sticky Rice Wrapped in Lotus Leaf,Steamed Glutinous Rice Roll,Jam and Peanut Butter Toast,Plain Steamed Vermicelli Roll,Red Bean Dessert,and Frozen Sweet Milky Bun).CONCLUSION:The GI and GL values for these Chinese traditional foods will provide some valuable information to both researchers and public on their food preference.

Estimating Unconfined Compressive Strength of Sedimentary Rocks in United Arab Emirates from Point Load Strength Index

In this paper, three rock types including Sandstone, Mudstone, and Crystalline Gypsum were part of a laboratory study conducted to develop a dataset for predicting the unconfined compressive strength of UAE intact sedimentary rock specimens. Four hundred nineteen rock samples from various areas along the coastal region of the UAE were collected and tested for the development of this dataset and evaluation of models. From the statistical analysis of the data, regression equations were established among rock parameters and correlations were expressed and compared by the ones proposed in literature.

Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Glycemic Response to Pomelo in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Food intake has a great influence on blood glucose in patients with diabetes. This study was to determine the glycemic index（GI） and glycemic load（GL） of a particular pomelo named Majia pomelo and its effects on postprandial glucose（PPG） in patients with type 2 diabetes（T2D）. Twenty healthy subjects and 20 T2D patients（controlled on lifestyle measures and/or metformin） were tested on 2 separate days with 50 g of glucose and 50 g equivalent of carbohydrates from Majia pomelo for GI measurement. To test effects of Majia pomelo on PPG, 19 hospitalized T2D patients（controlled on insulin therapy） were selected for a 9-day study. The dose of insulin for each patient was adjusted on the first 3 days. A total of 100 g Majia pomelo was consumed per meal in the last 3 tested days. Blood glucose was measured to evaluate the glycemic excursions. The GIs for Majia pomelo in healthy individuals and T2D patients were 78.34±1.88 and 72.15±1.95 respectively. The value of GL was as low as 4.23 in diabetic patients with serving size of 100 g pomelo, indicting Majia pomelo as a high GI but low GL fruit. Consumption of Majia pomelo in hospitalized T2D patients did not cause significant glucose fluctuation. It was concluded that high GI pomelo can serve as a low GL fruit if it is consumed with a limited daily amount and thus can be supplied to diabetic patients. These results may mean more varieties of food choices for T2D patients.

Utilizing Stability Index Tracing for Precise Load Buses Identification in Load Shedding Problem

This paper proposes a new approach for suitable load buses identification via stability index tracing in performing corrective load shedding. The proposed identification technique is called the Fast Voltage Stability Index Load Tracing (FVSI-LT). By implementing a power tracing algorithm, a group of major contributors on the stress experienced by a power system is able to be precisely identified by a system operator (SO) based on the traced values of FVSI. To be precise, the traced FVSI via FVSI-LT can be used to form a ranking list indicating the priority of buses committed for shedding purpose. After designing a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for deciding the allowable load powers to be shed and performing experiment on IEEE 57-Bus reliability test system (RTS), it is revealed that the ranking list provided by FVSI-LT results to the most consistent improvement in terms of voltage stability and losses minimization.

Simulating of marble subjected to uni-axial loading using index-parabola damage model

The limitations of several existing classical rock damage models were critically appraised. Thereafter, a description of a new model to estimate the response of rock was provided. The results of an investigation lead to the development and confirmation of a new index parabola damage model. The new model is divided into two parts, fictitious damage and real damage and bordered by the critical damage point. In fictitious damage, the damage variable follows the index distribution, while in the real damage a parabolic distribution is used. Thus, the so called index parabola damage model is derived. The proposed damage model is applied to simulate the damage procedure of marble under uni axial loading. The results of the tests show that the proposed model is in excellent agreement with experimental data, in particular the nonlinear characteristic of rock deformation is adequately represented. [

Research on cognitive load evaluation with subjective method in manual assembly

Subjective scales have different kinds of applicability in diverse fields.This study intends to implement a quantitative approach to determine the applicability of subjective scales in manual as-sembly work and evaluate the cognitive load of assembly workers.A multi-scale research paradigm based on subjective evaluation method is proposed.Three typical task stages are extracted from the process of assembly work.The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index(NASA-TLX)scale,PAAS scale and Workload Profile Index Ratings(WP)scale are selected for the design of 3×3 multi-factor mixed experiment.The power spectrum density(PSD)characteris-tics of electroencephalogram(EEG)are utilized to identify the difficulty levels of the three task sta-ges.The relevant indicators of scale applicability are assessed.The results show that in terms of sensitivity,NASA-TLX scale reaches the highest sensitivity(F=999.137,P=0<0.05).In terms of validity,NASA-TLX scale possesses the best concurrent validity(P=0.0255<0.05).In terms of diagnosticity,NASA-TLX scale based on 6 dimensions takes on the best diagnostic performance.In terms of subject acceptability,WP scale performs the worst.According to the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)model,the applicability scores of NASA-TLX scale,PAAS scale and WP scale are determined as 3,2.55 and 1.6714,respectively.Therefore,NASA-TLX scale is regarded as the most suitable subjective evaluation questionnaire for assembly workers,which is also an effective quantitative evaluation method for the cognitive load of assembly workers.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Sea Bed Sediment of the Bight of Bonny, Southern Atlantic Coast of Nigeria Using Index Model Analysis

The heavy metal contamination status of Bight of Bonny sea bed sediment was investigated. Sediment samples were collected from eleven locations grouped into three stations. The samples were analyzed to determine the heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn, Mn, Co, Cd, Cu, Cr) concentration using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Index model analyses, such as geo-accumulation index (I-geo), Enrichment factor (EF), and Pollution load index (PLI) were used for pollution assessment of sea bed sediment. The most predominant heavy metals in the upstream sediment were Fe;13.57 ± 1.838 mg/kg, cobalt;7.987 ± 3.550 mg/kg, and Ni;1.020 ± 0.802 mg/kg, midstream sediment were Fe;8.554 ± 3.010 mg/kg, Co;8.520 ± 4.00 mg/kg, and Ni;1.140 ± 0.879 mg/kg, while the downstream sediment result had Fe;11.12 ± 3.825 mg/kg, Co;7.275 ± 1.700 mg/kg, and Cd;1.025 ± 0.159 /kg. The I-geo results indicate that Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ni, and Co were in their background concentrations while Cd had I-geo > 3 which implies a moderately or heavily polluted environment. The EF indicates metal enrichment from anthropogenic sources for Co, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Cr while Fe and Mn predicate biogenic origin. The PLI of the heavy metals in the three sample stations of sea bed sediment was found to be generally low (<1). The Enrichment Factor and geo-accumulation index strongly suggest the Bight of Bonny sea bed sediment contamination by Cd from anthropogenic sources.

Development of a location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum hydrological response unit

The changing patterns of watersheds in a landscape, driven by human activities, play an important role in non-point source pollution processes. This paper aims to improve the location-weighted landscape contrast index using remote sensing and GIS technology to account for the effects of scale and ecological processes. The hydrological response unit(HRU) with a single land use and soil type was used as the smallest unit. The relationship between the landscape index and typical ecological processes was established by describing the influence of the landscape pattern on non-point source pollution. To verify the research method, this paper used the Yanshi River basin as a study area. The results showed that the relative intensity of non-point source pollution in different regions of the watershed and the location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum HRU can qualitatively reflect the risk of regional nutrient loss.

Remote Mapping of Thermodynamic Index of Ecosystem Health Disturbance

The study of the ecological system (ES) reaction to anthropogenous loading (AL) has been aimed at developing the remote sensing method for quantitative mapping of AL on ES. The analysis of the problem has shown that the main approach for its solution is to assess the amount of entropy induced in ES by AL. The general formalism has been dis-cussed and the thermodynamic index of ES health disturbance (TIEHD- ) has been deduced from the conservation law as a portion of solar exergy spent by ES on the parrying entropy formed in ES due to AL with respect to the total amount of exergy of solar irradiations absorbed by ES. The technique of remote mapping of TIEHD has been developed. The maps of TIEHD and the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI)- have been compiled on the basis of NOAA and EOS satellite data. The qualitative and quantitative analysis exhibited the best sensitivity of TIEHD to AL on ES in respect to NDVI.

A Methodology for Identification of Weather Sensitive Component of Electrical Load Using Empirical Mode Decomposition Technique

The expansion planning and operation of all three sectors, generation, transmission and distribution, of power system essentially require load forecasting. Weather conditions have significant impacts on forecasted load, especially short-term and mid-term. A momentous portion of the electrical energy is consumed, especially in cold or hot countries, to mitigate the impact of weather on the daily life of human society. Usually, weather dependent component of load is identified by fitting appropriate non-linear curve to the scatter plot of weather-load model. This technique some times shows lower correlation with weather variables. This paper proposes a new methodology to identify the weather sensitive component of electrical load using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique. The proposed methodology is applied to the daily peak load of Dhaka zone of Bangladesh Power System (BPS) of the year 2012. A detailed numerical process to evaluate the weather sensitive portion of the load is also presented. The proposed methodology is validated through statistical error evaluation process. Finally the salient features of the results are discussed.

黄河流域河南段水资源空间均衡研究

基于水资源负载指数、水土资源匹配系数和用水效益系数等测算模型,研究了黄河流域河南段2011—2020年水资源空间均衡性.结果表明,黄河流域河南段8市水资源负载指数大致呈波动增长趋势且远大于10,水资源利用程度很高,基尼系数为0.31;水土资源匹配系数大致呈波动下降趋势且平均值为0.33,水土匹配程度较低,基尼系数为0.28;用水效益系数呈稳步上升趋势,单方水GDP产值为208元,用水效益与经济发展水平相对合理,基尼系数为0.32;水资源空间均衡系数平均值为0.55,空间均衡等级为Ⅲ级,属于一般失衡.基于此,合理配置水资源、提高用水效率、提前规划引水调水等有利于促进黄河流域河南段社会经济和水资源利用空间均衡发展.

Modulation Index Effect on the 5-Level SHE-PWM Voltage Source Inverter

Harmonic content of the voltage source inverters is important and must be in the allowed ranges. Different method are proposed to decrease the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and caused to be sinusoidal the output voltage of inverters. One of these methods is using multilevel structure. In this structure many important parameters which are effective on voltage source inverter operation that among them we can mention to modulation index (MI). Variation of modulation index can change the THD. One of the harmonic reduction methods is using multilevel structure. In this paper, a sample 5-level SHE-PWM voltage source inverter is presented and all equation and choosing switching angles for elimination desired harmonics from different order. To investigate the effective parameters on the inverter operation, a typical 5-level inverter is simulated in PSPICE software. The simulation has been done for different values of modulation and its effect on the inverter operation is evaluated.

Feasibility study on buoyancy-weight ratios of a submerged floating tunnel prototype subjected to hydrodynamic loads

The research progress of a novel traffic solution,a submerged floating tunnel（SFT）,is reviewed in terms of a study approach and loading scenario.Among existing publications,the buoyancy-weight ratio（BWR） is usually predefined.However,BWR is a critical structural parameter that tremendously affects the dynamic behaviour of not only the tunnel tube itself but also the cable system.In the context of a SFT prototype（SFTP） project in Qiandao Lake（Zhejiang Province,China）,the importance of BWR is illustrated by finite element analysis and subsequently,an optimized BWR is proposed within a reasonable range in the present study.In the numerical model,structural damping is identified to be of importance.Rayleigh damping and the corresponding Rayleigh coefficients are attained through a sensitivity study,which shows that the adopted damping ratios are fairly suitable for SFTP.Lastly,the human sense of security is considered by quantifying the comfort index,which helps further optimize BWR in the SFTP structural parameter design.

Research Progress of Related Laboratory Testing Indexes before and after Mother-Infant Blocking in HIV/AIDS Pregnant Women

More than 90% of HIV-positive children come from mother-to-child transmission, so mother-to-child interdiction is the main measure to prevent AIDS in children. Relevant data show that the incidence of mother-to-child transmission of HIV usually fluctuates between 15% and 50% without intervention. Standardized and effective comprehensive intervention can reduce the transmission rate of mother to child to less than 1%. At present, it is believed that mother-to-child transmission of AIDS can be blocked by comprehensive intervention, and its mechanism has been clearly studied. Combined with highly effective antiviral treatment, safe labor and artificial feeding, the mother to child transmission rate can be reduced to less than 1%. However, due to the effect of drugs on mother-to-child transmission of AIDS may lead to some changes in the main biochemical indicators of mother-to-child, there is no systematic analysis of the viral load, T lymphocyte subsets and major biochemical indicators of HIV/AIDS pregnant women before and after maternal-to-child transmission. In this study, the viral load, T lymphocyte subsets and major biochemical indicators of HIV/AIDS pregnant women before and after maternal-infant blockade were dynamically analyzed. It is hoped that this study will help to observe the basic physical fitness and disease development of pregnant women with HIV/AIDS during pregnancy, to provide a strong basis for the treatment and evaluation of maternal-infant blockade of HIV/AIDS pregnant women, and to establish a complete set of laboratory indicators to understand the body status of pregnant women at all stages to minimize the probability of fetal transmission, which will make good economic and social benefits.

Estimate of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Hydrothermally Altered Soft Rocks Based on Strength Index Tests

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationships between results of index tests and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) in hydrothermally altered soft rocks of the Upper Miocene, which are typical of the soft rock found in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Index tests were performed using point load testing machine and needle penetrometer with irregular lump specimens under forced-dry, forced-wet, and natural-moist states. The relationships between irregular lump point load strength (IPLS) index and UCS, and needle penetration (NP) index and UCS were “UCS = approximately 19 IPLS index” and “UCS = 0.848 (NP index)0.619”, respectively, in soft rocks with a UCS below 25 MPa. These relationships could be applied to on-site tests of rocks with natural moisture content. The UCS could be calculated from IPLS and NP tests on soft rocks only when UCS was below 25 MPa, using the equations obtained as a result of this study.

点荷载强度计算模型现场试验修正及效果验证

点荷载试验为常用的岩石单轴抗压强度间接测试方法,对工程设计和施工开展具有指导作用。针对点荷载强度指数计算方法展开研究,在进行大量实际点荷载试验获得相应结果的基础上,对试验数据进行统计分析并在计算公式中引入新的变量以期对现有的点荷载强度计算方法进行优化。对长山壕金矿岩体进行了采样、试样制备与点荷载试验,采用统计方法对点荷载试验结果进行分析得出优化方法,并以同采区同位置岩样的单轴抗压强度作为参考值,将多种计算结果与参考值进行了对比分析。结果表明:改进后方法的计算结果更贴近岩样实际单轴抗压强度,且相同试验、相同数据条件下的计算结果离散性处于较低水平,为现场试验条件有限时估算岩样单轴抗压强度提供了一种可靠的点荷载强度指数计算方法。

Spatial Analysis on Content Distribution of Soil Heavy Metals Copper (Cu) and Cadmium (Cd) in Duanzhou District of Zhaoqing City

This paper used atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the content distribution of Cu and Cd in the soil of Duanzhou District,Zhaoqing City.The single factor index method,Nemerow comprehensive index method,pollution load index method,geoaccumulation index method,and potential ecological hazard index method were used to analyze the content and pollution status of Cu and Cd in the soil of Duanzhou District,providing a basis for understanding the pollution status of Cu and Cd in the soil of Zhaoqing City.

海陆交互相软土固结抗剪强度指标变化规律研究

以珠三角地区海陆交互相淤泥质软土为研究对象,通过室内直剪试验探究不同固结压力和固结度下抗剪强度及抗剪强度指标的变化规律,提出抗剪强度及对应指标-固结度-固结压力三维Logistic数学模型。研究结果表明,当固结压力P≥200 kPa、固结度U≥40%时,软土黏聚力(c)和内摩擦角(φ)增长较为明显;当U=100%时,各级固结压力作用下的软土抗剪强度(τ)相较于初始状态分别提高了7.89、12.73、13.50、18.20、22.38 kPa;所给出的三维数学模型可直接计算出某一固结压力和固结度下的抗剪强度指标c、φ、τ。研究成果能够更为准确地评价该地区软土地基逐级加载过程中的整体稳定性。