Reduced Expanding Load Method for Simulation-Based Structural System Reliability Analysis

The current situation and difficulties of the structural system reliability analysis are mentioned. Then on the basis of Monte Carlo method and computer simulation, a new analysis method reduced expanding load method (RELM) is presented, which can be used to solve structural reliability problems effectively and conveniently. In this method, the uncertainties of loads, structural material properties and dimensions can be fully considered. If the statistic parameters of stochastic variables are known, by using this method, the probability of failure can be estimated rather accurately. In contrast with traditional approaches,RELM method gives a much better understanding of structural failure frequency and its reliability index β is more meaningful.To illustrate this new idea, a specific example is given.

Additional Vogt Coefficients and Improved Trial Load Method for Arch Dams

In recent years,the perceivable difference in observed and computed deflections for arch dams suggests the necessity to consider the side-load action of the hydrostatic pressure on reservoir basin(HPRB).In this paper,two additional Vogt coefficients with regard to the normal and angular deflections of arch dam foundation due to the action of HPRB are firstly elaborated,then an algorithm of the improved trial load method(ITLM)taking into account of conventional(six)and additional(two)Vogt coefficients is implemented.The elastic finite element method is employed as the bench mark in the verification of the improved method,which confirms that a better prediction of dam deflections and their gradient related stresses for arch dams may be provided by the ITLM taking into account of HPRB action.

Load Reduction Test Method of Similarity Theory and BP Neural Networks of Large Cranes

Static load tests are an important means of supervising and detecting a crane＇s lift capacity. Due to space restrictions, however, there are difficulties and potential danger when testing large bridge cranes. To solve the loading problems of large-tonnage cranes during testing, an equivalency test is proposed based on the similarity theory and BP neural networks. The maximum stress and displacement of a large bridge crane is tested in small loads, combined with the training neural network of a similar structure crane through stress and displacement data which is collected by a physics simulation progressively loaded to a static load test load within the material scope of work. The maximum stress and displacement of a crane under a static load test load can be predicted through the relationship of stress, displacement, and load. By measuring the stress and displacement of small tonnage weights, the stress and displacement of large loads can be predicted, such as the maximum load capacity, which is 1.25 times the rated capacity. Experimental study shows that the load reduction test method can reflect the lift capacity of large bridge cranes. The load shedding predictive analysis for Sanxia 1200 t bridge crane test data indicates that when the load is 1.25 times the rated lifting capacity, the predicted displacement and actual displacement error is zero. The method solves the problem that lifting capacities are difficult to obtain and testing accidents are easily possible when 1.25 times related weight loads are tested for large tonnage cranes.

A Precision-Positioning Method for a High-Acceleration Low-Load Mechanism Based on Optimal Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Inertial Energy

High-speed and precision positioning are fund a mental requirements for high-acceleration low-load mechanisms in integrated circuit(IC) packaging equipment. In this paper, we derive the transient nonlinear dynamicresponse equations of high-acceleration mechanisms, which reveal that stiff ness, frequency, damping, and driving frequency are the primary factors. Therefore, we propose a new structural optimization and velocity-planning method for the precision positioning of a high-acceleration mechanism based on optimal spatial and temporal distribution of inertial energy. For structural optimization, we first reviewed the commonly flexible multibody dynamic optimization using equivalent static loads method(ESLM), and then we selected the modifled ESLM for optimal spatial distribution of inertial energy; hence, not only the stiff ness but also the inertia and frequency of the real modal shapes are considered. For velocity planning, we developed a new velocity-planning method based on nonlinear dynamic-response optimization with varying motion conditions. Our method was verifled on a high-acceleration die bonder. The amplitude of residual vibration could be decreased by more than 20% via structural optimization and the positioning time could be reduced by more than 40% via asymmetric variable veloci ty planning. This method provides an effective theoretical support for the precision positioning of high-acceleration low-load mechanisms.

Force Control Compensation Method with Variable Load Stiffness and Damping of the Hydraulic Drive Unit Force Control System

Each joint of hydraulic drive quadruped robot is driven by the hydraulic drive unit（HDU）, and the contacting between the robot foot end and the ground is complex and variable, which increases the difficulty of force control inevitably. In the recent years, although many scholars researched some control methods such as disturbance rejection control, parameter self-adaptive control, impedance control and so on, to improve the force control performance of HDU, the robustness of the force control still needs improving. Therefore, how to simulate the complex and variable load characteristics of the environment structure and how to ensure HDU having excellent force control performance with the complex and variable load characteristics are key issues to be solved in this paper. The force control system mathematic model of HDU is established by the mechanism modeling method, and the theoretical models of a novel force control compensation method and a load characteristics simulation method under different environment structures are derived, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load stiffness and the load damping under different environment structures. Then, simulation effects of the variable load stiffness and load damping under the step and sinusoidal load force are analyzed experimentally on the HDU force control performance test platform, which provides the foundation for the force control compensation experiment research. In addition, the optimized PID control parameters are designed to make the HDU have better force control performance with suitable load stiffness and load damping, under which the force control compensation method is introduced, and the robustness of the force control system with several constant load characteristics and the variable load characteristics respectively are comparatively analyzed by experiment. The research results indicate that if the load characteristics are known, the force control compensation method presented in this paper has positive compensation effects on the load characteristics variation, i.e., this method decreases the effects of the load characteristics variation on the force control performance and enhances the force control system robustness with the constant PID parameters, thereby, the online PID parameters tuning control method which is complex needs not be adopted. All the above research provides theoretical and experimental foundation for the force control method of the quadruped robot joints with high robustness.

Analytical method of load-transfer of single pile under expansive soil swelling

The elastic differential equations of load-transfer of single pile either with applied loads on pile-top or only under the soil swelling were established,respectively,based on the theory of pile-soil interaction and the shear-deformation method.The derivation of analytic solution to load-transfer for single pile in expansive soil could hereby be obtained by means of superposition principle under expansive soils swelling.The comparison of two engineering examples was made to prove the credibility of the suggested method.The analyzed results show that this analytic solution can achieve high precision with few parameters required,indicating its' simplicity and practicability in engineering application.The employed method can contribute to determining the greatest tension along pile shaft resulting from expansive soils swelling and provide reliable bases for engineering design.The method can be employed to obtain various distributive curves of axial force,settlements and skin friction along the pile shaft with the changes of active depth,vertical movements of the surface and loads of pile-top.

Slope stability analysis under seismic load by vector sum analysis method

The vibration characteristics and dynamic responses of rock and soil under seismic load can be estimated with dynamic finite element method （DFEM）. Combining with the DFEM, the vector sum analysis method （VSAM） is employed in seismic stability analysis of a slope in this paper. Different from other conventional methods, the VSAM is proposed based on the vector characteristic of force and current stress state of the slope. The dynamic stress state of the slope at any moment under seismic load can he obtained by the DFEM, thus the factor of safety of the slope at any moment during earthquake can be easily obtained with the VSAM in consideration of the DFEM. Then, the global stability of the slope can be estimated on the basis of time-history curve of factor of safety and reliability theory. The VSAM is applied to a homogeneous slope under seismic load. The factor of safety of the slope is 1.30 under gravity only and the dynamic factor of safety under seismic load is 1.21. The calculating results show that the dynamic characteristics and stability state of the slope with input ground motion can be actually analyzed. It is believed that the VSAM is a feasible and practical approach to estimate the dynamic stability of slopes under seismic load.

Grouping response method for equivalent static wind loads based on a modified LRC method

Wind loading is one of the most important loads for controlling the design of large-span roof structures. Equivalent static wind loads, which can generally aim at determining a specific response, are widely used by structural designers. A method for equivalent static wind loads applicable to multi-responses is proposed in this paper. A modified load- response-correlation （LRC） method corresponding to a particular peak response is presented, and the similarity algorithm implemented for the group response is described. The main idea of the algorithm is that two responses can be put into one group if the value of one response is close to that of the other response, when the structure is subjected to equivalent static wind loads aiming at the other response. Based on the modified LRC, the grouping response method is put forward to construct equivalent static wind loading. This technique can simultaneously reproduce peak responses for some grouped responses. To verify its computational accuracy, the method is applied to an actual large-span roof structure. Calculation results show that when the similarity of responses in the same group is high, equivalent static wind loads with high accuracy and reasonable magnitude of equivalent static wind distribution can be achieved.

High-precision solution to the moving load problem using an improved spectral element method

In this paper, the spectral element method(SEM)is improved to solve the moving load problem. In this method, a structure with uniform geometry and material properties is considered as a spectral element, which means that the element number and the degree of freedom can be reduced significantly. Based on the variational method and the Laplace transform theory, the spectral stiffness matrix and the equivalent nodal force of the beam-column element are established. The static Green function is employed to deduce the improved function. The proposed method is applied to two typical engineering practices—the one-span bridge and the horizontal jib of the tower crane. The results have revealed the following. First, the new method can yield extremely high-precision results of the dynamic deflection, the bending moment and the shear force in the moving load problem.In most cases, the relative errors are smaller than 1%. Second, by comparing with the finite element method, one can obtain the highly accurate results using the improved SEM with smaller element numbers. Moreover, the method can be widely used for statically determinate as well as statically indeterminate structures. Third, the dynamic deflection of the twin-lift jib decreases with the increase in the moving load speed, whereas the curvature of the deflection increases.Finally, the dynamic deflection, the bending moment and the shear force of the jib will all increase as the magnitude of the moving load increases.

A new numerical method for determining collapse load-carrying capacity of structure made of elasto-plastic material

Determination of collapse load-carrying capacity of elasto-plastic material is very important in designing structure.The problem is commonly solved by elasto-plastic finite element method(FEM).In order to deal with material nonlinear problem involving strain softening problem effectively,a new numerical method-damped Newton method was proposed.The iterative schemes are discussed in detail for pure equilibrium models.In the equilibrium model,the plasticity criterion and the compatibility of the strains are verified,and the strain increment and plastic factor are treated as independent unknowns.To avoid the stiffness matrix being singularity or condition of matrix being ill,a damping factor α was introduced to adjust the value of plastic consistent parameter automatically during the iterations.According to the algorithm,the nonlinear finite element program was complied and its numerical example was calculated.The numerical results indicate that this method converges very fast for both small load steps and large load steps.Compared with those results obtained by analysis and experiment,the predicted ultimate bearing capacity from the proposed method is identical.

Limit analysis of vertical anti-pulling screw pile group under inclined loading on 3D elastic-plastic finite element strength reduction method

Based on the functional theory, catastrophe theory, simultaneity principle and the idea of strength reduction method(SRM), the bearing capacity functional and SRM of pile group foundation were established, and the criteria of ultimate load and the concept of safety storage coefficient(CSS) were advanced. The inclined ultimate loads by the static loading test, load increment method(LIM) and SRM are compared. Theoretically, the ultimate load of piles does not change with the loading levels when it is calculated by SRM. When the one strength reduction parameter is applied in the calculation boundary, there are calculating errors because the bearing capacity action of soils happened in the finite zone. The inclined loadings are 108, 132 and 144 kN, and SSC are 1.07, 0.94 and 0.79, respectively, so the calculation values of ultimate loads are about 115.56, 124.08 and 113.76 kN, respectively. The error between calculations and observation values is less than 6%. But the error between calculations of LIM and observations is 20%. Because of the effect of inclined loading, the push-rotation phenomenon of screw pile group appears. Under this testing, the ultimate bearing capacity of piles is mostly determined by the horizontal ultimate bearing capacity, and the effect of the vertical component of inclined load should also be considered.

A Review of the Calculation Methods of Lifting Capacity in Wind Loads on Ocean Platforms

Wind load is a control load that affects the safety of structures in the design of ocean platforms. It has not only direct and powerful effects that may cause structure resonance but also has indirect effects causing waves or currents in the ocean. By analyzing the domestic and international norms, this study presents a review of calculation methods of wind load on ocean platforms, which belongs to large-scale non-entity structure used in the open sea while surrounding wind has no fixed direction. Current computations according to the norms are not accurate, which even not takes the force of the wind against the surface perpendicular to the structure into consideration. Additionally, this study also introduces and compares the lift model of platforms based on different theories, such as vortex-excitation and vibration, engineering structure dynamics, gas flow pressure theory, analyzing their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages. This paper analyzes the limitations and applicable conditions of the existing calculation method itself, such as the lift model is suitable for the existence of stable vortex wake;the calculation method of the structural dynamics of marine engineering must be combined with the wind tunnel test and consider the mistakes caused by the position relationship;the numerical simulation method is accurate but tedious. This study provides an insight into the calculation methods of lift in designing ocean platforms, including the finite element method for simulating fluid force and updating formulas in Chinese norms.

Test Method for Refractoriness Under Load of Refractory Products(Non-differential,with Rising Temperature)

This standard specifies the definitions, theory, apparatus, specimens, procedures, test results and disposal, test error and report of test method for refractoriness under load of refractory products （non-differential, with rising temperature）.

Improved Data Processing of Loading Spectrum for Applications of Rainflow Counting Method

The rainflow counting method is a reasonable cyclecounting procedure for fatigue life calculation and simulation testing of structures.It defines cycles as closed stress /strain hysteresis loops.Application of the rainflow counting method requires a data processing of the loading spectrum,which consists of the elimination of non-peak value data points,load time histories adjustment and loop extraction.In the data processing of the loading spectrum,if a stress point is neither the peak nor the valley,it will be identified and eliminated from the loading spectrum.Generally,the loading process is idealized as a single peak-valley straight line.But in actually,there are polylines or nearly straight lines between peaks and valleys which can't be ignored.Therefore,in the process of eliminating such data points,it will produce error in method itself.To reduce the error produced by the traditional method itself,a new method which can well simplify the polylines in data processing of loading spectrum is proposed in this paper.Comparing with the original approximation method,the proposed method has higher precision.

Finding the buckling load of non-uniform columns using the iteration perturbation method

The aim of this study is to calculate the critical load of variable inertia columns. The example studied in this paper can be used as a paradigm for other non-uniform columns. The wavelength of equivalent vibratory system is used to calculate the critical load of the trigonometrically varied inertia column. In doing so, the equilibrium equation of the column is theoretically studied using the perturbation method. Accuracy of the calculated results is evaluated by comparing the solution with numerical results. Effect of improving the initial guess on the solution accuracy is investigated. Effects of varying parameters of the trigonometrically varied inertia and the uniformly tapered columns on their stability behavior are studied. Finally, using the so-called ＂perfectibility＂ parameter, two design goals, i.e., being lightweight and being strong, are studied for the discussed columns.

ELASTIC MODULUS REDUCTION METHOD FOR LIMIT LOAD EVALUATION OF FRAME STRUCTURES

A new strategy for elastic modulus adjustment is proposed based on the element bearing ratio （EBR）,and the elastic modulus reduction method （EMRM） is proposed for limit load evaluation of frame structures. The EBR is defined employing the generalized yield criterion,and the reference EBR is determined by introducing the extrema and the degree of uniformity of EBR in the structure. The elastic modulus in the element with an EBR greater than the reference one is reduced based on the linear elastic finite element analysis and the equilibrium of strain energy. The lower-bound of limit-loads of frame structures are analyzed and the numerical example demonstrates the flexibility,accuracy and effciency of the proposed method.

光催化技术在纺织领域的研究及应用进展

太阳能光催化技术因环保、低成本的特点备受研究者青睐,将光催化技术应用于纺织领域的研究已取得一定的成果。半导体光催化剂在光辐照下吸收光子能量并激发出具有强氧化还原能力的活性自由基,以此分解有机污染物。综述光催化材料的常用载体以及其在纺织品上的负载方法,归纳其赋予纺织品的特殊功能。研究表明,光催化材料处理纺织印染废水具有很好的应用前景;经过光催化剂整理的织物可获得自清洁、抗菌以及防紫外线的功能,减少纺织品的洗涤次数,有效保护人体皮肤健康;将光催化剂负载于纤维或织物上有效提升其可回收利用性。

舰载飞机着舰撞击载荷实测技术研究

针对国内飞机起落架载荷测量中普遍存在的静标动测问题,从理论和机理上分析了静标定的应变法实测动态载荷存在问题的原因。同时,考虑到舰载飞机因定点着舰方式遭受严重的动态载荷,重点研究了舰载飞机着舰撞击载荷的静标动测问题。通过动态落震试验模拟飞机着舰过程,根据测力平台的实测载荷分析,获取了应变法实测载荷精度受动态影响的程度,提出一种改进的惯性修正方法,即:通过落震试验数据辨识质量矩阵,通过辨识的质量矩阵和实测加速度修正应变法的实测载荷。试验结果表明,改进的惯性修正方法进一步提高了垂向载荷的测量精度,显著提高了航向和侧向载荷的实测精度。

考虑纵径向热应变的竖向受荷能量桩简化分析方法

为探究温度对能量桩荷载传递机理及相关力学响应的影响,引入平面瞬态温度场方程,将温度场与应力场解耦。基于平面应力模型,将能量桩与桩周土考虑为具有协调变形的整体,计算了径向热应力。在此基础上,将其与双曲线荷载传递模型结合,对桩土界面处的极限摩阻力进行修正。将纵向热应变考虑在竖向荷载传递方程中,得到可同时衡量纵向和径向热效应的竖向受荷能量桩承载特性分析方法。利用增量法对能量桩荷载传递控制方程进行求解,得到桩身轴力、桩侧阻力、桩身位移等相关力学响应。通过与既有文献进行对比,验证了该模型的合理性。通过参数分析,研究了温度和竖向力作用下能量桩的荷载传递特性。结果表明:温度会改变能量桩的荷载传递特性,提高能量桩的运行温度可小幅增加其承载力。该文方法的计算流程清晰,可为能量桩的设计提供参考。

浅埋无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载确定方法

不同于常规隧道衬砌结构,无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌施作稳定后还要受到邻近后行洞开挖的二次扰动,后行洞开挖对先行洞衬砌受力的影响不可忽视。依托杨家寨公路隧道工程,基于考虑了后行洞开挖影响的隧道围岩压力计算方法,结合现场监测位移数据采用荷载-结构法进行位移反分析,提出了一种确定浅埋无中导洞连拱隧道先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载的方法,最后和衬砌背后围岩荷载现场监测值进行对比验证。研究结果表明:后行洞开挖对先行洞衬砌承担围岩荷载的影响较为显著,监测点增长幅度均值高达142%;先行洞衬砌受力呈现“拱腰较小,拱顶及拱肩较大”的分布规律,且靠近后行洞一侧拱肩位置受力最大;通过现场监测位移反分析得到的先行洞衬砌受力结果和现场监测结果较为一致,论证了该方法的合理性和实用性,研究成果可为无中导洞连拱隧道结构设计提供参考。