Effect of NaCl Concentration on the Cumulative Strain and Pore Distribution of Clay under Cyclic Loading

Clay,as the most common soil used for foundationfill,is widely used in various infrastructure projects.The phy-sical and mechanical properties of clay are influenced by the pore solution environment.This study uses a GDS static/dynamic triaxial apparatus and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to investigate the effects of cyclic loading on clay foundations.Moreover,the development of cumulative strain in clay is analyzed,and afitting model for cumulative plastic strain is introduced by considering factors such as NaCl solution concentration,con-solidation stress ratio,and cycle number.In particular,the effects of the NaCl solution concentration and con-solidation stress ratio on the pore distribution of the test samples before and after cyclic loading are examined,and the relationship between microscopic pore size and macroscopic cumulative strain is obtained accordingly.Our results show that as the consolidation stress ratio grows,an increasing number of large pores in the soil samples are transformed into small pores.As the NaCl solution concentration becomes higher,the number of small pores gradually decreases,while the number of large pores remains unchanged.Cyclic loading causes the disappearance of the large pores in the samples,and the average pore size before cyclic loading is posi-tively correlated with the axial cumulative strain after cyclic loading.The cumulative strain produced by the soil under cyclic loading is inversely proportional to the NaCl solution concentration and consolidation stress ratio.

Prediction of Load-Displacement Curve of Flexible Pipe Carcass Under Radial Compression Based on Residual Neural Network

The carcass layer of flexible pipe comprises a large-angle spiral structure with a complex interlocked stainless steel cross-section profile, which is mainly used to resist radial load. With the complex structure of the carcass layer, an equivalent simplified model is used to study the mechanical properties of the carcass layer. However, the current equivalent carcass model only considers the elastic deformation, and this simplification leads to huge errors in the calculation results. In this study, radial compression experiments were carried out to make the carcasses to undergo plastic deformation. Subsequently, a residual neural network based on the experimental data was established to predict the load-displacement curves of carcasses with different inner diameter in plastic states under radial compression.The established neural network model’s high precision was verified by experimental data, and the influence of the number of input variables on the accuracy of the neural network was discussed. The conclusion shows that the residual neural network model established based on the experimental data of the small-diameter carcass layer can predict the load-displacement curve of the large-diameter carcass layer in the plastic stage. With the decrease of input data, the prediction accuracy of residual network model in plasticity stage will decrease.

The Effect of Pore Solution on the Hysteretic Curve of Expansive Soil under Cyclic Loading

A dynamic triaxial instrument was used to study the effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride and stress amplitudes on the dynamic properties of an expansive soil under cyclic loading.In particular,four parameters were considered in such a parametric investigation,namely,hysteresis curve morphology characteristic non-closure degreeεp,the ratio of the short and long axisα,the slope of the long axis k and the enclosed area S.The results show that with an increase in the sodium chloride concentration,the soil particle double electric layer becomes thinner,the distance between soil particles decreases,and the whole sample becomes denser.Theεp-N,α-N and S–N relation curves all show a decreasing trend.The ratio of plastic deformation to total deformation grows with increasing the dynamic stress amplitude,and the curves show an upwards trend.The k-N relationship curve displays an increasing trend with the concentration and a general downwards trend as the dynamic stress amplitude is made higher.This also indicates that sodium chloride solutions can improve the engineering properties of expansive soil to a certain extent.With an increase in the vibration times N,the shape of the hysteretic curve becomes narrower,and the whole soil exhibits a cyclic strain hardening.With the help of an exponential function,a model is introduced to predict the relationship between the concentration and the hysteretic curve.

The Complete Stress-strain Curve of Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Loading

The mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） is investigated. An experiment on the complete stress-strain curve under uniaxial compression loading of RAC is carried out. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress, peak strain, secant modulus of the peak point and original point increase with the strength grade of RAC enhanced. On the contrary, the residual stress of RAC decreases with the strength grade enhancing, and the failure of RAC is often broken at the interface between the recycled aggregate and the mortar matrix. Finally, the constitutive model of stress-strain model of RAC has been constituted, and the results from the constitutive model of stress-strain meet the experiment results very well.

Stress—strain curves for different loading paths and yield loci of aluminum alloy sheets

To carry out biaxial tensile test in sheet metal, the biaxial tensile testing system was established. True stress—true strain curves of three kinds of aluminum alloy sheets for loading ratios of 4:1, 4:2, 4:3, 4:4, 3:4, 2:4 and 1:4 were obtained by conducting biaxial tensile test in the established testing systems. It shows that the loading path has a significant influence on the stress—strain curves and as the loading ratio increases from 4:1 to 4:4, the stress—strain curve becomes higher and n-value becomes larger. Experimental yield points for three aluminum alloy sheets from 0.2% to 2% plastic strain were determined based on the equivalent plastic work. And the geometry of the experimental yield loci were compared with the yield loci calculated from several existing yield criteria. The analytical result shows that the Barlat89 and Hosford yield criterion describe the general trends of the experimental yield loci of aluminum alloy sheets well, whereas the Mises yield criterion overestimates the yield stress in all the contours.

Analysis of plane strain bending of a strain hardening curved beam based on unified yield criterion

The analysis of plane strain elastic-plastic bending of a linear strain hardening curved beam with a narrow rectangular cross section subjected to couples at its end is conducted based on a unified yield criterion. The solutions for the mechanical properties of plane strain bending are derived, which are adapted for various kinds of non-strength differential materials and can be degenerated to those based on the Tresca, von Mises, and twin-shear yield criteria. The dependences of the two critical bending moments, the radii of the interfaces between the elastic and plastic regions and the radial displacements of the points at the symmetrical plane on different yield criteria and Poisson’s ratios are discussed. The results show that the influences of different yield criteria and Poisson’s ratio on the two critical bending moments, the radii of the interfaces between the elastic and plastic regions and the radial displacements of the points at the symmetrical plane of the curved beam are significant. Once the value of bis obtained by experiments, the yield criterion and the corresponding solution for the materials of interest are then determined.

Dynamic stability analysis of porous functionally graded beams under hygro-thermal loading using nonlocal strain gradient integral model

We present a study on the dynamic stability of porous functionally graded(PFG)beams under hygro-thermal loading.The variations of the properties of the beams across the beam thicknesses are described by the power-law model.Unlike most studies on this topic,we consider both the bending deformation of the beams and the hygro-thermal load as size-dependent,simultaneously,by adopting the equivalent differential forms of the well-posed nonlocal strain gradient integral theory(NSGIT)which are strictly equipped with a set of constitutive boundary conditions(CBCs),and through which both the stiffness-hardening and stiffness-softening effects of the structures can be observed with the length-scale parameters changed.All the variables presented in the differential problem formulation are discretized.The numerical solution of the dynamic instability region(DIR)of various bounded beams is then developed via the generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM).After verifying the present formulation and results,we examine the effects of different parameters such as the nonlocal/gradient length-scale parameters,the static force factor,the functionally graded(FG)parameter,and the porosity parameter on the DIR.Furthermore,the influence of considering the size-dependent hygro-thermal load is also presented.

Rating Curve Estimation of Surface Water Quality Data Using LOADEST

Measurement of the nutrient concentrations in the stream is usually done on weekly, biweekly or monthly basis due to limited resources. There is need to estimate concentration and loads during the period when no data is available. The objectives of this study were to test the performance of a suite of regression models in predicting continuous water quality loading data and to determine systematic biases in the prediction. This study used the LOADEST model which includes several predefined regression models that specify the model form and complexity. Water quality data primarily nitrogen and phosphorus from five monitoring stations in the Neuse River Basin in North Carolina, USA were used in the development and analyses of rating curves. We found that LOADEST performed generally well in predicting loads and observation trends with general tendency/bias towards overestimation. Estimated Total Nitrogen (TN) varied from observation (“true” load) by -1% to 9%, but for the Total Phosphorus (TP) it ranged from -2% to 27%. Statistical evaluation using R2, Nash-Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) and Partial Load Factor (PLF) showed a strong correlation in prediction.

Unified analytical stressstrain curve for quasibrittle geomaterial in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression

Considering strain localization in the form of a narrow band initiated just at peak stress, three analytical expressions for stressstrain curves of quasibrittle geomaterial (such as rock and concrete) in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression were presented, respectively. The three derived stressstrain curves were generalized as a unified formula. Beyond the onset of strain localization, a linear strain-softening constitutive relation for localized band was assigned. The size of the band was controlled by internal or characteristic length according to gradient-dependent plasticity. Elastic strain within the entire specimen was assumed to be uniform and decreased with the increase of plastic strain in localized band. Total strain of the specimen was decomposed into elastic and plastic parts. Plastic strain of the specimen was the average value of plastic strains in localized band over the entire specimen. For different heights, the predicted softening branches of the relative stressstrain curves in uniaxial compression are consistent with the previously experimental results for normal concrete specimens. The present expressions for the post-peak stressdeformation curves in uniaxial tension and direct shear agree with the previously numerical results based on gradient-dependent plasticity.

Determination of ultimate bearing capacity of uplift piles using intact and non-intact load−displacement curve

Based on the field destructive test of six rock-socketed piles with shallow overburden,three prediction models are used to quantitatively analyze and predict the intact load−displacement curve.The predicted values of ultimate uplift capacity were further determined by four methods(displacement controlling method(DCM),reduction coefficient method(RCM),maximum curvature method(MCM),and critical stiffness method(CSM))and compared with the measured value.Through the analysis of the relationship between the change rate of pullout stiffness and displacement,a method used to determine the ultimate uplift capacity via non-intact load−displacement curve was proposed.The results show that the predicted value determined by DCM is more conservative,while the predicted value determined by MCM is larger than the measured value.This suggests that RCM and CSM in engineering applications can be preferentially applied.Moreover,the development law of the change rate of pullout stiffness with displacement agrees well with the attenuation form of power function.The theoretical predicted results of ultimate uplift capacity based on the change rate of pullout stiffness will not be affected by the integrity of the curve.The method is simple and applicable for the piles that are not loaded to failure state,and thus provides new insights into ultimate uplift capacity determination of test piles.

Residual strain evaluation of curved surface by grating-transferring technique and GPA

This paper investigates an advanced grating-transferring technique combined with geometric phase analysis (GPA) for residual strain evaluation of curved surface.A standard holographic grating is first transferred to a pre-produced epoxy resin film and then consolidated to a test region of curved surface.With a rubber mold and silicone rubber the deformed grating is replicated to a sheet metal after hole-drilling for release of residual stress.After that the grating is transferred from the sheet metal to the glass plate,which would be served as an analyzer grating (specimen grating).By GPA the local strain distributions related to the phase difference between the reference grating and analyzer grating for the released stress can be evaluated.A validation test has been conducted on the weld joint of a stainless steel tube and the obtained results demonstrate the ability of the method in measuring the residual strain of curved surface.

MODELING THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVES UNDER DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION

An analytical model for dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is studied based on the relative grain size model proposed by Sakai and Jonas, and the characteristic flow behaviors under DRX are analyzed and simulated. Introducing the variation of dynamic grain size and the heterogeneous distribution of disolo- cation densities densities under DRX,a simple method for modeling and simulating DRX processes is developed by using Laplace transformation theory. The results derived from the present model agree well with the experimental results in literatures. This simulation can reproduce a number of features in DRX flow behaviors, for example,single and multiple peak flow behaviors followed by a steady state flow, the transition between them, and so on.

Evaluating instrumented Charpy impact strain signals using curve fitting equations

An effective and simple way to develop equations from impact strain signals was proposed.Little research has been performed in this area,but this equation is very important for evaluating input signals in finite element analysis impact tests and for obtaining additional information on material deformation and fracture processes under impact loading.For this purpose,dynamic impact responses were examined through signals obtained from a strain gauge installed on an impact striker connected to a data acquisition system.Aluminium 6061-T6 was used to extract strain responses on the striker during Charpy impact testing.Statistical analysis was performed using the I-kaz method,and curve fitting equations based on the equation for vibration response under a non-periodic force were used to evaluate the Charpy impact signals.The I-kaz coefficients and curve fitting equations were then compared and discussed with related parameters,such as velocities and thicknesses.Velocity and thickness were found to be related to the strain signal patterns,curve fitting equations and I-kaz coefficients.The equations developed using this method had R2 values greater than 97.7%.Finally,the constructed equations were determined to be suitable for evaluating Charpy impact strain signal patterns and obtaining additional information on fracture processes under impact loading.

Virtual strain loading method for low temperature cohesive failure of asphalt binder

Cohesive failure is one of the primary reasons for low-temperature cracking in asphalt pavements.Understanding the micro-level mechanism is crucial for comprehending cohesive failure behavior.However,previous literature has not fully reported on this aspect.Moreover,there has been insufficient attention given to the correlation between macroscopic and microscopic failures.To address these issues,this study employed molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the low-temperature tensile behavior of asphalt binder.By applying virtual strain,the separation work during asphalt binder tensile failure was calculated.Additionally,a correlation between macroscopic and microscopic tensile behaviors was established.Specifically,a quadrilateral asphalt binder model was generated based on SARA fractions.By applying various combinations of virtual strain loading,the separation work at tensile failure was determined.Furthermore,the impact of strain loading combinations on separation work was analyzed.Normalization was employed to establish the correlation between macroscopic and microscopic tensile behaviors.The results indicated that thermodynamic and classical mechanical indicators validated the reliability of the tetragonal asphalt binder model.The strain loading combination consists of strain rate and loading number.All strain loading combinations exhibited the similar tensile failure characteristic.The critical separation strain was hardly influenced by strain loading combination.However,increasing strain rate significantly enhanced both the maximum traction stress and separation work of the asphalt binder.An increment in the loading number led to a decrease in separation work.The virtual strain combination of 0.5%-80 provided a more accurate representation of the actual asphalt's tensile behavior trend.

ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

Numerical simulation of the stress-strain curve and the stress and strain distributions of the titanium-duplex alloy

The stress-strain curve of an α-β Ti-8Mn alloy was measured and then it was calculated with finite element method （FEM） based on the stress-strain curves of the single α and β phase alloys. By comparing the calculated stress-strain curve with the measured one, it can be seen that they fit each other very well. Thus, the FE model built in this work is effective. According to the above mentioned model, the distributions of stress and strain in the α and β phases were simulated. The results show that the stress gradients exist in both α and β phases, and the distributions of stress are inhomogeneous. The stress inside the phase is generally higher than that near the interface. Meanwhile, the stress in the α phase is lower than that in the β phase, whereas the strain in the α phase is higher than that in the β phase.

Spalling characteristics of high-temperature treated granitic rock at different strain rates

The dynamic spalling characteristics of rock are important for stability analysis in rock engineering.This paper presented an experimental investigation on the dynamic spalling characteristics of granite with different temperatures and strain rates.A series of dynamic spalling tests with different impact velocities were conducted on thermally treated granite at different temperatures.The dynamic spalling strengths of granite with different temperatures and strain rates were determined.A model was proposed to correlate the dynamic spalling strength of granite,high temperature and strain rate.The results show that the spalling strength of granite decreases with increasing temperature.Moreover,the spalling strength of granite with a higher strain rate is larger than that with a lower strain rate.The proposed model can describe the relationship among dynamic spalling strength of granite,high temperature and strain rate.

Bending Failure Mode and Prediction Method of the Compressive Strain Capacity of A Submarine Pipeline with Dent Defects

A dent is a common type of defects for submarine pipeline.For submarine pipelines,high hydrostatic pressure and internal pressure are the main loads.Once pipelines bend due to complex subsea conditions,the compression strain capacity may be exceeded.Research into the local buckling failure and accurate prediction of the compressive strain capacity are important.A finite element model of a pipeline with a dent is established.Local buckling failure under a bending moment is investigated,and the compressive strain capacity is calculated.The effects of different parameters on pipeline local buckling are analyzed.The results show that the dent depth,external pressure and internal pressure lead to different local buckling failure modes of the pipeline.A higher internal pressure indicates a larger compressive strain capacity,and the opposite is true for external pressure.When the ratio of external pressure to collapse pressure of intact pipeline is greater than 0.1,the deeper the dent,the greater the compressive strain capacity of the pipeline.And as the ratio is less than 0.1,the opposite is true.On the basis of these results,a regression equation for predicting the compressive strain capacity of a dented submarine pipeline is proposed,which can be referred to during the integrity assessment of a submarine pipeline.

Dynamic failure process of expanded polystyrene particle lightweight soil under cyclic loading using discrete element method

Expanded polystyrene(EPS)particle-based lightweight soil,which is a type of lightweight filler,is mainly used in road engineering.The stability of subgrades under dynamic loading is attracting increased research attention.The traditional method for studying the dynamic strength characteristics of soils is dynamic triaxial testing,and the discrete element simulation of lightweight soils under cyclic load has rarely been considered.To study the meso-mechanisms of the dynamic failure processes of EPS particle lightweight soils,a discrete element numerical model is established using the particle flow code(PFC)software.The contact force,displacement field,and velocity field of lightweight soil under different cumulative compressive strains are studied.The results show that the hysteresis curves of lightweight soil present characteristics of strain accumulation,which reflect the cyclic effects of the dynamic load.When the confining pressure increases,the contact force of the particles also increases.The confining pressure can restrain the motion of the particle system and increase the dynamic strength of the sample.When the confining pressure is held constant,an increase in compressive strain causes minimal change in the contact force between soil particles.However,the contact force between the EPS particles decreases,and their displacement direction points vertically toward the center of the sample.Under an increase in compressive strain,the velocity direction of the particle system changes from a random distribution and points vertically toward the center of the sample.When the compressive strain is 5%,the number of particles deflected in the particle velocity direction increases significantly,and the cumulative rate of deformation in the lightweight soil accelerates.Therefore,it is feasible to use 5%compressive strain as the dynamic strength standard for lightweight soil.Discrete element methods provide a new approach toward the dynamic performance evaluation of lightweight soil subgrades.

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.