Correlation analysis of longitudinal cracks and vertical deformation within asphalt pavement of cold regions

The asphalt pavement longitudinal crack is a common distress in cold regions,resulting from uneven deformation of the subgrade.Analysis of the correlation law between uneven deformation and crack distress is of positive significance for understanding the mechanism of crack initiation,and putting forward treatment measures.In view of the complexity of longitudinal crack inducement and road surface deformation,the grey relational method was used to analyze this relationship.Through long-term monitoring of the vertical deformation data of typical road sections,the vertical deformation law of the pavement surface and its deformation characteristics under the action of temperature field are analyzed.Parameters such as vertical relative deformation,vertical relative deformation rate and vertical differential deformation VDSr were constructed to describe vertical deformation characteristics.Typical distribution characteristics of longitudinal fractures and their length and distribution characteristics are also described.The grey correlation analysis theory was utilized to analyze the relationship between deformation characteristics of sections,cross sections and monitoring points and longitudinal crack characteristics(length and location).The analysis reveals a linear positive correlation or a high correlation between several indicators.This study can provide a deeper understanding of the occurrence and development mechanism of longitudinal cracks in asphalt pavement of cold areas,and give references for the research of road engineering structure,materials and distress prevention.

Influence of relative compaction and degree of saturation on the deformation characteristics of bentonite under freeze-thaw cycles

Bentonite,consisting of clay minerals of the montmorillonite group,has been widely used as an adsorbent and backfill material in nuclear waste disposal and groundwater remediation.It is challenging to use bentonite as a filling material in cold regions since bentonite is highly sensitive to thermal environmental changes,during which its bulk volume and microstructure change significantly.In this study,a series of one-dimensional and three-dimensional freeze-thaw tests were carried out within a closed system to investigate the influencing factors of the deformation of bentonite under freeze-thaw cycles.Results show that the initial soil water content greatly impacts bentonite's deformation during freeze-thaw cycles.For an initial higher degree of saturation(Sr),the expansion caused by the formation of ice lenses has a greater impact than the shrinkage induced by dehydration,ice-cementation,and so on.Conversely,bentonite tends to shrink at a lower degree of saturation during freezing.And the critical degree of saturation that determines bentonite's behavior of frost heave or frost shrinkage seems to be roughly 0.8.As the number of freeze-thaw cycles rises,initially uncompacted bentonite clay becomes more compacted,and initially compacted bentonite clay remains unchanged.

Relationship Between Autogenous Deformation and Internal Relative Humidity of High-strength Expansive Concrete

The relationship between autogenous deformation and internal relative humidity（IRH） of high-strength concrete and high-strength expansive concrete were investigated.The experimental results indicate that,there exists a good linear relationship between autogenous shrinkage and IRH of high-strength concrete but a nonlinear relationship between autogenous deformation and IRH of high-strength expansive concrete with expansive agent.The new autogenous deformation curve can be obtained by transforming the autogenous deformation data of high-strength expansive concrete,and there exists linear relationship between the autogenous deformation and IRH.The concept of ＂critical internal relative humidity＂ was proposed,which is defined as the value of IRH when autogenous deformation is zero,to effectively reflect the autogenous deformation characteristic of expansive concrete.

FORMATION OF THE CRUSTAL MELTING LAYER AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE DEFORMATION OF CONTINENTAL CRUST:AN EXAMPLEFROM SOUTHEAST CHINA

Unlike the magma intrusion model,the in- situ melting hypothesis advanced in the lastdecade regards the upper crustas a closed system,and granite as the resultof the materialswithin system changing from order (protolith) to disorder (melts) and to new order(granite) with the variations of entropy of the system.The various geological and geochemi-cal data from the Mesozoic granitesof southeast China are explained logically and systemical-ly by the hypothesis,concluding that they should be originated from the melting of pro-toliths.According to the hypothesis,melts generated from in- situ melting are of layer- likewithin the crustand batholithsare the protruding parts of the uppersurface of the layer (de-fined as the Melting Interface,MI for short) .On the basis the author tries to discuss thesource of heatfor the Mesozoic crustal melting in southeast China.

VISCOELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL RELATED TO DEFORMATION OF INSECT WING UNDER LOADING IN FLAPPING MOTION

Flexible insect wings deform passively under the periodic loading during flapping flight. The wing flexibility is considered as one of the specific mechanisms on improving insect flight performance. The constitutive relation of the insect wing material plays a key role on the wing deformation, but has not been clearly understood yet. A viscoelastic constitutive relation model was established based on the stress relaxation ex- periment of a dragonfly wing （in vitro）. This model was examined by the finite element analysis of the dynamic deformation response for a model insect wing under the action of the periodical inertial force in flapping. It is revealed that the viscoelastic constitutive relation is rational to characterize the biomaterial property of insect wings in contrast to the elastic one. The amplitude and form of the passive viscoelastic deformation of the wing is evidently dependent on the viscous parameters in the constitutive relation.

Effect of flow stress—strain relation on forming limit of 5754O aluminum alloy

A modified Swift type flow stress—strain relation was presented in order to describe the uniaxial tension test curve reasonably. The FLD-strain （forming limit diagram made up of limit strain） of 5754O aluminum alloy sheet was calculated based on the two flow stress—strain relations using Yld2000-2d yield function. By comparing the theoretical and experimental results, it is found that the calculated FLD-strain based on the modified Swift flow stress—strain relation can reasonably describe the experimental results. However, though the common Voce flow stress—strain relation can describe the deformation behavior during homogenous deformation phase accurately, the FLD-strain calculated based on it is obviously lower than the experimental result. It is concluded that the higher the hardening rate of sheet metal is, the higher the forming limit is. A method for determining the reasonable flow stress—strain relation is recommended for describing the material behavior during inhomogenous phase and the forming limit of sheet metal.

Establishment of a novel constitutive model considering dynamic recrystallization behavior of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy during hot deformation

The hot deformation behavior of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy fabricated by hot compressed sintering was investigated under various conditions of compression tests in the deformation temperature range of 975-1075 °C with 20 °C intervals and the strain rate range of 0.001-1.0 s^-1. Based on the experimental data, a novel constitutive relation combining a series of models was developed, including Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z), DRX critical model and kinetics model. The results show that the hot-deformed activation energy Q is calculated to be 410.172 kJ/mol, the ratio of critical strain (εc) to peak strain (εp) is a constant value of about 0.67. The predicted stress obtained by the established constitutive equations matches well with the true stress from experimental data. Despite large errors occur at the stage where strain rate is 0.1 s^-1 and the values of true strain are less than 0.1, the stage of large strain should be more concerned during plastic forming. Furthermore, the predicting accuracy with the DRX kinetics model was testified by an electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique.

Behaviour of large post-liquefaction deformation in saturated sand-gravel composites

The laboratory tests on the post-liquefaction deformation of saturated sand-gravel composites were performed to investigate the characteristics of stress-strain relation and the dissipation of pore water pressure by the hollow cylinder apparatus. It is found that the stress-strain response and the dissipation process of pore water pressure are composed of three stages, including the low intensive strength stage, the superlinear strength recovery stage and the sublinear strength recovery stage, and the demarcation points of the curve of pore water pressure are lag behind those of the stress-strain response. The comparison results of the behaviour of large post-liquefaction deformation between saturated sand-gravel composites and Nanjing fine sand show that the low intensive strength stage and the superlinear strength recovery stage of saturated sand-gravel composites are shorter while the sublinear strength recovery stage is longer. A stress-strain model and a dissipation model of excess pore water pressure of liquefied sand-gravel composites are established, in which the initial confining pressure and the relative density can be considered synthetically. And it is found that the predicted results by the two models are in good agreement with experimental data.

Reliability Analysis of Numerical Simulation of Sea-Crossing Bridge Deformation Under Wave Forces

To study on the numerical simulation calculation reliability of sea-crossing bridge under complex wave forces,the paper applied GPS deformation monitoring and numerical simulation calculation by researching Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge.The db3 wavelet three-layer decomposition was used on the horizontal movement of the sea-crossing bridge and the wind speed of the waves to analyze their correlation.The complex wave forces value of Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge was loaded on FLAC3D software successfully to make numerical simulation calculation of bridge deformation.Since the accuracy of the GPS deformation monitoring reaches millimeter level,it was used to monitor the exact value of the bridge deformation to judge the reliability of numerical simulation.The relative errors of displacement in X,Y and Z directions were between 33%and 41%through comparison.It could be seen that the numerical simulation error was relatively large,which was mainly due to various environmental factors and the deviation of applied wave forces.However,numerical simulation generally reflects the deformation law of the sea-crossing bridge under complex wave forces,providing an effectively technical support for the safe operation assessment of the sea-crossing bridge.

Main Structural Styles and Deformation Mechanisms in the Northern Sichuan Basin,Southern China

The Triassic Jialingjiang Formation and Leikoupo Formation are characterized by thick salt layers. Three tectono-stratigraphic sequences can be identified according to detachment layers of Lower-Middle Triassic salt beds in the northern Sichuan Basin, i.e. the sub-salt sequence composed of Sinian to the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation, the salt sequence of the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation and Mid-Triassic Leikoupou Formation, and the supra-salt sequence composed of continental clastics of the Upper-Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Jurassic and Cretaceous. A series of specific structural styles, such as intensively deformed belt of basement-involved imbricated thrust belt, basement-involved and salt-detached superimposed deformed belt, buried salt-related detached belt, duplex, piling triangle zone and pop-up, developed in the northern Sichuan Basin. The relatively thin salt beds, associated with the structural deformation of the northern Sichuan Basin, might act as a large decollement layer. The deformation mechanisms in the northern Sichuan Basin included regional compression and shortening, plastic flow and detachment, tectonic upwelling and erosion, gravitational sliding and spreading. The source rocks in the northern Sichuan Basin are strata underlying the salt layer, such as the Cambrian, Silurian and Permian. The structural deformation related to the Triassic salt controlled the styles of traps for hydrocarbon. The formation and development of hydrocarbon traps in the northern Sichuan Basin might have a bearing upon the Lower-Middle Triassic salt sequences which were favorable to the hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. The salt layers in the Lower-Middle Triassic formed the main cap rocks and are favorable for the accumulation and preservation of hydrocarbon.

STUDY OF CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS FOR PSEUDO-ELASTICITY AND SHAPE MEMORY BEHAVIOR

Constitutive relations are given for the description of the deformation behavior of shape memory materials. The deformation is the superposition of the elastic, the thermal and the phase transformation deformation caused by the transformation from one to the other among the high temperature phase, the low temperature phase and the stress induced phase. The phase transformation is controlled by the driving force, i.e., the Gibbs energy difference between the phases.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZATION OF DAMAGE AND THE COMPLETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEOUS BRITTLE ROCK SUBJECTED TO COMPRESSIVE LOADS

A micromechanics-based model is established. The model takes the interaction among sliding cracks into account, and it is able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the localization condition of damage and deformation for brittle rock subjected to compressive loads. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock containing microcracks subjected to compressive loads was obtained. It is showed that the complete stress-strain relation includes linear elasticity,nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop and strain softening.The behavior of rapid stress drop and strain softening is due to localization of deformation and damage. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZATION OF DAMAGE AND THE COMPLETE (STRESS-STRAIN) RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEOUS ROCK UNDER UNIAXIAL TENSILE LOADING

The mechanical behavior of rock under uniaxial tensile loading is different from that of rock under compressive loads. A micromechanics-based model was proposed for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock undergoing irreversible changes of their microscopic structures due to microcrack growth. The complete stress-strain relation including linear elasticity, nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop and strain softening was obtained. The influence of all microcracks with different sizes and orientations were introduced into the constitutive relation by using the probability density function describing the distribution of orientations and the probability density function describing the distribution of sizes. The influence of Weibull distribution describing the distribution of orientations and Rayleigh function describing the distribution of sizes on the constitutive relation were researched. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.

The Correlation Between Dislocations and Vacancy Defects Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

An analysis program for positron annihilation lifetime spectra is only applicable to isolated defects, but is of no use in the presence of defective correlations. Such limitations have long caused problems for positron researchers in their studies of complicated defective systems. In order to solve this problem, we aim to take a semiconductor material, for example, to achieve a credible average lifetime of single crystal silicon under plastic deformation at different temperatures using positron life time spectroscopy. By establishing reasonable positron trapping models with defective correlations and sorting out four lifetime components with multiple parameters, as well as their respective intensities, information is obtained on the positron trapping centers, such as the positron trapping rates of defects, the density of the dislocation lines and correlation between the dislocation lines, and ~he vacancy defects, by fitting with the average lifetime with the aid of Matlab software. These results give strong grounds for the existence of dislocation-vacancy correlation in plastically deformed silicon, and lay a theoretical foundation for the analysis of positron lifetime spectra when the positron trapping model involves dislocation-related defects.

高温下多主元合金的动态变形行为与本构建模

为加速多主元合金在航空工业领域的应用,将航空发动机经常面临的高温高应变率耦合环境作为实验条件,在5种温度下开展了CoCrFeNiMn多主元合金的动态压缩实验和变形后试样的塑性变形机理微观表征。结果表明:在1273 K的高温环境中,多主元合金的动态屈服强度可达200 MPa,表现出较好的耐高温性能;随着动态塑性应变的增加,材料内部出现了晶粒粗化的现象,并且在晶界处具有更高的亚结构孕育能力。此外,量化了不同环境温度下动态塑性变形过程中绝热温升的变化规律,指出了现有动态本构关系对CoCrFeNiMn多主元合金在宽温度域内动态应力-应变关系预测能力的不足。最后,通过解耦分析初始屈服与塑性流动阶段的温度效应,建立了一个指数形式的唯象动态本构方程。该本构方程可用于预测冲击载荷作用下宽温度域内多主元合金的屈服强度和塑性流动规律。

土的压缩模量与变形模量的理论关系

在实际工程中经常用到土的变形模量,由于测试变形模量需要花费较多的时间和费用,故常常通过压缩模量来估算变形模量,但这种估算有很大争议。本文首先指出长期公认的变形模量与压缩模量间的关系式E_(0)=βE_(s)中存在的问题,然后重新推导了它们的关系式E_(0)=β′E_(s),考虑到土的结构性、应力历史条件以及土体扰动,最后建立了一种新的变形模量与压缩模量的关系式E_(0)=αE_(s)。

高熵合金热变形行为研究进展

高熵合金颠覆了传统合金以一、两种元素为主的设计思想,其多主元和高混合熵的设计理念赋予了其高强、高韧、耐蚀、耐高温和抗氧化等优异的性能,已成为新型高性能结构材料领域的一个研究热点。高熵合金研发必然要走向工程应用,热加工是其中进一步调控组织性能的重要途径,表征热加工性能的热变形行为是一个新的研究重点和热点。本文从高熵合金热变形研究的现状出发,首先,将高熵合金按相结构进行分类总结,介绍其热变形本构关系和流变应力预测模型。然后,分析FCC,FCC+BCC和BCC结构高熵合金的热变形组织演变,系统综述热变形过程中的变形机制和再结晶机制。最后,强调了高熵合金热变形研究所面临的挑战,并对其未来研究方向提出以下建议:建立基于高熵合金物理性质的本构关系和结构特征的再结晶模型;加强不同制备工艺条件下和复杂载荷作用下的热变形行为研究,突破高熵合金关键制备工艺。

橡胶混凝土与变形钢筋黏结性能试验研究

共设计制作9组试件,对钢筋内贴应变片的试件进行拉拔试验,系统研究了橡胶体积取代率、钢筋直径、锚固长度对变形钢筋与橡胶混凝土黏结性能的影响。观察了试件破坏形态并通过计算得出试件极限黏结应力和滑移量,得到了不同因素下黏结应力、相对滑移分布规律以及不同锚固位置处的黏结应力-滑移曲线。建立了考虑橡胶体积取代率下变形钢筋与橡胶混凝土黏结应力-滑移本构关系模型;通过对相同滑移值下不同位置(距自由端距离)处黏结应力的量纲一化处理,得到了不同橡胶体积取代率下的变形钢筋与橡胶混凝土的黏结位置函数。结果表明:橡胶体积取代率增加,极限黏结应力减小,对应加载端滑移量先增加后减少;钢筋直径、锚固长度增大均会导致极限黏结应力减小,对应加载端滑移量减少;对比各位置处黏结应力-滑移曲线发现,橡胶体积取代率增加、钢筋直径及锚固长度增大均会加剧黏结应力的不均匀分布;相对滑移量会随着橡胶体积取代率增加而增加,随着钢筋直径、锚固长度的增大而减少。

Cu-3.27Ti合金热变形行为及组织演变过程

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机,在变形温度为750~900℃、应变速率为0.1~10.0 s-1的条件下对铸态Cu-3.27Ti合金进行热压缩模拟试验;在此基础上构建Cu-3.27Ti合金高温本构关系模型、绘制热加工图,研究热变形温度、应变速度对Cu-3.27Ti合金热变形行为和组织演变过程的影响,优化其热变形工艺参数。结果表明:建立的高温本构关系模型可较好地表征Cu-3.27Ti合金变形温度、应变速率以及流变应力之间的关系,热加工图显示合金存在1个功率耗散峰值区和2个流变失稳区,功率耗散峰值约0.27,对应的变形条件为900℃,功率耗散峰值区与失稳区不重叠,理论上900℃条件下Cu-3.27Ti合金的热加工性能较好;变形温度和应变速率对Cu-3.27Ti合金微观组织动态再结晶比例和再结晶晶粒平均直径均有明显影响,两者均随变形温度和应变速率的升高而上升,当组织完全再结晶后变形温度和应变速率对晶粒平均直径的影响更显著;Cu-3.27Ti合金在750℃变形时细小的再结晶晶粒呈链状分布于初始晶粒周围,呈现出流变失稳特征,变形条件为900℃/10.0 s^(-1)时,合金的微观组织完全再结晶且晶粒比较细小均匀,比较适于进行热加工。

塑性变形对低合金钢拉伸性能的影响

对10CrNi3MoV低合金结构钢进行不同塑性变形处理和时效热处理,对试样进行拉伸试验,研究塑性变形处理和时效热处理对材料拉伸性能的影响规律,建立塑性变形量与材料拉伸参数之间的关系模型,并对试样的断口形貌进行观察。结果表明:随着塑性变形率的增大,材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度逐渐增大,断后伸长率和最大力总延伸率逐渐降低,纤维区产生的裂纹尺寸先增大后减小,不同塑性变形处理后试样的断裂形式均为韧性断裂;随着时效温度的升高,材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,最大力总延伸率不断增大;建立了塑性变形量与材料拉伸参数之间的关系模型,可用于预测不同塑性变形后材料的拉伸性能。