Energy conversion of rocks in process of unloading confining pressure under different unloading paths

Based on energy theory and tests of rocks with initial confining pressures of 10, 20 and 30 MPa under different unloading paths, the processes of strain energy conversion were investigated. The absorbing strain energy for axial compression, the dissipating strain energy for plastic deformation and cracks propagation, the expending strain energy for circumferential deformation, and the storing and releasing elastic strain energy were considered. Unloading paths included the condition of fixing axial pressure and unloading axial pressure, increasing axial pressure and unloading confining pressure, as well as unloading axial pressure and confining pressure simultaneously. Results show that expending strain energy for circumferential deformation has mainly evolved from absorbing strain energy for axial compression in three unloading paths during unloading processes. Dissipating strain energy is significantly increased only near the peak point. The effect of initial confining pressure on strain energy is significantly higher than that of unloading path. The strain energy is linearly increased with increasing initial confining pressure. The unloading path and initial confining pressure also have great influence on the energy dissipation. The conversion rate of strain energy in three paths is increased with increasing initial confining pressure, and the effect of initial confining pressure on conversion rate of strain energy is related with the unloading paths.

Mechanical behavior of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading under hydromechanical coupling

This paper investigates mechanical behaviours of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading subjected to hydromechanical coupling effect, confirming the peak and residual strengths reduction laws of sandstone with water pressure, and revealing the influence of water pressure on the upper limit stress and deformation characteristics of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading.Regarding the rock strength, the experimental study confirms that the peak strength σ_(p) and residual strength σ_(r) decrease as water pressure P increases. Especially, the normalized strength parameters σ_(p)/σ_(pk) and σ_(r)/σ_(re) was negatively and linearly correlated with the P/σ_(3). Moreover, the Hoek-Brown strength criterion can be applied to describe the relationship between effective peak strength and effective confining stress. During post-peak cyclic loading and unloading, both the upper limit stress σ_(p(i)) and crack damage threshold stress σ_(cd(i)) of each cycle tend to decrease with the increasing cycle number. A hysteresis loop exists among the loading and unloading stress–strain curves, indicating the unloading deformation modulus E_(unload) is larger than the loading deformation modulus E_(load). Based on experimental results,a post-peak strength prediction model related to water pressure and plastic shear strain is established.

Compressive and Sealing Characteristics of PTFE under Cyclic Loading-unloading

Compressive and sealing characteristics of PTFE under cyclic loading-unloading at room temperature are studied in order to evaluate the cyclic sealing performance of control valve comprehensively. The unloading characteristics are different from the loading ones, therefore there is hysteresis between the unloading and loading curves. Compressive hysteresis is the main factor that causes sealing hysteresis. The leakage rate of PTFE complies with the power law before it enters the relatively stable region. Lastly, the effect of working pressure on the compressive and sealing characteristics is discussed. The experimental results show that the working pressure has little effect on compressive deformation but has a great influence on leakage rate.

An innovative test method for mechanical properties of sandstone under instantaneous unloading confining pressure

With the increase of underground engineering construction depth,the phenomenon of surrounding rock sudden failure caused by supporting structure failure occurs frequently.The conventional unloading con-fining pressure(CUCP)test cannot simulate the plastic yielding and instantaneous unloading process of supporting structure to rock.Thus,a high stress loading-instantaneous unloading confining pressure(HSL-IUCP)test method was proposed and applied by considering bolt’s fracture under stress.The wall thickness of confining pressure plates and the material of bolts were changed to realize different confin-ing pressure loading stiffness(CPLS)and lateral maximum allowable deformation(LMAD).The superio-rity of HSL-ICPU method is verified compared with CUCP.The rock failure mechanism caused by sudden failure of supporting structure is obtained.The results show that when CPLS increases from 1.35 to 2.33 GN/m,rock’s peak strength and elastic modulus increase by 25.18%and 23.70%,respectively.The fracture characteristics change from tensile failure to tensile-shear mixed failure.When LMAD decreases from 0.40 to 0.16 mm,rock’s residual strength,peak strain,and residual strain decrease by 91.80%,16.94%,and 21.92%,respectively,and post-peak drop modulus increases by 140.47%.The test results obtained by this method are closer to rock’s real mechanical response characteristics compared with CUCP.

Coefficients of earth pressure at rest in thick and deep soils

The effect of test methods and stress paths on the experimental value of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, K0, was investigated under high pressures. The results indicate that the rigid pressure chamber and flexible lateral confining pressure medium method gives a stress ratio at the initial stage that is not the real K0. Moreover, K0 increases during the loading process becoming greater at high pressures. In the unloading process, however, K0 increases only at the initial stage but decreases thereafter. In addition, the incremental magnitude definition, K0=dσ3/dσ1, gives higher values than the total magnitude definition, K0=σ3/σ1, under loading. This is also true during initial stages of unloading. The experiment results also indicate that earth pressure at rest in deep and thick soils can be estimated by a power function of axial and confining pressures. It is necessary to choose the appropriate Kn to avoid some accidents.

Vibration pore water pressure characteristics of saturated fine sand under partially drained condition

Vibration pore water pressure characteristics of saturated fine sand under partially drained condition were investigated through stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests employed varied fine content of samples and loading frequency. In order to simulate the partially drained condition, one-way drainage for sample was implemented when cyclic loading was applied. The results show that the vibration pore water pressure's response leads the axial stress and axial strain responses, and is lagged behind or simultaneous with axial strain-rate's response for all samples in this research. In addition, the satisfactory linear relationship between vibration pore water pressure amplitude and axial strain-rate amplitude is also obtained. It means that the direct cause of vibration pore water pressure generation under partially drained conditions is not the axial stress or axial strain but the axial strain-rate. The lag-phase between pore water pressure and axial strain-rate increases with the increase of the fine content or the loading frequency.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF LOAD-UNIFORMING MANGLE ROLLERS WITH AXIALLY-STAGGERED CONTACT

It is desirable to get a uniform load distribution for the pressure rollers of the mangle.In thispaper,the load uniforming principle of the axially-staggered pressure rollers and the rules for theroller design have been analysed by the theory of bending of beams.The ratio of maximum tominimum value of the distributed load in the nip being taken as a useful index to describe the uni-formity of the load distribution,the performance of the so-called load-uniforming pressure rollerswith rubber covering,under various operation conditions,has been evaluated.As a result,it isproved that the load-uniforming pressure rollers with axially-staggered contact is a pratically use-ful means of uniformizing the load distribution,which ensures that the mangle will squeeze the ma-terial to be processed uniformly over its whole width under any technological load,and needs onlysome simple regulations.The conclusions obtained in this paper can easily be extended to the pressure rollers with anysupport conditions.

Finite element analyses of Wanjiazhai water transmission tunnel excavation and service

This paper is devoted to the nonlinear stress and strain analysis oftunneling and working conditions of Wanjiazhai Division Project No.7 Tunnel in Shanxi province ofChina. The initial geological stress of loess was simulated by grading fill; the theory of unloadingproposed by Duncan and boundary stress of elasticity were used to calculate the excavation of thetunnel; Goodman joint elements were applied to simulate the joints of the liners; both loading andunloading tests have been performed to determine the parameters of Duncan-Chang's model and thecalculated results were compared; Terzaghi' s theory on loosening earth pressure was applied. Manyworking conditions were analyzed and some reasonable results were obtained. Based on the analyses,reparative measures were proposed and completed. The tunnel has functioned well since October, 2001.

Failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body with a weak coal interlayer

Using an MTS 815 testing machine,the deformation and failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body containing a weak coal interlayer has been investigated and described in this paper.Uniaxial loading leads to the appearance of mixed cracks in the coal body which induce instability and lead to bursts in coal.If the mixed crack propagates at a sufficiently high speed to carry enough energy to damage the roof rock,then coal and rock bursts may occur-this is the main mechanism whereby coal bumps or coal and rock bursts occur after excavation unloading.With increasing confining pressure,the failure strength of a rock-coal-rock combined body gradually increases,and the failure mechanism of the coal interlayer also changes,from mixed crack damage under low confining pressures,to parallel crack damage under medium confining pressures,and finally to single shear crack damage or integral mixed section damage under high confining pressures.In general,it is shown that a weak coal interlayer changes the form of overall coal damage in a rock-coal-rock combined body and reduces the overall stability of a coal body.Therefore,the whole failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body in large cutting height working faces is controlled by these mechanisms.

Experimental Study on Seepage Characteristics of a Soil-Rock Mixture in a Fault Zone

A mixture of fault gouge and rubble taken out from a fault zone is used to prepare a S-RM(Soil-Rock Mixture)sample with rock block proportions of 20%,30%,40%,50%,60%and 70%,respectively.A GDS triaxial test system is used accordingly to measure the seepage characteristics of such samples under different loading and unloading confining pressures in order to determine the variation law of the permeability coefficient.The test results show that:(1)The permeability coefficient of the S-RM samples decreases as the pressure increases,and the decrease rate of this coefficient in the initial stage of confining pressure loading is obviously higher than in the semi-late period;(2)The permeability coefficient at different confining pressure levels presents a common trend as the rock block proportion is increased,i.e.,it decreases first then it increases(the permeability coefficient of the sample with rock block proportion 40%being the smallest,70%the largest);(3)In the stage of confining pressure unloading,the recovery degree of the permeability coefficient grows with the increase of rock block proportion(the recovery rate of S-RM sample with rock block proportion 70%reaches 50.2%);(4)In the stage of confining pressure loading and unloading,the sensitivity of the permeability coefficient to the rock block proportion displays the inverse“Z”variation rule(when rock block proportion reaches 60%,the sensitivity is highest);(5)In the stage of confining pressure loading,the relationship between the permeability coefficient and confining pressure can be described by an exponential relationship.

各向异性层状千枚岩渗透率及有效孔隙率试验研究

采用岩石全自动三轴伺服仪和气体渗透装置,对一种致密的各向异性层状千枚岩开展了气体渗透率及有效孔隙率试验,研究常规三轴压缩和围压循环加卸载2种应力路径下,气体渗透率、有效孔隙率随层理倾角及偏应力的演化规律。结果表明:围压相同时,岩样的初始气体渗透率k0随着层理倾角β的增大呈“W”型变化,在β=45°时取最大值;在围压循环加卸载过程中,气体渗透率先随围压的加载而减小,后随围压的卸载而增大,卸载时的气体渗透率小于加载时的渗透率;层状千枚岩有效孔隙率和气体渗透率呈指数关系;平行于层理方向的气体渗透率远大于垂直于层理方向的气体渗透率;岩样有效孔隙率和气体渗透率随偏应力变化经历初始压密阶段、线弹性阶段和塑性变形阶段,随着偏应力的增大,岩样有效孔隙率和气体渗透率先减小,接着保持稳定,最后快速增大,并在岩样应力-应变曲线斜率接近于0时达到最大值。

高渗压与循环加卸载环境下开挖卸荷岩体力学特性试验研究

探究高渗压与循环加卸载环境下深部开挖卸荷岩体力学特性的演化规律,有助于揭示复合荷载作用下工程开挖卸荷围岩的变形破坏机理。从区分开挖扰动强度与渗压量级入手,以高渗压环境下遭受开挖扰动的卸荷岩体为对象,开展了考虑特定孔压与循环荷载复合作用条件下的三轴加卸载试验。结果表明:(1)卸荷量级直接影响循环加卸载过程岩样的变形规律及其破坏强度,孔隙水压促进了岩样循环加卸载过程的拉剪破坏;(2)孔压增幅加剧了同量级卸荷岩样循环加卸载过程的延性变形及强度衰减,且卸荷岩样的轴向、环向与体积变形曲线均在2MPa孔压时产生波动;(3)伴随孔压增加,岩样卸荷量级为30%时的环向变形呈先增加后减小的趋势,而岩样卸荷量级为60%时的环向变形呈现先减小后增加的规律;(4)伴随卸荷量级与孔压增加,岩样破坏时端部裂隙的倾角逐渐增大,沿岩样轴向产生的拉剪破裂面愈加凸显。

分级循环卸-加围压下粉砂岩的力学特征

针对不同的实际工程,开展不同应力路径的试验来研究岩体的力学特性是解决实际问题的关键。为研究粉砂岩在围压循环卸-加载特殊应力路径下的力学特征,采用MTS815岩石力学测试系统开展不同轴力水平下分级循环卸-加载围压试验,研究不同轴力水平下轴、环向塑性应变及弹性模量的演化特征,并结合耗散能量的计算,分析能量演化与试件变形破坏之间的关系。结果表明:随着循环次数的增加,滞回环向应变增大方向移动,卸-加围压下应力-应变曲线逐渐闭合,滞回环间距整体表现为由“疏”到“密”的变化特征;单一变量时,围压卸载等级越低弹性模量越低,轴力水平越低弹性模量越高,弹性模量受轴力水平和围压卸载等级两种参量共同作用;单次循环中环向塑性应变在数值上总是大于对应的轴向塑性应变,循环卸-加围压特殊应力路径下,高轴力水平下岩石抵抗塑性变形的能力要强于低轴力水平;岩石破坏最终所耗散的总能量与轴力水平一定程度上呈线性正相关。

活动门试验中土压力盒标定方法

为确保活动门试验结果的准确性,根据试验填土深度的不同,对一批相同型号的电阻式土压力盒进行了垂直方向上的分级加载和卸载标定,并考虑标定装置内壁摩擦力影响,修正了作用在土压力盒上的有效加载和卸载应力。通过对加卸载过程进行离散元模拟,证明有效加载和卸应力修正方法较为合理。标定试验结果表明,加载过程中微应变量-有效应力曲线呈线性变化,可使用线性函数拟合;卸载过程中微应变量-有效应力曲线存在明显的滞后现象,且滞后程度随有效加载应力的增大而增大,可使用单指数曲线拟合。标定土压力盒后,开展了填土试验,结果表明土压力盒不宜在压力过小或填土深度过小时使用。

进口导叶载荷分配对小型高压轴流风扇气动性能的影响研究

目的针对小型高压轴流风扇气动性能的优化设计,提出对进口导叶与动叶不同载荷分配进行研究,寻找合适的分配规律以达到气动性能优化的目的。方法根据进口导叶与动叶分配的不同载荷比,设计相应的进口导叶预旋角度、动叶安装角,利用Pro-e三维建模软件建立风扇模型,并通过数值模拟,采用ICEM进行网格划分,在Fluent求解器中选择合适的控制方程与边界条件进行计算,对不同风扇模型的气动特性、压力分布、速度分布、湍动能分布及内部流场进行研究分析。结果在小型高压轴流风扇设计中,进口导叶因负偏转而承担的载荷不同,对风扇气动性能影响较大。进口导叶气流预旋角在30°~50°区间内变化时,在设计工况附近,进口导叶负预旋偏转角越小,即设计载荷比例越小,风扇整体压力系数则越高。在设计运行工况点,5种风扇模型的压力系数差异可达9.54%,全压效率相差2.49%;当气流预旋角度大于30°时,即设计载荷比例ξ超过32%时,高负荷轴流风扇压力系数从0.332逐步下降到0.303,全压效率也呈下降趋势。结论当进口导叶气流预旋角度控制在30°以内时,叶片中后部压力梯度较小,圆周方向上的速度梯度减小,叶片尾缘处的附面层分离得到改善,气体流动平稳,降低了动叶进口的气流畸变,有效控制了进口导叶与动叶之间的流动损失。

液氮冻融对饱水煤体力学特性的影响

利用基于图像测量技术的新型高围压三轴可视测量系统对不同预处理和围压下的煤样进行三轴加卸荷实验.结果表明,在围压3、6、9 MPa时,液氮冻融煤样相较于干燥煤样抗压强度分别下降0.29%、33.93%、91.09%,经饱水后再用液氮冻融处理的煤样内部结构损伤更严重,脆性增加.液氮冻融煤样的轴向、径向、体应变值均小于干燥煤样,围压卸载实验的体应变大于轴压加载实验,饱水后再用液氮冻融处理及围压卸载的方式对煤样的致裂增透效果更好.液氮冻融处理后的煤样端面最大裂隙宽度增加220.83%,盒维数增加43.9%,实验后不能保持原有形状,呈块状与粉末状结合体.饱水后再用液氮冻融处理的煤样裂隙发育,内部结构损伤严重.

考虑轴向变形下的细长压杆屈曲分析

用简化弹性力学方法建立了轴压下细长压杆的屈曲微分方程,推导出了轴压下细长压杆的挠曲线方程及屈曲载荷公式。研究结果表明:在轴向压力作用下,轴向压力小于或等于屈曲载荷时,压杆始终是保持直线状态。当考虑细长压杆轴向变形时,利用线性屈曲微分方程,可以确定细长压杆的中点挠度。当细长压杆表面没有孔洞且为整体连续时,剪切变形对屈曲载荷的影响可以忽略不计。对于格构式细长压杆的屈曲载荷,剪切变形的影响较大,不能忽略剪切变形对屈曲载荷的影响。

基于伯格斯混杂接触的砂质泥岩加轴压卸围压蠕变细观研究

为了探究不同轴-围增卸比下深部软岩蠕变特性和失稳规律,利用颗粒流程序(PFC^(2D))进行二次开发,并引入一种伯格斯-平行黏结混杂接触,建立了不同开采条件下砂质泥岩细观蠕变模型,基于已有砂质泥岩常规三轴压缩和加轴压卸围压蠕变试验验证了细观模型的可靠性,并在此基础上开展了不同加轴压卸围压蠕变应力路径下砂质泥岩细观蠕变特性及能量演化规律研究。研究结果表明:3种轴-围增卸比下砂质泥岩应力-应变曲线均表现为应变硬化特征,峰值偏应力与总裂纹数随轴-围增卸比的增大而增大;设计了3种不同加轴压卸围压细观蠕变应力路径,在相同围压及其卸载速率下,随轴-围增卸比的增大,加速蠕变失稳阶段历时快速减少,轴-径应变极值的差值逐渐增大,且同阶段的轴向稳态蠕变速率也增大;随蠕变时间的增长,放顶煤和无煤柱开采的伯格斯接触占比呈先增加而后减小,保护层开采则呈先缓降后快速减小,且在同蠕变时间时,伯格斯接触占比与线性接触占比均随轴-围增卸比的增加而增长,平行黏结接触占比随轴-围增卸比的增加而下降;在相同围压及其卸载蠕变速率下,卸荷前砂质泥岩总能量以弹性能为主,卸荷后耗散能占主导地位,弹性能耗比初始阶段随轴应变的增加而呈非线性快速增长,后在前3个蠕变阶段呈“锯齿状”缓慢下降至加速蠕变阶段起始点,而后以较大速率突增,且增长速率随轴-围增卸比的增大而逐渐减小。

负载下高强螺栓加固H型钢轴压构件有限元分析

为研究负载状态下高强螺栓连接加固十字形钢柱的力学性能,建立了2种不同失稳模态加固构件的有限元模型。通过ABAQUS有限元模拟,并考虑结构构件的残余应力以及初始几何变形的因素,确定合理的螺栓间距,对不同的初始应力以及长细比状态下的加固构件极限承载能力进行了分析。结果表明:当螺栓间距与柱长之比达到1/10时,高强螺栓能够起到很好的连接效果;随着初始应力比以及长细比增大,加固构件的极限承载能力逐渐降低,对承载能力产生不利的影响;承载能力减折系数会随初始应力的增大而减小,但随着长细比的增大在一定范围内呈上升趋势,这表明长细比会影响加固构件的刚度;推导出初始应力比、长细比以及承载能力折减系数的函数关系式,可为未来加固构件的计算提供参考。

巨型水电机组液压系统压油泵频繁加卸载原因分析及处理

水轮机调速系统是水电站的主要设备之一,是不可缺少的组成部分。其中液压系统作为调速系统的动力源,其可靠性和稳定性直接关系到调速系统的安全性。压油泵频繁出现加卸载现象会影响液压系统的可靠性和安全性。本文阐述了实际运行中出现的压油泵频繁加卸载现象,并从油压装置、电气调节两方面压油泵频繁加卸载的原因进行了详细的分析。结合机组趋势分析历史数据、现场压油泵的状态以及调速器控制柜触摸屏的数据,对压油泵频繁加卸载的原因进行了定位。根据故障定位,提出造成压油泵频繁加卸载现象的解决方案。