Mechanical behavior of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading under hydromechanical coupling

This paper investigates mechanical behaviours of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading subjected to hydromechanical coupling effect, confirming the peak and residual strengths reduction laws of sandstone with water pressure, and revealing the influence of water pressure on the upper limit stress and deformation characteristics of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading.Regarding the rock strength, the experimental study confirms that the peak strength σ_(p) and residual strength σ_(r) decrease as water pressure P increases. Especially, the normalized strength parameters σ_(p)/σ_(pk) and σ_(r)/σ_(re) was negatively and linearly correlated with the P/σ_(3). Moreover, the Hoek-Brown strength criterion can be applied to describe the relationship between effective peak strength and effective confining stress. During post-peak cyclic loading and unloading, both the upper limit stress σ_(p(i)) and crack damage threshold stress σ_(cd(i)) of each cycle tend to decrease with the increasing cycle number. A hysteresis loop exists among the loading and unloading stress–strain curves, indicating the unloading deformation modulus E_(unload) is larger than the loading deformation modulus E_(load). Based on experimental results,a post-peak strength prediction model related to water pressure and plastic shear strain is established.

Compressive and Sealing Characteristics of PTFE under Cyclic Loading-unloading

Compressive and sealing characteristics of PTFE under cyclic loading-unloading at room temperature are studied in order to evaluate the cyclic sealing performance of control valve comprehensively. The unloading characteristics are different from the loading ones, therefore there is hysteresis between the unloading and loading curves. Compressive hysteresis is the main factor that causes sealing hysteresis. The leakage rate of PTFE complies with the power law before it enters the relatively stable region. Lastly, the effect of working pressure on the compressive and sealing characteristics is discussed. The experimental results show that the working pressure has little effect on compressive deformation but has a great influence on leakage rate.

An innovative test method for mechanical properties of sandstone under instantaneous unloading confining pressure

With the increase of underground engineering construction depth,the phenomenon of surrounding rock sudden failure caused by supporting structure failure occurs frequently.The conventional unloading con-fining pressure(CUCP)test cannot simulate the plastic yielding and instantaneous unloading process of supporting structure to rock.Thus,a high stress loading-instantaneous unloading confining pressure(HSL-IUCP)test method was proposed and applied by considering bolt’s fracture under stress.The wall thickness of confining pressure plates and the material of bolts were changed to realize different confin-ing pressure loading stiffness(CPLS)and lateral maximum allowable deformation(LMAD).The superio-rity of HSL-ICPU method is verified compared with CUCP.The rock failure mechanism caused by sudden failure of supporting structure is obtained.The results show that when CPLS increases from 1.35 to 2.33 GN/m,rock’s peak strength and elastic modulus increase by 25.18%and 23.70%,respectively.The fracture characteristics change from tensile failure to tensile-shear mixed failure.When LMAD decreases from 0.40 to 0.16 mm,rock’s residual strength,peak strain,and residual strain decrease by 91.80%,16.94%,and 21.92%,respectively,and post-peak drop modulus increases by 140.47%.The test results obtained by this method are closer to rock’s real mechanical response characteristics compared with CUCP.

Coefficients of earth pressure at rest in thick and deep soils

The effect of test methods and stress paths on the experimental value of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, K0, was investigated under high pressures. The results indicate that the rigid pressure chamber and flexible lateral confining pressure medium method gives a stress ratio at the initial stage that is not the real K0. Moreover, K0 increases during the loading process becoming greater at high pressures. In the unloading process, however, K0 increases only at the initial stage but decreases thereafter. In addition, the incremental magnitude definition, K0=dσ3/dσ1, gives higher values than the total magnitude definition, K0=σ3/σ1, under loading. This is also true during initial stages of unloading. The experiment results also indicate that earth pressure at rest in deep and thick soils can be estimated by a power function of axial and confining pressures. It is necessary to choose the appropriate Kn to avoid some accidents.

Finite element analyses of Wanjiazhai water transmission tunnel excavation and service

This paper is devoted to the nonlinear stress and strain analysis oftunneling and working conditions of Wanjiazhai Division Project No.7 Tunnel in Shanxi province ofChina. The initial geological stress of loess was simulated by grading fill; the theory of unloadingproposed by Duncan and boundary stress of elasticity were used to calculate the excavation of thetunnel; Goodman joint elements were applied to simulate the joints of the liners; both loading andunloading tests have been performed to determine the parameters of Duncan-Chang's model and thecalculated results were compared; Terzaghi' s theory on loosening earth pressure was applied. Manyworking conditions were analyzed and some reasonable results were obtained. Based on the analyses,reparative measures were proposed and completed. The tunnel has functioned well since October, 2001.

Failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body with a weak coal interlayer

Using an MTS 815 testing machine,the deformation and failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body containing a weak coal interlayer has been investigated and described in this paper.Uniaxial loading leads to the appearance of mixed cracks in the coal body which induce instability and lead to bursts in coal.If the mixed crack propagates at a sufficiently high speed to carry enough energy to damage the roof rock,then coal and rock bursts may occur-this is the main mechanism whereby coal bumps or coal and rock bursts occur after excavation unloading.With increasing confining pressure,the failure strength of a rock-coal-rock combined body gradually increases,and the failure mechanism of the coal interlayer also changes,from mixed crack damage under low confining pressures,to parallel crack damage under medium confining pressures,and finally to single shear crack damage or integral mixed section damage under high confining pressures.In general,it is shown that a weak coal interlayer changes the form of overall coal damage in a rock-coal-rock combined body and reduces the overall stability of a coal body.Therefore,the whole failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body in large cutting height working faces is controlled by these mechanisms.

In Situ Experiments on Supporting Load Effect of Large-span Deep Tunnels in Hard Rock

A section of the Nanliang high speed railway tunnel on Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan high-speed passenger railway line in China was instrumented and studied for its mechanical properties and performances. The cross section for the tunnel was300 m2and is classified as the largest cross section for railway tunnels in China. Through in situ experimental studies, mechanistic properties of the tunnel were identified, including the surrounding rock pressure, convergences along tunnel perimeter and safety of primary support and lining structure.Based on the field measured data, the surrounding rock pressure demand for large-span deep tunnel in hard rock is recommended as double peak type in the vertical direction and fold line type was recommended for horizontal pressure. The results suggested that Promojiyfakonov's theory was most close to the monitored value. Specific recommendations were also generated for the use of bolts in tunnel structures.Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the safety of the tunnel and it confirmed that the current design can satisfy the requirement of the current code.

Unsymmetrical load effect of geologically inclined bedding strata on tunnels of passenger dedicated lines

In order to study the unsymmetrical load effect in geological bedding strata for the Muzhailing tunnel on the Lanzhou-Chongqing passenger dedicated line in China, we investigated the deformation, mechanical response and pressure of the surrounding rock and the mechanical characteristics of bolts of the tunnel. The results suggest that open zones appear at arch and invert where joints open up, when layered stratum is horizontal, or when the dip angle of in- clined bedding is small. Open zones occur perpendicular to a joint. The failure mode is bending disjunction at the arch tain shear displacement, and lead to obvious geological bedding unsymmetrical load. The failure mode is shear damage. For the joint dip angle in the range of 75-90°, the failure mode is flexural crushing at the wall and vertical shear rup- ture above the arch. The restraining effect of two sides weakens for vertical dip. On the whole, shear failure instabilitytrend would occur and the tunnel collapses evenly. When the angle between the bolt and structure plane is greater than 23°, bolts can enhance the shearing stiffness of joint plane. Unfortunately, in the general purpose graph of tunnel for 250 km/h of passenger dedicated lines, the bolts have equal length and spacing. The rationale behind this is worthy offurther study. For inclined bedding, the surrounding rock pressure at the left wall is more than that at the right wall. In addition, lining is likely to be damaged at left shoulder and side wall. With the dip angle increasing, the unsymmetrical load gradually achieves symmetry. Asymmetry design for support is recommended to reduce the unsymmetrical load on lining disturbed by excavation.

Experimental Study on Seepage Characteristics of a Soil-Rock Mixture in a Fault Zone

A mixture of fault gouge and rubble taken out from a fault zone is used to prepare a S-RM(Soil-Rock Mixture)sample with rock block proportions of 20%,30%,40%,50%,60%and 70%,respectively.A GDS triaxial test system is used accordingly to measure the seepage characteristics of such samples under different loading and unloading confining pressures in order to determine the variation law of the permeability coefficient.The test results show that:(1)The permeability coefficient of the S-RM samples decreases as the pressure increases,and the decrease rate of this coefficient in the initial stage of confining pressure loading is obviously higher than in the semi-late period;(2)The permeability coefficient at different confining pressure levels presents a common trend as the rock block proportion is increased,i.e.,it decreases first then it increases(the permeability coefficient of the sample with rock block proportion 40%being the smallest,70%the largest);(3)In the stage of confining pressure unloading,the recovery degree of the permeability coefficient grows with the increase of rock block proportion(the recovery rate of S-RM sample with rock block proportion 70%reaches 50.2%);(4)In the stage of confining pressure loading and unloading,the sensitivity of the permeability coefficient to the rock block proportion displays the inverse“Z”variation rule(when rock block proportion reaches 60%,the sensitivity is highest);(5)In the stage of confining pressure loading,the relationship between the permeability coefficient and confining pressure can be described by an exponential relationship.

各向异性层状千枚岩渗透率及有效孔隙率试验研究

采用岩石全自动三轴伺服仪和气体渗透装置,对一种致密的各向异性层状千枚岩开展了气体渗透率及有效孔隙率试验,研究常规三轴压缩和围压循环加卸载2种应力路径下,气体渗透率、有效孔隙率随层理倾角及偏应力的演化规律。结果表明:围压相同时,岩样的初始气体渗透率k0随着层理倾角β的增大呈“W”型变化,在β=45°时取最大值;在围压循环加卸载过程中,气体渗透率先随围压的加载而减小,后随围压的卸载而增大,卸载时的气体渗透率小于加载时的渗透率;层状千枚岩有效孔隙率和气体渗透率呈指数关系;平行于层理方向的气体渗透率远大于垂直于层理方向的气体渗透率;岩样有效孔隙率和气体渗透率随偏应力变化经历初始压密阶段、线弹性阶段和塑性变形阶段,随着偏应力的增大,岩样有效孔隙率和气体渗透率先减小,接着保持稳定,最后快速增大,并在岩样应力-应变曲线斜率接近于0时达到最大值。

高渗压与循环加卸载环境下开挖卸荷岩体力学特性试验研究

探究高渗压与循环加卸载环境下深部开挖卸荷岩体力学特性的演化规律,有助于揭示复合荷载作用下工程开挖卸荷围岩的变形破坏机理。从区分开挖扰动强度与渗压量级入手,以高渗压环境下遭受开挖扰动的卸荷岩体为对象,开展了考虑特定孔压与循环荷载复合作用条件下的三轴加卸载试验。结果表明:(1)卸荷量级直接影响循环加卸载过程岩样的变形规律及其破坏强度,孔隙水压促进了岩样循环加卸载过程的拉剪破坏;(2)孔压增幅加剧了同量级卸荷岩样循环加卸载过程的延性变形及强度衰减,且卸荷岩样的轴向、环向与体积变形曲线均在2MPa孔压时产生波动;(3)伴随孔压增加,岩样卸荷量级为30%时的环向变形呈先增加后减小的趋势,而岩样卸荷量级为60%时的环向变形呈现先减小后增加的规律;(4)伴随卸荷量级与孔压增加,岩样破坏时端部裂隙的倾角逐渐增大,沿岩样轴向产生的拉剪破裂面愈加凸显。

深埋三连拱隧道围岩压力计算方法

基于普氏压力拱理论和过程载荷设计方法,考虑连拱隧道组合成拱作用,以及施工工序和中隔墙支撑作用,量化相邻简化导洞间的施工扰动,提出深埋三连拱隧道不同施工断面及工序下的载荷分布模型,进而改进了深埋三连拱隧道围岩压力的计算方法,结合八达岭长城站三连拱隧道工程,将理论结果与实测数据对比,验证计算方法的合理性.最后系统分析施工工序、中隔墙宽度和开挖跨度等因素对围岩压力的影响规律.结果表明:深埋三连拱隧道相互间的施工扰动影响无法忽视,次行洞、后行洞的开挖都会扩大先行洞上方松散破碎围岩区域,造成较为明显的偏压现象;当中隔墙岩体抗压强度较小时,增加中隔墙宽度难以改善围岩压力分布状态,当中隔墙岩体抗压强度较大时,增大宽度能够显著减小围岩压力;围岩条件越差,三连拱隧道各洞室所受围岩压力越大,同时偏压现象也更加明显.文章基于普氏压力拱理论和过程载荷设计方法所得出的计算方法,增加考虑了连拱隧道相邻洞室间的施工影响,揭示了三连拱隧道的偏压效应,填补了有关三连拱隧道围岩压力计算方法的研究空缺,为相关工程设计提供了重要参考.

特厚煤层沿空掘巷围岩支卸协同控制技术

针对特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷大范围塑性全煤巷道锚网索的支护难题,以塔山煤矿8204-2小煤柱工作面为工程背景,采用现场实测、理论分析等方法,揭示了锚杆、锚索对沿空大范围塑性全煤巷道的支护机理。锚杆支护主要作用于浅部二次破碎区煤体,形成浅部连续承载结构;锚索主要作用于深部处于三向受力状态的稳定煤体,形成更大范围的连续稳定承载结构;进一步明确了锚杆、锚索有效长度的计算方法,形成了以高预紧力、高强“锚-网-索”支护为基础,以坚硬顶板井下磨料水射流切顶卸压、巷帮大直径钻孔卸压、底板卸压槽卸压为辅的“支卸协同”小煤柱沿空巷道围岩控制技术体系。工程应用结果表明,试验巷道围岩最大变形量小于700 mm,能够满足使用要求。

软硬不均地层盾构隧道荷载模式研究

系统考虑隧道埋深、滑移面形式、侧压力系数与地层的关联,提出一种适用于软硬不均地层的盾构隧道荷载模式。对于浅埋隧道,基于椭球体理论推导极限状态下滑移面为椭圆的侧压力系数及竖向松动土压力表达式,并构建力学平衡方程推导侧压力计算式;对于深埋隧道,考虑软硬不均地层突变性并对太沙基理论滑移面宽度进行合理修正,推导对应的围岩压力计算式;再结合软硬不均地层分界线位于隧道水平中线上方、下方2类典型工况,推导出隧底反力表达式;最后结合工程实例对所提荷载模式进行验证。结果表明:与修正惯用法荷载体系相比,所提方法得到的软土-硬土隧道顶部、下半拱竖向土压力与实测值的误差分别缩小74%和172%;相较于软土-硬土隧道,该方法应用于土层-岩层隧道时,计算得到的下半拱竖向土压力、隧底侧向土压力与实测值的误差更小,即所提荷载计算模式更符合隧道实际受荷状态,且当隧道埋深与开挖直径之比较大以及下部地层越坚硬时,其适用性越强。

分级循环卸-加围压下粉砂岩的力学特征

针对不同的实际工程,开展不同应力路径的试验来研究岩体的力学特性是解决实际问题的关键。为研究粉砂岩在围压循环卸-加载特殊应力路径下的力学特征,采用MTS815岩石力学测试系统开展不同轴力水平下分级循环卸-加载围压试验,研究不同轴力水平下轴、环向塑性应变及弹性模量的演化特征,并结合耗散能量的计算,分析能量演化与试件变形破坏之间的关系。结果表明:随着循环次数的增加,滞回环向应变增大方向移动,卸-加围压下应力-应变曲线逐渐闭合,滞回环间距整体表现为由“疏”到“密”的变化特征;单一变量时,围压卸载等级越低弹性模量越低,轴力水平越低弹性模量越高,弹性模量受轴力水平和围压卸载等级两种参量共同作用;单次循环中环向塑性应变在数值上总是大于对应的轴向塑性应变,循环卸-加围压特殊应力路径下,高轴力水平下岩石抵抗塑性变形的能力要强于低轴力水平;岩石破坏最终所耗散的总能量与轴力水平一定程度上呈线性正相关。

活动门试验中土压力盒标定方法

为确保活动门试验结果的准确性,根据试验填土深度的不同,对一批相同型号的电阻式土压力盒进行了垂直方向上的分级加载和卸载标定,并考虑标定装置内壁摩擦力影响,修正了作用在土压力盒上的有效加载和卸载应力。通过对加卸载过程进行离散元模拟,证明有效加载和卸应力修正方法较为合理。标定试验结果表明,加载过程中微应变量-有效应力曲线呈线性变化,可使用线性函数拟合;卸载过程中微应变量-有效应力曲线存在明显的滞后现象,且滞后程度随有效加载应力的增大而增大,可使用单指数曲线拟合。标定土压力盒后,开展了填土试验,结果表明土压力盒不宜在压力过小或填土深度过小时使用。

液氮冻融对饱水煤体力学特性的影响

利用基于图像测量技术的新型高围压三轴可视测量系统对不同预处理和围压下的煤样进行三轴加卸荷实验.结果表明,在围压3、6、9 MPa时,液氮冻融煤样相较于干燥煤样抗压强度分别下降0.29%、33.93%、91.09%,经饱水后再用液氮冻融处理的煤样内部结构损伤更严重,脆性增加.液氮冻融煤样的轴向、径向、体应变值均小于干燥煤样,围压卸载实验的体应变大于轴压加载实验,饱水后再用液氮冻融处理及围压卸载的方式对煤样的致裂增透效果更好.液氮冻融处理后的煤样端面最大裂隙宽度增加220.83%,盒维数增加43.9%,实验后不能保持原有形状,呈块状与粉末状结合体.饱水后再用液氮冻融处理的煤样裂隙发育,内部结构损伤严重.

岩石强度弱化影响因素试验分析

随着全球矿产资源需求的增加,深部开采已成为必然趋势。然而,深部开采中巷道稳定性问题日益凸显,严重制约了资源的顺利回收。本文针对深部开采巷道稳定性问题,采用RMT-150C岩石力学试验系统,对砂岩试件进行了一系列创新性的单、三轴加载试验,分析了岩石在不同加载速率及不同围压条件下强度变化规律。研究结果表明:岩石抗压强度与加载速率及围压大小有关,同等条件约束下,加载速率越大,岩石抗压强度越大,反之,抗压强度越小;围压越大,岩石抗压强度越大,反之,抗压强度越小。因此,有效加快资源开采推进速率或加强巷道支护强度,对于巷道维持稳定具有积极作用。实验结果显示,较高的加载速率有助于抑制裂纹的迅速扩展,而较高的围压则有助于延迟破坏的发生,增强岩石的变形能力和强度。基于上述研究结果,本文提出了一些针对矿山巷道稳定性的实用建议,包括在开采过程中适当控制加载速率和增加围压,以提高岩石的承载能力和稳定性。最后,本文对未来的研究方向进行了展望,指出需要进一步研究不同类型岩石在复杂应力条件下的力学行为,以及如何在实际工程中更有效地应用这些研究成果。

卸荷路径下隧道围岩力学特性及变形机制研究

隧道等地下工程围岩开挖属于典型卸荷过程,文章结合辽宁某在建隧道的工程实际,对该隧道围岩(砂岩)进行了复杂应力路径下的卸荷试验,分析了试样在不同损伤(LD-弱损伤,HD-强损伤)状态下的变形破坏机制。对于三轴卸荷条件:在LD状态下,轴向应变ε_(1)呈先减后增变化趋势;在HD状态下,当卸荷速率较小时(v=0.01MPa/s),ε_(1)呈逐渐增大变化趋势,当卸荷速率较大时(v>0.01MPa/s),ε_(1)呈先减后增变化趋势。对于三轴循环加卸荷条件:卸荷过程中径向应变ε_(3)呈负增大,滞回曲线的面积随循环次数的增加而增大,当应力低于前一周期的最小应力时,ε_(3)的负增长速率迅速增大;在LD状态下,应变响应△ε_(1)随卸荷速率的增加而减小;在HD状态下,当卸荷速率较低时,△ε_(1)较大,之后呈波动变化趋势;在LD状态下,△ε_(1)和△ε_(3)的变化趋势有所不同,△ε_(3)随循环周期的增加而逐渐增大,而△ε_(1)在前5次循环周期内无明显变化趋势;在HD状态下,△ε_(1)和△ε_(3)呈逐渐增大趋势。研究结果可为揭示隧道等地下工程围岩的开挖卸荷破坏机制提供理论依据。

巨型水电机组液压系统压油泵频繁加卸载原因分析及处理

水轮机调速系统是水电站的主要设备之一,是不可缺少的组成部分。其中液压系统作为调速系统的动力源,其可靠性和稳定性直接关系到调速系统的安全性。压油泵频繁出现加卸载现象会影响液压系统的可靠性和安全性。本文阐述了实际运行中出现的压油泵频繁加卸载现象,并从油压装置、电气调节两方面压油泵频繁加卸载的原因进行了详细的分析。结合机组趋势分析历史数据、现场压油泵的状态以及调速器控制柜触摸屏的数据,对压油泵频繁加卸载的原因进行了定位。根据故障定位,提出造成压油泵频繁加卸载现象的解决方案。