A Tentative Study of Chinese Loanwords in the Oxford English Dictionary

As a common phenomenon, languages borrow words from each other. This paper aims at studying the Chinese loanwordsin the Oxford English dictionary online(henceforth OED). Built upon the research achievements having been made in the study ofChinese loanwords in English, it mainly concentrates on the analysis of the date of citation, related fields and etymologies of Chi-nese loanwords specifically in the OED.

Sinicization of Indic Loanwords in Chinese Language: Foreignization to domestication

Indic loanwords in Chinese language account for the largest number of loanwords in Mandarin Chinese.These loanwords have become an important integral part of the lexicon of Chinese language and throughout decades have undergone assimilation,semantic extension and phonological adaptation.The present study is an investigation into the modes,levels and history of Sinicization of Indic loanwords in Chinese language.Fundamentally,it is evident from the literature and historical accounts that Sinicization of these loanwords is a process from foreignization to domestication.Native-Chinese doctrines and philosophies,essentially Taoism and Confucianism have had multifaceted influences on the Sinicization process which has resulted in semantic extension,semantic change or total diminution of original meaning.While less used high culture-sensitive loanwords have completely disappeared from modern Chinese,loanwords of higher Sinicization level have completely secularized.It is observed that foreignized loanwords have very less tendency of being absorbed into modern Chinese and many such terms have been excluded in modern Chinese dictionaries.

First Language Role in Loanwords Adaptation:A Study of English Loanwords Into Taif Arabic

Language is the best means of communication with the people in your surroundings.People create or find word to name and describe new things which they never saw,examining the role of the speaker’s native language in loanword adaptation.This study aimed to investigate how the English loanwords into Taif Arabic(TA)are phonologically adapted.The study adopted a qualitative and descriptive approach.The study collected 190 English loanwords from national TA speakers of various ages,genders,and educational levels.These loanwords were transcribed using IPA symbols.Online Cambridge Dictionary is used to compare the pronunciation of the loanwords in DL and RL.The outcomes of this paper discovered that substitution was the most common adaptive process and deletion was the rarest.It can be concluded that the determinant of the adaptation process is the phonological rules of the speaker’s native language.The results of this study are of great benefit to learners of Arabic English.

Research on the Transmutation of Chinese Loanwords-Based on Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)

Vocabulary plays an irreplaceable role in a language.As an important carrier to record foreign cultures in vocabulary,loanwords are widely used in all aspects of society.Modern Chinese Dictionary includes loanwords from a variety of languages from the perspective of universal use.This paper takes the loanwords in Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)as the closed corpus,and analyzes the etymology,structure,word length,and other aspects while making blanket statistics on the loanwords.The representative words are investigated by word frequency and described from multiple perspectives.

English Loanwords in Chinese Mandarin

With rapid development of China and China’s frequent contact with English speaking countries,a greet number of English words have been introduced to Chinese Mandarin.This paper introduces three types of English loanwords(transliterations,calques,and hybrid loans)in Chinese Mandarin,discusses their influence in terms of morphological and semantic change in Chinese Mandarin,and addresses the sociolinguistic situations as markers of age and education reflected from using English loanwords.

A Memetics-based Study on the Linguistic Value of Web Language——Take the English Loanwords as an Example

This article argues that each important aspect of language communication has to be studied,which is conductive to the growth of linguistic knowledge and harmonious development of language life.In modern daily communication,language as a kind of meme plays a crucial and indispensable role in the process of social interaction.This article will concentrate on the emerging English loan words to explore its linguistic value.

The Study on the Chinese Loanwords in Laomian Language

Located in Zhutang, Lancang County, Laomian language, which still enjoys its vitality recently, is surrounded by variousdominant languages. But as the development of the links between ethnic groups, especially with the Han group, the Laomian lan-guage has undergone many variations, among which typically includes an increase of words. This paper is based on the research onLaomian village regarding the Chinese loanwords in Laomian language under the language contact.

21世纪以来非汉语中的汉语借词研究述评(2000~2023)

在我国汉语和非汉语关系的研究中,汉语借词对少数民族语言的影响最为突出。对汉语借词的研究,过去在描写、分析上做了大量的工作,而对借词适应性的专题研究做得不够。文章根据21世纪以来非汉语中的汉语借词研究成果进行述评,论述非汉语中汉语借词研究的重要性和必要性,归纳了汉语借词在研究内容上主要有借词的类型、特点、规律研究3个方面,并进而论述汉语借词的适应性主要包括结构适应与功能适应两个部分。提出大力加强汉语借词的适应性研究必须包括以下3点:挖掘汉语借词中的中华民族共同体意识;提升对汉语借词丰富发展民族语言重要作用的科学认识;构建适合中国国情的汉语影响少数民族语言的理论体系。

从《广东新语》看清初借词的若干问题

词汇是语言中最为敏感的要素,词语的借用是语言接触最为常见的现象.《广东新语》详细记载了广州及周边地区的经济、文化、民俗等内容,其间使用了不少反映异域概念的借词.这些借词的内容与外交、外贸有关,其产生方式有纯音译式、合璧式、标记式、非标记式等.同实异形现象在借词中较为普遍,这与字形、译介方式的选择等有关.读懂借词,不仅可以为汉语词汇研究提供一手资料,还有助于古籍整理.

贵琼语中汉语借词的适应性研究

我国语言存在国家通用语汉语和众多少数民族语言,在长期的语言接触中,汉语借词广泛进入各少数民族语言之中,适应着不同少数民族语言的发展。文章以四川康定麦崩贵琼语为个案,分析汉语借词在贵琼语中的各种适应性表现。汉语借词通过音译、合璧、添加轻动词、替换词缀以及意译等方式借用到贵琼语,进入后又采用直接适应、调适适应、分层适应等不同策略来适应贵琼语,反映出汉语借词强大的适应力。汉语借词适应贵琼语的动因主要是:长期交融的民族关系是汉语借词适应的社会基础,社会发展的需要是汉语借词适应的深层缘由,汉语的柔性活力是汉语借词适应的内在动力,语言间亲缘关系的“基因”是汉语借词适应的便利条件。汉语借词在民族语言中表现出的强大适应力,是中华民族共同体进一步发展的表现,是今后必须顺应的语言科学发展规律。

吴语描写借词的地理变异

描写借词指以“洋、番”等修饰性成分加上本地原有词语构成的、用来给外来事物命名的一类词语。该文针对明清以来吴语中的描写借词,考察它们在吴语中的地理分布情况。基于方言词典的语料,吴语在“洋”系列描写借词的使用上较为统一,在数量、种类以及词形上近似,表明吴语各地区对外来工商业产品的传播接受快,其进入语言层面的过程非常迅速。吴语在“番”系列描写借词的使用上差异较大,尤其是南部吴语中的“番”系列描写借词较为特殊,在货币用词及称谓词的使用上与北部吴语有明显不同,与闽语、粤语的方言点更相近。这种现象揭示了在吴语方言中“洋”“番”两个系列描写借词有不同的传播路径,北部吴语内部接触更为密切,南部吴语则与闽语、粤语接触更为密切。

蒙古语借词对满语词汇系统的适应及其影响

在漫长的历史发展过程中,满、蒙民族因其政治、经济、文化等方面的交往交流,蒙古语和满语相互接触与影响程度紧密且广泛。满语中被借入的蒙古语借词便是一项重要佐证,此类借词数量多且涉及领域广。根据构词结构可将其分为词根词和派生词两种类型。满语中的多数蒙古语借词词义保留其原义,但部分借词发生了不同程度的词义扩大、缩小和转移等变化,表现出满语在语言接受过程中的一项重要原则,即依据自身语言系统对借词进行适应、内化、更新和创造性使用。总之,蒙古语借词不但丰富了满语词汇,而且在一定程度上反映着满、蒙民族在历史发展过程中的语言接触和文化影响情况。

中日近代词汇环流个例研究——“神经”词义的演变及身份认定

综合利用语料库、报刊数据库、词典等资料,可以明晰“神经”一词在中日两国间演变和环流的词汇史,辨析其古今各义的出处,对“日语借词”的身份进行认定。该研究得出以下结论。“神经”一词于1889年通过《申报》传入中国,但并未得到广泛认可,1908年颜惠庆译《英华大辞典》参考了英和辞典中对于日源新词的对译,继中国前代各双语词典之后首次将“神经”一词编入辞典对译英语词nerve。经认定“神经”一词极有可能为日语借词,该词现代释义主要源自日本,古代释义及部分现代释义源自中国。对于该词“日语借词”身份的最终认定仍有待今后针对词汇传入、成立、固定的动态过程进行深入调查。

英源食品类外来词形式称名的变异——基于《新华外来词词典》的研究

以《新华外来词词典》中的英源食品类同实异形外来词为研究对象,运用社会语言学的变异理论,对食品类外来词异形称名的数量、异形的构成类型、变异形式产生的原因和异形称名竞争的制约因素等进行分析,结果表明:食品词变异形式的产生,有汉语同音近音字众多的原因,也有外来词引入地域的不同、表意表音之争、英语语音变体等原因。最后,从社会语言学角度分析了同实异形的食品类外来词竞争的制约因素,以期勾勒现代汉语食品类名词外源部分定名规律。

黎语汉借词摭拾

黎语的汉借词“弓kom53”“幅fok55”,都用作处所名词;“弓”还可以用作地名和量词。它们都来自古代汉语的地亩量词;动词“赠”,表示给予、被动、为、替、让等;句末动态助词“着tso53”,表示未出现新的情况的持续;泛用动词表示做的vuk7/vok8,大概来自汉语的“学”。

19世纪英国来华人员的翻译出版活动与汉语海外传播

19世纪西方传教士和其他来华人员不断增加,贸易、传教和博物活动的开展,刺激了语言沟通与中英翻译出版的多元需求。中英文化交流从“洋泾浜英语”拓展到典籍翻译、辞书编纂和科学出版活动,留下了大量优秀的出版物,并使得诸多关于中国的词汇陆续进入英国牛津英语词典。这些出版物和词汇促进了中华文化在海外的宏观和微观层面传播,不仅在西方世界产生深刻影响,还引导和推动了中国近代科学的发展;不仅在中外出版史上留下浓墨重彩的壮丽华章,而且为汉语和中华文化的海外传播谱写了华美诗篇。

音译词汉化程度的影响因素考察

汉化是外来词适应汉语特点的必然选择。本文基于《新华外来词词典》中的音译词,考察了影响音译词汉化的主要因素以及相关特点。结论认为:音译词被借入汉语词汇系统时,需要接受来自语音、语义、语法等多个层面的制约,词形联想义、语音相似度、音节的长短、语义显著度、使用普遍性以及高频性是影响其汉化程度的六大因素。同时音译词汉化程度并不是一成不变的,具有时间性和动态性,其总体趋势表现为从低到高,由弱到强。

新马华文文学(1947—1976)中的外来词研究——以《新马华文文艺词典》为例

以《新马华文文艺词典》所收录的361条外来词为语料,对1947到1976年三十年间新马华语的外来词进行分析。首先,介绍该词典的基本性质及收词情况;其次,统计外来词的词源分布情况;再次,说明外来词的注释体例。在此基础上,归纳出这一时期新马华语外来词的主要特点:变异性、多元性和变动性,并结合《南洋华语俚俗辞典》《马来西亚华语特有词语词典》,阐释新马华语外来词的演变情况。这一研究结果有助于加深对新马华语词汇发展的认识。

«现代汉语词典»第1—7版外来化学类词目收词情况分析

本文以《现代汉语词典》第1—7版外来词中的化学类词目为研究对象,分析《现代汉语词典》在收词方面的变化。《现代汉语词典》对外来化学类词目的处理相对稳定,但其中有机化合物类词目的变化较为显著。《现代汉语词典》收词处理遵循系统性原则、通用性原则、稳定性原则与规范性原则。针对外来化学类词条在收词立目方面存在的不足,应继续提高收词的层级性,同时加强收词的平衡性。