A Tentative Study of Chinese Loanwords in the Oxford English Dictionary

As a common phenomenon, languages borrow words from each other. This paper aims at studying the Chinese loanwordsin the Oxford English dictionary online(henceforth OED). Built upon the research achievements having been made in the study ofChinese loanwords in English, it mainly concentrates on the analysis of the date of citation, related fields and etymologies of Chi-nese loanwords specifically in the OED.

Necessary and Luxury Loanwords in British, American, and Georgian Online Newspapers and Magazines

The perception and use of loanwords in most literature, more specifically, online newspapers and magazines based on British, American, and Georgian media discourse, focus on the origin and the fundamental development of language content and the essentiality of luxury and necessary loanwords. Due to the fact that most magazines are created with an intention of convincing readers of various ideologies, most linguists would consider the use of loanwords to give a comprehensive presentation of ideas. Incorporating English loanwords is not only a requisite tool for integrating and addressing the cultural differences between various communities across the globe, but also acts as a bridge that fills the conceptual gaps that exist in various languages. This is no longer the job of a linguist, because there are many other ways through which the people of a particular country can adopt a loanword （e.g., social media）. Also, it enriches the recipient language and puts its citizens up to date with the latest developments and inventions.

Sinicization of Indic Loanwords in Chinese Language: Foreignization to domestication

Indic loanwords in Chinese language account for the largest number of loanwords in Mandarin Chinese.These loanwords have become an important integral part of the lexicon of Chinese language and throughout decades have undergone assimilation,semantic extension and phonological adaptation.The present study is an investigation into the modes,levels and history of Sinicization of Indic loanwords in Chinese language.Fundamentally,it is evident from the literature and historical accounts that Sinicization of these loanwords is a process from foreignization to domestication.Native-Chinese doctrines and philosophies,essentially Taoism and Confucianism have had multifaceted influences on the Sinicization process which has resulted in semantic extension,semantic change or total diminution of original meaning.While less used high culture-sensitive loanwords have completely disappeared from modern Chinese,loanwords of higher Sinicization level have completely secularized.It is observed that foreignized loanwords have very less tendency of being absorbed into modern Chinese and many such terms have been excluded in modern Chinese dictionaries.

First Language Role in Loanwords Adaptation:A Study of English Loanwords Into Taif Arabic

Language is the best means of communication with the people in your surroundings.People create or find word to name and describe new things which they never saw,examining the role of the speaker’s native language in loanword adaptation.This study aimed to investigate how the English loanwords into Taif Arabic(TA)are phonologically adapted.The study adopted a qualitative and descriptive approach.The study collected 190 English loanwords from national TA speakers of various ages,genders,and educational levels.These loanwords were transcribed using IPA symbols.Online Cambridge Dictionary is used to compare the pronunciation of the loanwords in DL and RL.The outcomes of this paper discovered that substitution was the most common adaptive process and deletion was the rarest.It can be concluded that the determinant of the adaptation process is the phonological rules of the speaker’s native language.The results of this study are of great benefit to learners of Arabic English.

Research on the Transmutation of Chinese Loanwords-Based on Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)

Vocabulary plays an irreplaceable role in a language.As an important carrier to record foreign cultures in vocabulary,loanwords are widely used in all aspects of society.Modern Chinese Dictionary includes loanwords from a variety of languages from the perspective of universal use.This paper takes the loanwords in Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)as the closed corpus,and analyzes the etymology,structure,word length,and other aspects while making blanket statistics on the loanwords.The representative words are investigated by word frequency and described from multiple perspectives.

English Loanwords in Chinese Mandarin

With rapid development of China and China’s frequent contact with English speaking countries,a greet number of English words have been introduced to Chinese Mandarin.This paper introduces three types of English loanwords(transliterations,calques,and hybrid loans)in Chinese Mandarin,discusses their influence in terms of morphological and semantic change in Chinese Mandarin,and addresses the sociolinguistic situations as markers of age and education reflected from using English loanwords.

The Study on the Chinese Loanwords in Laomian Language

Located in Zhutang, Lancang County, Laomian language, which still enjoys its vitality recently, is surrounded by variousdominant languages. But as the development of the links between ethnic groups, especially with the Han group, the Laomian lan-guage has undergone many variations, among which typically includes an increase of words. This paper is based on the research onLaomian village regarding the Chinese loanwords in Laomian language under the language contact.

A Memetics-based Study on the Linguistic Value of Web Language——Take the English Loanwords as an Example

This article argues that each important aspect of language communication has to be studied,which is conductive to the growth of linguistic knowledge and harmonious development of language life.In modern daily communication,language as a kind of meme plays a crucial and indispensable role in the process of social interaction.This article will concentrate on the emerging English loan words to explore its linguistic value.

浅谈源于英语的日语外来语词汇的构成和意义转变

外来语指的是一种语言中来源于别的语言的词汇。日语的外来语也称"伝来語"或"洋語",其中大部分是来源于英美语系,也有来自葡萄牙语,法语,俄语等语言的词汇。在日常会话和文章当中使用很多外来语是日语的一大特点,日语外来语一般用片假名书写。1日本明治维新之后一方面大量地吸收接受外来文化,另一方面并没有放弃传统文化,在新旧、内外相交相冲之下,日本人却能将外来文化融入日语中产生出日语外来语。该文以源于英语的外来语为例,通过分析日语中外国语转变为外来语的过程,探究其"外表-词汇构成"和"内在-意义"的变化,进而透视出日本文化吸收改良外来文化的特点--外来本土化的能力。

英语词汇特点的再探讨

英语是世界上运用得最广泛的语言。它的历史悠久,并一直在不断地发展、变化着。在追溯英语的历史发展时,我们通常它分为三个时期,即古英语(OldEnglish)中古英语(Middle English)和现代英语(Modern English)三部分。英语和其他语言一样,在语言、语法、词汇等方面有其自身的特点。本文仅就英语的词汇特点谈一下我们的看法。 英语是受外来语影响很大的语言。在谈起英语词汇时人们往夸大外来词的作用,尤其是外词中的重要成分——法语词的作用。但从词的实际运用上看,本族语是十分重要的,是英语语言的核心。 本族语组成了英语日常用语中的核心成份。它是用来表达日常生活中基本的事物的。因此,本族语明显地构成了现代英语词汇的基础。本族词语汇包括助动词和情态动词、大部分不规则变化的动词、代词、大部分数词、介词和连词。在英语词汇中,这些词的重要性是不容置疑的。普通英语的容词 中新包含的外来语比术语中少。几乎所有英语单词都起源于盎格鲁撒克逊语言。

STUDY ON THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN THE FOREIGN ELEMENTS AND THE NATIVE ELEMENT IN ENGLISH——English Borrowings from Chinese

This dissertaion will focus on the words English borrowed from Chinese to discuss the influence of Chinese culture on English. In the history of word borrowing, it is not until in the 18 th and 19th century that there was a flood of Chinese loanwords into English. Most of the words are nouns about custom,culture, and goods with Chinese characteristic. The Chinese loanwords set foot into English by the means of transliteration, Among all Chinese dialects Mandarin, Cantonese and Amoy contributed most to English. Other languages such as Japanese bridged the borrowing process,too.

The Revival of Ancient Hebrew Words With the Revival of Israel

In this study,all the words in the latest edition of the Hebrew Even Shoshan Dictionary(2003)were scanned and ancient words that were not used continuously throughout the Hebrew strata—used in Modern Hebrew in their old or new meaning—were collected.After finding the appropriate words,we examined their incidence in the Gur dictionary(1946)to ensure that the new meanings had not existed then.We have determined the scope of usage by general knowledge and Google Search.The 99 ancient words with new meanings were identified,39 of which are foreign,according to this distribution:31 biblical words,44 words of the Sages,and 24 medieval words.In parallel with the 70 years of Israel’s independence,many ancient words were reintroduced with new modern meanings,to answer the need to create terms for the institutions of the sovereign state and for the masses of Jewish immigrants who spoke foreign languages.Most of the words are from the Mishnah period,the last period in which Hebrew was a living language and adopted foreign words from the developed and advanced cultures of its day.The article presents the innovations of words in different fields,explains it,and answers another questions.

Harmonious Development of Laomian Language under the Influence of Language Contact

As the development of the links between ethnic groups, especially with the Han group, the Laomian language has undergone many variations. This paper is based on the research on Laomian village regarding the harmonious development of Laomian language under the influence of language contact.