Ideal Case Study of Adaptive Localization in Storm-scale Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation

This study explores the use of the hierarchical ensemble filter to determine the localized influence of observations in the Weather Research and Forecasting ensemble square root filtering(WRF-EnSRF)assimilation system.With error correlations between observations and background field state variables considered,the adaptive localization approach is applied to conduct a series of ideal storm-scale data assimilation experiments using simulated Doppler radar data.Comparisons between adaptive and empirical localization methods are made,and the feasibility of adaptive localization for storm-scale ensemble Kalman filter assimilation is demonstrated.Unlike empirical localization,which relies on prior knowledge of distance between observations and background field,the hierarchical ensemble filter provides continuously updating localization influence weights adaptively.The adaptive scheme improves assimilation quality during rapid storm development and enhances assimilation of reflectivity observations.The characteristics of both the observation type and the storm development stage should be considered when identifying the most appropriate localization method.Ultimately,combining empirical and adaptive methods can optimize assimilation quality.

Population genomic data reveal low genetic diversity,divergence and local adaptation among threatened Reeves's Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)

Population genomic data could provide valuable information for conservation efforts;however,limited studies have been conducted to investigate the genetic status of threatened pheasants.Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)is facing population decline,attributed to increases in habitat loss.There is a knowledge gap in understanding the genomic status and genetic basis underlying the local adaptation of this threatened bird.Here,we used population genomic data to assess population structure,genetic diversity,inbreeding patterns,and genetic divergence.Furthermore,we identified candidate genes linked with adaptation across the current distribution of Reeves’s Pheasant.The present study assembled the first de novo genome sequence of Reeves’s Pheasant and annotated 19,458 genes.We also sequenced 30 individuals from three populations(Dabie Mountain,Shennongjia,Qinling Mountain)and found that there was clear population structure among those populations.By comparing with other threatened species,we found that Reeves’s Pheasants have low genetic diversity.Runs of homozygosity suggest that the Shennongjia population has experienced serious inbreeding.The demographic history results indicated that three populations experienced several declines during the glacial period.Local adaptative analysis among the populations identified 241 candidate genes under directional selection.They are involved in a large variety of processes,including the immune response and pigmentation.Our results suggest that the three populations should be considered as three different conservation units.The current study provides genetic evidence for conserving the threatened Reeves’s Pheasant and provides genomic resources for global biodiversity management.

Local adaptive evolution of two distinct clades of Beijing and T families of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Chongqing:a Bayesian population structure and phylogenetic study

Background:Beijing sub-pedigree 2(BSP2)and T sub-lineage 6(TSL6)are two clades belonging to Beijing and T family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB),respectively,defined by Bayesian population structure analysis based on 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats(MIRU-VNTR).Globally,over 99%of BSP2 and 89%of TSL6 isolates were distributed in Chongqing,suggesting their possible local adaptive evolution.The objective of this paper is to explore whether BSP2 and TSL6 originated by their local adaptive evolution from the specific isolates of Beijing and T families in Chongqing.Methods:The genotyping data of 16090 MTB isolates were collected from laboratory collection,published literatures and SITVIT database before subjected to Bayesian population structure analysis based on 24-loci MIRUVNTR.Spacer Oligonucleotide Forest(Spoligoforest)and 24-loci MIRU-VNTR-based minimum spanning tree(MST)were used to explore their phylogenetic pathways,with Bayesian demographic analysis for exploring the recent demographic change of TSL6.Results:Phylogenetic analysis suggested that BSP2 and TSL6 in Chongqing may evolve from BSP4 and TSL5,respectively,which were locally predominant in Tibet and Jiangsu,respectively.Spoligoforest showed that Beijing and T families were genetically distant,while the convergence of the MIRU-VNTR pattern of BSP2 and TSL6 was revealed by WebLogo.The demographic analysis concluded that the recent demographic change of TSL6 might take 111.25 years.Conclusions:BSP2 and TSL6 clades might originate from BSP4 and TSL5,respectively,by their local adaptive evolution in Chongqing.Our study suggests MIRU-VNTR be combined with other robust markers for a more comprehensive genotyping approach,especially for families of clades with the same MIRU-VNTR pattern.

Lack of Evidence for Local Adaptation of the Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly to Its Sole Larval Hostplant—The Wild Lupine

Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.

Conservation genomics provides insights into genetic resilience and adaptation of the endangered Chinese hazelnut, Corylus chinensis

Global climate change has increased concerns regarding biodiversity loss.However,many key conservation issues still required further research,including demographic history,deleterious mutation load,adaptive evolution,and putative introgression.Here we generated the first chromosome-level genome of the endangered Chinese hazelnut,Corylus chinensis,and compared the genomic signatures with its sympatric widespread C.kwechowensis-C yunnanensis complex.We found large genome rearrangements across all Corylus species and identified species-specific expanded gene families that may be involved in adaptation.Population genomics revealed that both C.chinensis and the C.kwechowensis-C.yunnanensis complex had diverged into two genetic lineages,forming a consistent pattern of southwestern-northern differentiation.Population size of the narrow southwestern lineages of both species have decreased continuously since the late Miocene,whereas the widespread northern lineages have remained stable(C.chinensis) or have even recovered from population bottlenecks(C.kwechowensis-C.yunnanensis complex) during the Quaternary.Compared with C.kwechowensis-C. yunnanensis complex,C.chinensis showed significantly lower genomic diversity and higher inbreeding level.However,C.chinensis carried significantly fewer deleterious mutations than C.kwechowensis-C. yunnanensis complex,as more effective purging selection reduced the accumulation of homozygous variants.We also detected signals of positive selection and adaptive introgression in different lineages,which facilitated the accumulation of favorable variants and formation of local adaptation.Hence,both types of selection and exogenous introgression could have mitigated inbreeding and facilitated survival and persistence of C.chinensis.Overall,our study provides critical insights into lineage differentiation,local adaptation,and the potential for future recovery of endangered trees.

Heterosis in locally adapted sorghum genotypes and potential of hybrids for increased productivity in contrasting environments in Ethiopia

Increased productivity in sorghum has been achieved in the developed world using hybrids.Despite their yield advantage,introduced hybrids have not been adopted in Ethiopia due to the lack of adaptive traits,their short plant stature and small grain size.This study was conducted to investigate hybrid performance and the magnitude of heterosis of locally adapted genotypes in addition to introduced hybrids in three contrasting environments in Ethiopia.In total,139 hybrids,derived from introduced seed parents crossed with locally adapted genotypes and introduced R lines,were evaluated.Overall,the hybrids matured earlier than the adapted parents,but had higher grain yield,plant height,grain number and grain weight in all environments.The lowland adapted hybrids displayed a mean better parent heterosis(BPH) of19%,equating to 1160 kg ha-1and a 29% mean increase in grain yield,in addition to increased plant height and grain weight,in comparison to the hybrids derived from the introduced R lines.The mean BPH for grain yield for the highland adapted hybrids was 16% in the highland and 52%in the intermediate environment equating to 698 kg ha-1and 2031 kg ha-1,respectively,in addition to increased grain weight.The magnitude of heterosis observed for each hybrid group was related to the genetic distance between the parental lines.The majority of hybrids also showed superiority over the standard check varieties.In general,hybrids from locally adapted genotypes were superior in grain yield,plant height and grain weight compared to the high parents and introduced hybrids indicating the potential for hybrids to increase productivity while addressing farmers' required traits.

Whole-genome resequencing of Japanese whiting(Sillago japonica) provide insights into local adaptations

The genetic adaptations of various organisms to heterogeneous environments in the northwestern Pacific remain poorly understood.Heterogeneous genomic divergence among populations may reflect environmentalselection.Advancingour understanding of the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to different temperatures in response to climate change and predicting the adaptive potential and ecological consequences of anthropogenic global warming are critical.We sequenced the whole genomes of Japanese whiting(Sillago japonica)specimens collected from different latitudinal locations along the coastal waters of China and Japan to detect possible thermal adaptations.Using population genomics,a total of 5.48 million single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)from five populations revealed a complete genetic break between the Chinese and Japanese groups,which was attributed to both geographic distance and local adaptation.The shared natural selection genes between two isolated populations(i.e.,Zhoushan and Ise Bay/Tokyo Bay)indicated possible parallel evolution at the genetic level induced by temperature.These genes also indicated that the process of temperature selection on isolated populations is repeatable.Moreover,we observed natural candidate genes related to membrane fluidity,possibly underlying adaptation to cold environmental stress.These findings advance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the rapid adaptations of fish species.Species distribution projection models suggested that the Chinese and Japanese groups may have different responses to future climate change,with the former expanding and the latter contracting.The findings of this study enhance our understanding of genetic differentiation and adaptation to changing environments.

Global Standardization and Local Adaptation of Marketing--A Critical Review of the Literature

This paper discusses and critically reviews the causes and consequences of global standardization and local adaptation of marketing strategies.The scope of the literature review is in the fields of international marketing,international trade,and corporate strategic management.It also aims to emphasize finding gaps after reading the literature.Even though the studies’scope is extensive,this paper limits the reach:firstly,it introduces the standardization and local adaptation,discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both by researchers.At the same time,untangle the relationship between international marketing strategy and marketing mix.Secondly,it is divided into macro and micro to collate and analyze the leading factors affecting international strategy,so that the cross-market fit of global marketing tactic can be realised.Finally,focus on the KPI.The indicators of financial return were selected as the review from the factors representing the intuitive development level of the company.The goal was to concentrate on the mutual feedback and adjustment between the standardization/adaptation and performance of multinational companies.Among them,the diversities between developed and emerging markets are interspersed in each link.As this difference is a trend that scholars have begun to notice in recent years.Although many existed bibliographies are revolved around particular multinational companies or regions to assessment,this paper will focus on the impact of practical research article review and evaluation.It would not involve specific corporate and country.

Automated Extraction for Water Bodies Using New Water Index from Landsat 8 OLI Images

The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to highlight water bodies in remote sensing images.We employ a new water index and digital image processing technology to extract water bodies automatically and accurately from Landsat 8 OLI images.Firstly,we preprocess Landsat 8 OLI images with radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction.Subsequently,we apply KT transformation,LBV transformation,AWEI nsh,and HIS transformation to the preprocessed image to calculate a new water index.Then,we perform linear feature enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract small water bodies accurately.Meanwhile,we employ morphological enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract large water bodies.Finally,we combine small and large water bodies to get complete water bodies.Compared with other traditional methods,our method has apparent advantages in water extraction,particularly in the extraction of small water bodies.

Landscape gradient of autumn photosynthetic decline in Abies sachalinensis seedlings

Understanding what environmental factors are genetically linked to a phenologic al event is critical for predicting responses to climate change.Photo synthetic phenology often varies among a species of evergreen conifers due to local adaptation.However,few empirical studies have revealed relevant relationships between climatic factors in provenance environments and photosynthetic phenology.This study evaluated the effects of environmental conditions of the growing site and seed source provenance on the seasonal changes in maximal photochemical quantum yield of photo systemⅡ(Fv/Fm)in a common garden experiment with 2-year-old seedlings of Sakhalin fir(Abies sachalinensis),a representative species with local adaptation,from four seed source provenances.A logistic model was constructed to explain the seasonal variation of Fv/Fmfrom July to October and the relationships between the estimated model parameters and representative factors featuring provenance environments were evaluated.The landscape gradient of the detected model parameters responsible for the provenance environments was visualized in a map of the distribution area.The lowest temperature was the most plausible factor in the growing environment to explain the seasonal changes of Fv/Fm.Among the representative meteorological factors of provenance environments,the lowest temperatures in July showed significant relationships with two model parameters,explaining the lower limit of Fv/Fmand the higher sensitivity of autumn Fv/Fmdecline.The estimated spatial maps of model parameters consistently showed that the higher the lowest temperature in July in the provenance environment,the lower the Fv/Fmin October and the greater the decrease in the autumn Fv/Fmdecline.Therefore,the lowest summer temperature could be associated with the local adaptation of autumn photosynthetic phenology in A.sachalinensis.

Population genomics highlights structural variations in local adaptation to saline coastal environments in woolly grape

Structural variations(SVs)are a feature of plant genomes that has been largely unexplored despite their significant impact on plant phenotypic traits and local adaptation to abiotic and biotic stress.In this study,we employed woolly grape(Vitis retordii),a species native to the tropical and subtropical regions of East Asia with both coastal and inland habitats,as a valuable model for examining the impact of SVs on local adaptation.We assembled a haplotype-resolved chromosomal reference genome for woolly grape,and conducted population genetic analyses based on whole-genome sequencing(WGS)data from coastal and inland populations.The demographic analyses revealed recent bottlenecks in all populations and asymmetric gene flow from the inland to the coastal population.In total,1,035 genes associated with plant adaptive regulation for salt stress,radiation,and environmental adaptation were detected underlying local selection by SVs and SNPs in the coastal population,of which 37.29% and 65.26% were detected by SVs and SNPs,respectively.Candidate genes such as FSD2,RGA1,and AAP8 associated with salt tolerance were found to be highly differentiated and selected during the process of local adaptation to coastal habitats in SV regions.Our study highlights the importance of SVs in local adaptation;candidate genes related to salt stress and climatic adaptation to tropical and subtropical environments are important genomic resources for future breeding programs of grapevine and its rootstocks.

Unsupervised Nonlinear Adaptive Manifold Learning for Global and Local Information

In this paper,we propose an Unsupervised Nonlinear Adaptive Manifold Learning method(UNAML)that considers both global and local information.In this approach,we apply unlabeled training samples to study nonlinear manifold features,while considering global pairwise distances and maintaining local topology structure.Our method aims at minimizing global pairwise data distance errors as well as local structural errors.In order to enable our UNAML to be more efficient and to extract manifold features from the external source of new data,we add a feature approximate error that can be used to learn a linear extractor.Also,we add a feature approximate error that can be used to learn a linear extractor.In addition,we use a method of adaptive neighbor selection to calculate local structural errors.This paper uses the kernel matrix method to optimize the original algorithm.Our algorithm proves to be more effective when compared with the experimental results of other feature extraction methods on real face-data sets and object data sets.

Elevational Variation in Reproductive Strategy of a Widespread Lizard:High-Elevation Females Lay Fewer but Larger Eggs

Identifying how reproductive strategies such as the trade-off between clutch size versus egg mass vary with elevational gradients is essential for our understanding of life-history evolution.We studied lacertid lizards(Eremias argus)in China,from six populations at different altitudes,to assess elevational variation in reproductive strategy.We found significant between-population variation in maternal body size and clutch mass,but these variations were not explained by elevational differences.However,high-elevation females tended to produce smaller clutches of larger eggs compared with their low-elevation counterparts,demonstrating an elevational change in the trade-off between egg size and number.The egg size-number trade-off is a reproductive strategy that may favor large offspring,better enabling them to survive severe and unpredictable environments found at high elevations.

The Expression Plasticity of Hypoxia Related Genes in High-Altitude and Plains Nanorana parkeri Populations

For species that have a broad geographic distribution, adaptive variation may be attributable to gene expression plasticity. Nanorana parkeri is an anuran endemic to the southern Tibetan Plateau where it has an extensive altitudinal range（2850 to 5100 m asl）. Low oxygen concentration is one of the main environmental characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau. Hypoxia-inducible factor α subunits（HIF-1α and HIF-2α, encoded by Endothelial PAS domain protein 1（EPAS1）） and associated genes（e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） and Erythropoietin（EPO）） play crucial roles in maintaining oxygen homeostasis. In this study, we compared the expression of HIF-1A, VEGF, EPAS1 and EPO mRNA between two populations of N. parkeri： one population inhabiting the native high altitudes, and the second living in, and being acclimated to, the lower plains（70 m asl）. The expression of HIF-1A, VEGF and EPAS1 mRNA in the high altitude population were significantly higher than in the acclimated population, whereas there was no significant difference for EPO between two groups. Our results indicated that gene expression plasticity may make significant contributions to local adaptation of species that have broad altitudinal distributions. In addition, we deepen our understanding of the adaptive potential of this species by evaluating the experiments in the scope of its evolutionary history.

The Influence of Oxygen on the Development of Nanorana parkeri Tadpoles

Ectothermic animals are tolerant of variable oxygen availability, whether low-oxygen levels constrain the fitness of ectotherms remains unclear. Nanorana parkeri, an anuran endemic to the southern Tibetan plateau, is an excellent model with which to answer this question. In this study, we raised tadpoles ofN. parkeri in oxygenated water （high-oxygen group） and deoxygenated unchlorinated tap water （low-oxygen group） and monitored their growth, mortality, and telomere length. The growth rate for body length and body weight was higher in the low-oxygen group than in the high-oxygen group. However, dissolved oxygen did not affect development time, mortality, and telomere length of the tadpoles. These results suggest that although the oxygen concentration influenced some phenotype traits of plateau tadpoles, but it didn＇t influence the telomere length and survival rate, potential explanations are the local adaptation and N. parkeri tadpoles＇ wide oxygen tolerance, and fluctuant toxic content that resulted in little oxidative stress on tadpoles. These results indicated that low oxygen was not a stress to N. parkeri tadpoles＇ fitness and survival. This study is helpful in understanding the adaptation mechanisms of Tibetan plateau amphibians.

Analysis on Characteristics of Architectural Environment of Traditional Villages in Southwest Mountainous Area:Taking Heijing Ancient Town of Chuxiong as an Example

The formation of the ancient town of Heijing conforms to the natural conditions and local conditions,and makes effective use of the natural mountains,water bodies,trees and other resources of the ancient town,so that the ancient town and nature rely on each other and unify harmoniously.Through the analysis of the environmental characteristics of the ancient town,this paper further explores its cultural connotation.

New perspectives on the genetic structure of dotted gizzard shad(Konosirus punctatus)based on RAD-seq

To maintain,develop and rationally utilize marine organisms,understanding their genetic structure and habitat adaptation pattern is necessary.Konosirus punctatus,which is a commercial fish species inhabiting the Indo-west Pacific Ocean,has shown an obvious annual global capture and aquaculture production decline due to climate changes and human activities.In the present study,restriction-site associated DNA sequencing(RAD-seq)was used to describe its genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms panel(SNPs).Among 146 individuals collected at nine locations scattered in China,Korea and Japan,a set of 632,090 SNPs were identified.Population genetic analysis showed that K.punctatus individuals were divided into two significant genetic clusters.Meanwhile,potential genetic differentiation between northern and southern population of K.punctatus was found.Treemix results indicated that gene flow existed among sampling locations of K.punctatus,especially from southern Japan to others.Moreover,candidate genes associated with habitat adaptations of K.punctatus were identified,which are involved in diverse physiological processes of K.punctatus including growth and development(e.g.,KIDINS220,PAN3),substance metabolism(e.g.,PGM5)and immune response(e.g.,VAV3,CCT7,HSPA12B).Our findings may aid in understanding the possible mechanisms for the population genetic structure and local adaptation of K.punctatus,which is beneficial to establish the management and conservation units of K.punctatus,guiding the rational use of resources,with reference significance for a profound understanding of the adaptative mechanisms of other marine organisms to the environment.

Solving Multi-Objective Vehicle Routing Problems with Time Windows: A Decomposition-Based Multiform Optimization Approach

In solving multi-objective vehicle routing problems with time windows (MOVRPTW),most existing algorithms focus on the optimization of a single problem formulation. However,little effort has been devoted to exploiting valuable knowledge from the alternate formulations of MOVRPTW for better optimization performance. Aiming at this insufficiency,this study proposes a decomposition-based multi-objective multiform evolutionary algorithm (MMFEA/D),which performs the evolutionary search on multiple alternate formulations of MOVRPTW simultaneously to complement each other. In particular,the main characteristics of MMFEA/D are three folds. First,a multiform construction (MFC) strategy is adopted to construct multiple alternate formulations,each of which is formulated by grouping several adjacent subproblems based on the decomposition of MOVRPTW. Second,a transfer reproduction (TFR) mechanism is designed to generate offspring for each formulation via transferring promising solutions from other formulations,making that the useful traits captured from different formulations can be shared and leveraged to guide the evolutionary search. Third,an adaptive local search (ALS) strategy is developed to invest search effort on different alternate formulations as per their usefulness for MOVRPTW,thus facilitating the efficient allocation of computational resources. Experimental studies have demonstrated the superior performance of MMFEA/D on the classical Solomon instances and the real-world instances.

comLocal adaptation to distinct elevational cores contributes to current elevational divergence of two Aquilegia vulgaris subspecies

Aims Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of populations at their distributional limits are crucial to understand species colonization and persistence in novel or marginal environments,as well as spe-cies divergence and niche width evolution.We assess the contri-bution of these processes to shape current elevational limits and determine elevational phenotypic divergence between two subspe-cies of Aquilegia vulgaris(subsp.vulgaris and nevadensis).Methods We conducted sowing and transplant experiments considering four elevations throughout the current elevational range of A.vulgaris in southern Iberian Peninsula.Experiments were designed to explore,on the one hand,local adaptation through three components of performance(germination,survival and growth)and,on the other hand,the phenotypic differentiation and/or plasticity associated to local adaptation.Four populations per subspecies(three from the elevational core and one from the elevational boundary)were used as seed sources.Patterns of local adaptation and phenotypic differentiation are examined in the context of the‘centre-periphery’hypothesis.Important Findings Central populations of both subspecies performed better at their local elevations while marginal populations were maladapted,confirming the hypothesis and contributing to explain the current elevational segregation of these subspecies.Density of glandular pubescence and germination timing seem to be related to local adaptation,through phenotypic differentiation between subspe-cies or elevations.The widespread subsp.vulgaris showed signals of adaptive plasticity in the timing of germination while it was not the case in the endemic subsp.nevadensis.

Lack of local adaptation of invasive crofton weed(Ageratina adenophora)in different climatic areas of Yunnan Province,China

Aims Crofton weed,with a subtropical origin,has successfully invaded in diverse habitats that belong to different climate zones in southwest China.We tested whether local adaptation plays an important role in the successful invasion of crofton weed in heterogeneous environments.Methods Five populations from different habitats with an altitude ranging from 678 to 2356 m were selected.Plant height,biomass,seed yield and seed germination capability of these populations were investigated in the field.greenhouse and reciprocal transplant experiments with the five populations were conducted,and all the above characters were measured and compared among these populations.Important Findings Plant height,biomass,seed yield and seed germination rate were each significantly different among the five populations in field.However,there was no difference among these populations in the greenhouse experiment.In the reciprocal transplant experiment,plants from the five populations responded similarly to different habitats in the field,indicat-ing lack of local adaptation.Instead,phenotypic plasticity likely plays a key role in the invasion success of crofton weed in different habitats.