Assessment of the Hubble parameter as an indicator of the expansion rate of the universe holds a central position in the field of astronomy. From its initial estimate of about 500 km<span style="white-space:no...Assessment of the Hubble parameter as an indicator of the expansion rate of the universe holds a central position in the field of astronomy. From its initial estimate of about 500 km<span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span>sec<sup>-1</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span>parsc<sup>-1</sup>, this value had been steadily amended as the observational tools became more accurate and precise. Despite this, a gap remains between the value of observations relating to local and nonlocal estimations of the Hubble parameter that gave rise to what became known as the Hubble tension. This tension is addressed here while dealing with space fabric as a cosmological fluid that undergoes transition.展开更多
A double-sensor probe was used to measure local interfacial parameters of a gas-liquid bubbly flow in a horizontal tube. The parameters included void fraction, interfacial concentration, bubble size distribution, bubb...A double-sensor probe was used to measure local interfacial parameters of a gas-liquid bubbly flow in a horizontal tube. The parameters included void fraction, interfacial concentration, bubble size distribution, bubble frequency and bubble interface velocity. The authors paid special attention to the probe design and construction for minimizing measurement errors. Measures were also taken in the design of sensor ends for preventing corrosions in the flow. This is an effort to improve the current double-sensor probe technique to meet the ever-increasing needs to local parameter measurements in gas-liquid two-phase flows.展开更多
Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a notoriously harmful algal species that inflicts severe damage on the aquacultures of the coastal seas of Korea and Japan. Information on their expected movement tracks and boundaries of...Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a notoriously harmful algal species that inflicts severe damage on the aquacultures of the coastal seas of Korea and Japan. Information on their expected movement tracks and boundaries of influence is very useful and important for the effective establishment of a reduction plan. In general, the information is supported by a red-tide(a.k.a algal bloom) model. The performance of the model is highly dependent on the accuracy of parameters, which are the coefficients of functions approximating the biological growth and loss patterns of the C. polykrikoides. These parameters have been estimated using the bioassay data composed of growth-limiting factor and net growth rate value pairs. In the case of the C. polykrikoides, the parameters are different from each other in accordance with the used data because the bioassay data are sufficient compared to the other algal species. The parameters estimated by one specific dataset can be viewed as locally-optimized because they are adjusted only by that dataset. In cases where the other one data set is used, the estimation error might be considerable. In this study, the parameters are estimated by all available data sets without the use of only one specific data set and thus can be considered globally optimized. The cost function for the optimization is defined as the integrated mean squared estimation error, i.e., the difference between the values of the experimental and estimated rates. Based on quantitative error analysis, the root-mean squared errors of the global parameters show smaller values, approximately 25%–50%, than the values of the local parameters. In addition, bias is removed completely in the case of the globally estimated parameters. The parameter sets can be used as the reference default values of a red-tide model because they are optimal and representative. However, additional tuning of the parameters using the in-situ monitoring data is highly required.As opposed to the bioassay data, it is necessary because the bioassay data have limitations in terms of the in-situ coastal conditions.展开更多
针对弱环境场下局地对流性降水难于准确预报问题,本文以长江下游地区两次局地对流性降水过程为例,通过调整WRF模式中两类边界层参数化方案(YSU和ACM2)的湍流垂直混合强度,探究改善降水预报准确度的一种可行途径。结果表明:在模式默认的...针对弱环境场下局地对流性降水难于准确预报问题,本文以长江下游地区两次局地对流性降水过程为例,通过调整WRF模式中两类边界层参数化方案(YSU和ACM2)的湍流垂直混合强度,探究改善降水预报准确度的一种可行途径。结果表明:在模式默认的垂直混合强度下,YSU方案模拟的对流发展较缓,对流触发时间略晚;ACM2方案则由于垂直混合过强,模拟的对流弱于YSU方案,对流触发时间晚于观测1~2 h。无论是YSU还是ACM2方案,减弱边界层内垂直混合强度能够更准确模拟对流触发及其发展演变。不同垂直混合主要通过影响边界层内位温、水汽混合比、风的垂直分布和能量输送来影响对流过程模拟:减弱垂直混合后,对流前期边界层内更湿冷,风速和垂直风切变增大,同时对流有效位能(Convective Available Potential Energy,CAPE)增加,这些因素利于更早触发对流,模拟的对流强度也更强。展开更多
A class of quasi-cubic B-spline base functions by trigonometric polynomials are established which inherit properties similar to those of cubic B-spline bases. The corresponding curves with a shape parameter a, defined...A class of quasi-cubic B-spline base functions by trigonometric polynomials are established which inherit properties similar to those of cubic B-spline bases. The corresponding curves with a shape parameter a, defined by the introduced base functions, include the B-spline curves and can approximate the B-spline curves from both sides. The curves can be adjusted easily by using the shape parameter a, where dpi(a,t) is linear with respect to da for the fixed t. With the shape parameter chosen properly, the defined curves can be used to precisely represent straight line segments, parabola segments, circular arcs and some transcendental curves, and the corresponding tensor product surfaces can also represent spherical surfaces, cylindrical surfaces and some transcendental surfaces exactly. By abandoning positive property, this paper proposes a new C^2 continuous blended interpolation spline based on piecewise trigonometric polynomials associated with a sequence of local parameters. Illustration showed that the curves and surfaces constructed by the blended spline can be adjusted easily and freely. The blended interpolation spline curves can be shape-preserving with proper local parameters since these local parameters can be considered to be the magnification ratio to the length of tangent vectors at the interpolating points. The idea is extended to produce blended spline surfaces.展开更多
文摘Assessment of the Hubble parameter as an indicator of the expansion rate of the universe holds a central position in the field of astronomy. From its initial estimate of about 500 km<span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span>sec<sup>-1</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">⋅</span>parsc<sup>-1</sup>, this value had been steadily amended as the observational tools became more accurate and precise. Despite this, a gap remains between the value of observations relating to local and nonlocal estimations of the Hubble parameter that gave rise to what became known as the Hubble tension. This tension is addressed here while dealing with space fabric as a cosmological fluid that undergoes transition.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.59876032)and the Doctorate Foundation of Xi'an Jiaotong University(DFXJU-17).
文摘A double-sensor probe was used to measure local interfacial parameters of a gas-liquid bubbly flow in a horizontal tube. The parameters included void fraction, interfacial concentration, bubble size distribution, bubble frequency and bubble interface velocity. The authors paid special attention to the probe design and construction for minimizing measurement errors. Measures were also taken in the design of sensor ends for preventing corrosions in the flow. This is an effort to improve the current double-sensor probe technique to meet the ever-increasing needs to local parameter measurements in gas-liquid two-phase flows.
基金The part of the project "Development of Korea Operational Oceanographic System(KOOS),Phase 2",funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,Koreathe part of the project entitled "Cooperative Project on Korea-China Bilateral Committee on Ocean Science",funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,Korea and China-Korea Joint Research Ocean Research Center
文摘Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a notoriously harmful algal species that inflicts severe damage on the aquacultures of the coastal seas of Korea and Japan. Information on their expected movement tracks and boundaries of influence is very useful and important for the effective establishment of a reduction plan. In general, the information is supported by a red-tide(a.k.a algal bloom) model. The performance of the model is highly dependent on the accuracy of parameters, which are the coefficients of functions approximating the biological growth and loss patterns of the C. polykrikoides. These parameters have been estimated using the bioassay data composed of growth-limiting factor and net growth rate value pairs. In the case of the C. polykrikoides, the parameters are different from each other in accordance with the used data because the bioassay data are sufficient compared to the other algal species. The parameters estimated by one specific dataset can be viewed as locally-optimized because they are adjusted only by that dataset. In cases where the other one data set is used, the estimation error might be considerable. In this study, the parameters are estimated by all available data sets without the use of only one specific data set and thus can be considered globally optimized. The cost function for the optimization is defined as the integrated mean squared estimation error, i.e., the difference between the values of the experimental and estimated rates. Based on quantitative error analysis, the root-mean squared errors of the global parameters show smaller values, approximately 25%–50%, than the values of the local parameters. In addition, bias is removed completely in the case of the globally estimated parameters. The parameter sets can be used as the reference default values of a red-tide model because they are optimal and representative. However, additional tuning of the parameters using the in-situ monitoring data is highly required.As opposed to the bioassay data, it is necessary because the bioassay data have limitations in terms of the in-situ coastal conditions.
文摘针对弱环境场下局地对流性降水难于准确预报问题,本文以长江下游地区两次局地对流性降水过程为例,通过调整WRF模式中两类边界层参数化方案(YSU和ACM2)的湍流垂直混合强度,探究改善降水预报准确度的一种可行途径。结果表明:在模式默认的垂直混合强度下,YSU方案模拟的对流发展较缓,对流触发时间略晚;ACM2方案则由于垂直混合过强,模拟的对流弱于YSU方案,对流触发时间晚于观测1~2 h。无论是YSU还是ACM2方案,减弱边界层内垂直混合强度能够更准确模拟对流触发及其发展演变。不同垂直混合主要通过影响边界层内位温、水汽混合比、风的垂直分布和能量输送来影响对流过程模拟:减弱垂直混合后,对流前期边界层内更湿冷,风速和垂直风切变增大,同时对流有效位能(Convective Available Potential Energy,CAPE)增加,这些因素利于更早触发对流,模拟的对流强度也更强。
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10171026 and 60473114), the Research Funds forYoung Innovation Group, Education Department of Anhui Prov-ince (No. 2005TD03) and the Natural Science Foundation of An-hui Provincial Education Department (No. 2006KJ252B), China
文摘A class of quasi-cubic B-spline base functions by trigonometric polynomials are established which inherit properties similar to those of cubic B-spline bases. The corresponding curves with a shape parameter a, defined by the introduced base functions, include the B-spline curves and can approximate the B-spline curves from both sides. The curves can be adjusted easily by using the shape parameter a, where dpi(a,t) is linear with respect to da for the fixed t. With the shape parameter chosen properly, the defined curves can be used to precisely represent straight line segments, parabola segments, circular arcs and some transcendental curves, and the corresponding tensor product surfaces can also represent spherical surfaces, cylindrical surfaces and some transcendental surfaces exactly. By abandoning positive property, this paper proposes a new C^2 continuous blended interpolation spline based on piecewise trigonometric polynomials associated with a sequence of local parameters. Illustration showed that the curves and surfaces constructed by the blended spline can be adjusted easily and freely. The blended interpolation spline curves can be shape-preserving with proper local parameters since these local parameters can be considered to be the magnification ratio to the length of tangent vectors at the interpolating points. The idea is extended to produce blended spline surfaces.