Selective use patterns of woody plant species by local communities in Mumbwa Game Management Area: A prerequisite for effective management of woodland resources and benefit sharing

Selective patterns of human uses of woody plants in Mumbwa Game Management Area were investigated using quantitative survey methods. Major causes of human encroachment into the wildlife zone were assessed so that appropriate management actions could be taken to ensure continued supply of goods and services to the local community. Woody plant species were found to be diverse with 93 species recorded in the study area. Of these, the community utilized 92 (99%) in different ways. Trees were cut for various reasons, major ones being;building poles, fire wood, fibre, fruit collection, medicine, bee honey collection, house hold tools and utensils and clearing for agriculture. Clearing for agriculture was the most damaging, because it involved removal of below and above ground woody biomass of all sizes and suppression of their regeneration during cultivation in subsequent years. Of the recorded human uses, 2366 kg of woody plant material was consumed per head/yr?1as fire wood. The day to day consumption of firewood varied with season. In the cold season (May-August), a 26 kg (mean weight) bundle of firewood was consumed in three days while in the warm season it lasts five days. Certain species were particularly selected;Julbernardia paniculata,Pericopsis angolensis,Brachystegia speciformis,Brachystegia boehmii,Julbernardia globiflora,Brachystegia longifolia,and Pteleopsis anisoptera. In building and construction, differences were observed in the species and size of poles was used. The mean sizes of roofing poles were 3.5 metres long and 0.18 metres mid-length girth. Wall poles were 2.4 metres long and 0.40 metres mid-length girth. For the main house of about two rooms each, there were an average number of 48 poles in the roof (45,859.2 cm3) and 28 (284,653.6 cm3) in the wall. Clearing for agriculture was the main cause of damage to woody plants in the Game Management Area. The extension of human settlements into the wildlife zone and towards the Itezhi-tezhi road is likely to increase loss of woody vegetation, and will have a negative impact on the habitat for wildlife.

Investigation of Diversity of Local Landscape Plants in Tibet and Analysis of Their Application Potential

To study the basic situation of application of local landscape plants in Tibet, local landscape plants in Tibet was investigated firstly by using "biological five-point method". The results show that 213species(including breed) of local landscape plants were applied in Tibet, belonging to 148 genera and 66 families. In the arbor layer, shrub layer and herbaceous layer, the importance of Picea likiangensis Pritz.var. likiangensis Cheng et L. K. Fu, Platycladus orientalis Franco cv. Sieboldii, and Poa pratensis L. were the highest, namely 43.050, 19.696 and 45.950. Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Pinaceae, Asteraceae,and Cupressaceae were applied mostly, including 25, 16, 12, 11, 10, 9 and 8 species of plants, accounting for11.73%, 7.51%, 5.63%, 5.16%, 4.69%, 4.23% and 3.76% of the investigated plants respectively. Based on this, 11 species of good local landscape plants in Tibet were selected to analyze their application potential in gardens. Rational suggestions about the development and utilization of local landscape plants in Tibet were proposed finally.

Lack of Evidence for Local Adaptation of the Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly to Its Sole Larval Hostplant—The Wild Lupine

Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.

Feature Analysis of Plant Landscapes in Chengdu City of China

History of plant landscaping in Chengdu City was reviewed,and divided into 4 periods:① Primary development period from 1949 to 1978.Traditional memorial gardens were renovated and expanded during this period,many parks and street-side green spaces were constructed,such as Memorial Temple to Military Marquise Zhuge Liang,Guihu Park and Thatched Cottage of Du Fu;② Breaking-constraint period from 1979 to 1989.Classical gardens destroyed during the Great Cultural Revolution were repaired and expanded,green space planning was first compiled,garden styles combining local and modern features were explored,such as botanic garden,amusement park,Taizishan Park and Baihuatan Park;③ Rejuvenation period from 1989 to 1999.The city loop green belts along Funan River was formed,and the new edition of Green Space System Planning of Chengdu City was finished in 1996,representative works were Shudu Avenue,City Loop Park of Funan River,Xinhua Park,Huoshui Park and so on;④ The new beginning of this old undertaking since 2000.Relatively mature green space planning concepts were formed by considering the balanced urban-rural development with "building a garden city" as the target,representative works of this period were Huanhuaxi Park,Shahe Zonal Park,Sanshenghuaxiang,Beihu Forest Park,Intangible Heritage Park,Jinsha Ruins Park,Donghu Park,green belts along the Third Ring Road,road landscapes along the South Renmin Road.Characteristics of plant landscapes in Chengdu were discussed from 2 perspectives:natural characteristics and cultural characteristics.Plant landscaping in 4 types of land uses was analyzed:park green spaces,green spaces in residential areas,road green spaces,green spaces in scenic areas;corresponding suggestions were given for the construction,and it was stressed that exploring local natural and cultural characteristics was the demand of times and the development direction of this industry.

Antibacterial activity of eight Iranian plant extracts against methicillin and cefixime restistant Staphylococcous aureus strains

Objective:To assess the antibacterial activity of eight Iranian plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) strains which were isolated from infected patients.Methods: The studied strains were isolated from urine,stool,blood and wound of infected patients and identified by biochemical tests.In further,the antibacterial activity of 8 ethanolic local plant extracts including Querqus brantii(Q.brantii),Ziziphus spina-christi(Z.spina-christi),Peganum harmala(P.harmala),Oliveira decumbens(O.decumbens),Galium tricornutum(G.tricornutum), Vitex pseudo negundo(Vi.pseudo negundo),Salvia officinalis(S.officinalis),Vaccaria pyramidata (V.pyramidata) were then evaluated using agar disc diffusion method.Results:A total of 9 isolates were isolated and identified as S.aureus.Antibacterial profile of the strains showed that the strains were resistant to methicillin and cefixime.The highest antibacterial activity against the studied strains were belong to Q.brantii,P.harmala,Z.spina-christi and O.decumbens vent extracts with 11-40 mm,15-28 mm,8-26 mm and 10-20 mm of diameters,respectively. Intermediate antibacterial activity was exhibited by G.tricornutum and Vi.pseudo negundo against some of the studied strains with 7-20 mm and 7-13 mm of diameters,respectively. Noteworthy,out of 9 studied strains;6 and 2 of them were resistant to the G.tricornutum and Vi. pseudo negundo extracts,respectively.The S.officinalis and Va.pyramidata,however,showed no antibacterial activity against the studied strains.Conclusions:The Q.brantii,P.harmala,Z. spina-christi and O.decumbens extracts were shown to possess strong antibacterial activity against methicillin and cefixime resistant S.aureus strains and can be considered as the promising natural antibiotics for treating the studied strains.

The Study of Homegarden Agrobiodiversity, Practices of Homegardening and Its Role for <i>In-Situ</i>Conservation of Plant Biodiversity in Eastern Hararghe, Kombolcha Town Oromia Regional State Ethiopia

Homegarden plays a vital role for the livelihood of the people living in town. Homegarden agrobiodiversity was studied to highlight homegarden frequency, types, plant species, growth form and associated indigenous knowledge. The research was conducted during January to April 2017. A total of 180 randomly selected households were included in the survey. Ethnobotanical data were collected from purposively selected 60 homegardens using observations and semi-structured interviews while markets survey was conducted through structured questionnaire for homegarden products. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and similarity and Shannon wiener diversity index. The results indicated that 128 (71%) of the households were practicing home gardening. The homegarden plant composition gave 78 species belonging to 35 families. The representative families and number of species under each family were founded that the family Solonaceae, and Rutaceae rank top of the list (6 species) each followed by Fabaceae and Lamiaceae (5 species each) and Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae and Brassicaceae (4 species) each. Catha edulis, Lantana camara and Ruta chalepensis had the highest frequency of species followed by the families Asteraceae, Rutaceae and Poaceae. Catha edulis, Rhammus prinoides and Ruta chalepensis were among the families found in homegardens. It can be concluded that homegrdens of Kombolcha are rich in biodiversity. The present study showed the existing status of homegardens and local knowledge contribution to the farming systems in conservation of the biological diversity. In addition, plant species providing substantial benefits and factors combined to determining homegarden diversity are documented.

Prototype Geographic Information Systems Mapping of Crop Products Featured Local

Local featured program in Indonesia cannot be separated entirely from commodity strategic bases. Until in 2006, agricultural development formulation showed indicative targets for featured crops commodity production. The problem of food security is forming of farmer’s independence to protect local resources in efficiently and optimally, so these resources can be more utilized. It can be achieved by assist of information technologies and communication in forming of Geographic Information System (GIS) to support consistency of food security in Indonesia. This research designs prototype geographic information system in order to conduct the accurate mapping and to know the local featured crops production in Indonesia. This level is conducted for documentation and mapping of agricultural products which is the local featured production. This documentation requires the usage of potential physical, economic, social and cultural environment by the utilization of information technology and communication, which have the ability of relevancy and accessibility of reliable information.

Taking the pulse of a plant:dynamic laser speckle analysis of plants

Ideally, to achieve optimal production in agriculture, crop stress needs to be measured in real-time, and plant inputs managed in response. However, many important physiological responses like photosynthesis are difficult to measure, and current trade-offs between cost, robustness, and spatial measurement capacity of available plant sensors may prevent practical in-field application of most current sensing techniques. This paper investigates a novel application of laser speckle imaging of a plant leaf as a sensor with an aim, ultimately, to detect indicators of crop stress: changes to the dynamic properties of leaf topography on the scale of the wavelength of laser light. In our previous published work, an initial prototype of the laser speckle acquisition system specific for plant status measurements together with data processing algorithms were developed. In this paper, we report a new area based statistical method that improves robustness of the data processing against disturbances from various sources. Water and light responses of the laser speckle measurements from cabbage leaves taken by the developed apparatus are exhibited via growth chamber experiments. Experimental evidence indicates that the properties of the laser speckle patterns from a leaf are closely related to the physiological status of the leaf. This technology has the potential to be robust, cost effective, and relatively inexpensive to scale.

基于时序监测数据的企业生产碳排放因子本地化研究

为推动重点企业开展碳减排工作,需要提高碳排放监测能力和研究本地化碳排放因子。因此,开展了基于时序监测数据的碳排放因子本地化研究,以南方某区域3座发电厂和1座水质净化厂为发电厂和污水处理厂的案例,开展工艺碳排放监测和本地化碳排放因子核算,并与《IPCC 2006年国家温室气体清单指南(2019修订版)》(以下简称IPCC 2019)推荐值进行比较。结果表明:燃气发电厂CO_(2)本地化碳排放因子为0.0488 t/GJ、燃煤发电厂CO_(2)本地化碳排放因子为0.0961 t/GJ,与IPCC 2019推荐值接近;垃圾焚烧发电厂CO_(2)本地化碳排放因子为1.978 t/t,IPCC 2019无参考值;水质净化厂CH_(4)本地化碳排放因子为0.010 kg/kg、N_(2)O本地化碳排放因子为0.003 kg/kg,与IPCC 2019推荐值有明显偏差。研究方法可作为碳排放计量的辅助手段,提高碳排放因子识别的准确性和时效性,为环境管理部门制定碳减排规划提供参考。

基于OBE理念的涉农类课程混合式教学模式改革探究

本文从教学目标与内容、教学模式和教学评价体系3个方面入手,对地方应用型高校涉农类课程教学现状进行分析。基于OBE教学理念,采用线上线下混合式教学模式,以园艺植物病理学课程为例,通过重构教学目标与内容框架,结合“线上+线下”重构教学过程,以及优化教学考核评价体系,对地方应用型高校涉农类课程教学改革进行探索研究。实践教学成效表明,改革后的教学模式增强了学生学习的主动性和自主学习能力,激发了其学习兴趣,教学满意度达94%。本研究为提高地方应用型高校涉农类课程教学质量,加强课程建设提供参考。

基于局部干法的核电水池覆面缺陷焊接修复工艺研究

针对核电站乏燃料水池钢覆面出现的腐蚀缺陷等问题,采用了局部干法水下TIG焊接的修复方法对覆板进行焊接修复。首先,利用设计的压力环境模拟系统进行0.3MPa压力范围内干式焊接试验,获得不同压力下的覆板焊接最佳工艺;基于干式环境最佳焊接参数,开展局部干法水下焊接工艺探索,并对焊接接头切样进行金相检测。宏观金相结果显示:焊缝成形良好,无裂纹、气孔;微观金相检测结果表明:显微组织基体为呈枝晶状的奥氏体,枝晶间为铁素体,未发现显微裂纹和夹杂物,为核电站乏燃料水池覆板的在役修复奠定了基础。

小麦单株穗数的QTL定位及CAPS标记开发

穗数是小麦产量构成三要素之一,开展小麦成穗数研究,对高产育种及种质资源创制具有重要意义。本研究以安农859/武农988的135份DH群体为研究材料,分别测定两年五个环境下单株穗数表型值,并基于DH群体的55K芯片数据进行单株穗数QTL分析,开发CAPS分子标记。结果表明,在1B、1D、2A、3D、4A、4B、4D、6A、7D等染色体上共检测到21个与单株穗数相关的QTL,其中,位于4B染色体上的Qsn-ahau-4B.2在5个环境下均被检测到,侧翼标记为AX-95004669-AX-109580651,物理区间为2.65Mb,可解释16.92%~49.98%表现变异,加性效应为1.32~3.69个穗数,增效等位基因来自安农859,是一个主效、稳定的QTL。基于Qsn-ahau-4B.2区间内候选基因TraesCS4B01G042700开发一个多态性CAPS标记(T-0507)。本研究结果将为小麦单株成穗数研究提供参考。

跨海往来:清代日本人参种植及其对华贸易

日本最早并不出产人参,伴随着中国传统医学在日本的普及,人参的消费需求扩大,日本开始从中国和朝鲜引入人参种植,实现人参的国产化。之后,幕府对人参种植奖励政策的实施,日本的人参种植面积不断扩大,种植的人参也开始出口回流中国,直至成长为完整的近代输出型产业。中日人参往来的历史是一段两国在共通传统医学思想下文化跨境融合的过往,折射出两国在医疗、社会以及相关的药学、博物学等方面的多文化交流,丰富且深刻。

长沙地区乡土阳性草本植物资源调查与景观分析——以宁乡箭楼村为例

为更好地发掘长沙地区乡土草本植物资源,为乡村植物景观设计提供参考,在宁乡箭楼村进行秋、春2个季节野外实地调查,使用采集标本和文献查阅等方法,对宁乡箭楼村五大生境区域内乡土阳性草本植物进行了资源调查和观赏分析。调查结果发现:该区域总类196种草本植物,分别隶属54科154属,对其观赏特性进行分析讨论,绝大多数植物花果枝叶同赏,都有较高的观赏价值,其中主观花植物有79种,主观果植物有22种,主观叶植物有63种,主观枝植物有31种,且大多数植物适宜于各类生境环境,其中山林和田边的种类最为丰富,可作为各生境的景观植物资源。

地方新建本科高校植物类课程建设的研究和实践——以武汉设计工程学院为例

重点调查了全国11所地方新建本科高校风景园林专业和17所地方新建本科高校园林专业植物类课程具体开设情况,基于调查结果结合武汉设计工程学院校情学情在课程体系、教学内容、教学方法、教学手段、教学质量考评方式、实践资源平台搭建等方面进行了一系列改革与探索,以适应应用型本科教育的高素质、强技能人才培养的要求。

冶炼烟气制酸低温余热回收装置的应用

介绍了黑龙江紫金铜业有限公司700 kt/a冶炼烟气制酸装置低温余热回收系统的工艺流程、工艺关键指标控制、关键设备选型及运行情况。该低温余热回收系统由安徽盛特环境科技有限公司设计施工,并一次试车成功,生产0.8 MPa低压饱和蒸汽40 t/h,将加热脱盐水和除氧水的回收热量折算成蒸汽产量,吨酸产蒸汽量达0.55 t,优于硫酸行业清洁生产评价指标。该低温余热回收系统投用后,各项指标基本达到甚至超过设计值,每年可产生约2 328万元的经济效益。生产实践证明,国产化低温位热回收技术值得在冶炼烟气制酸装置上推广。

大理苍山模式标本植物富集的原因探析

大理苍山是中国模式标本植物最为集中地区之一。为厘清苍山模式标本植物富集的原因,基于现有文献和物种信息数字化平台(如CVH、iplant、sp2000),对现有模式标本产自苍山或苍山附近的种子植物名录进行整理,获得目前被广泛接受的模式标本植物名录,并分析其特有性;对苍山植物标本采集的时空动态进行分析,探究苍山模式标本植物众多的历史原因。结果显示:(1)目前共记录苍山产模式标本种子植物297种,其中苍山特有种22种。(2)苍山植物标本采集的历史可追溯至1883年。1900-2020年的121年间,有118个年度都在大理发生了植物标本采集事件(频率达97.5%);1905-2017年的113年间,有80个年度都在苍山发生了植物标本采集事件(频率70.8%)。在大理采集量出现峰值的16个年度中,8个年度也有在苍山采集的记录,同步率50%。结果表明:(1)苍山的地理位置独特,位于多个植物区系的交汇地带,自然条件孕育了丰富的生物多样性和特有种群。同时,其紧邻大理古城的地理优势,使其成为滇西、滇西北地区植物探索的重要节点。自1883年以来,国内外植物学家频繁造访苍山,促进了新物种的发现与描述,进而增加了苍山产模式标本植物的种类多样性。(2)植物模式标本产地种群携带有物种形态学、生态学和遗传学等有用的研究信息,对其保护宜以就地保护为好。建议加强对苍山产模式标本植物原产地种群的就地保护措施,以保护这一珍贵的生物多样性资源。

应用于重金属污染土壤植物修复中的植物种类

综述了文献报道的应用于重金属污染土壤治理的超积累、本土和生态-经济型植物种类。超积累植物具有抗性强、耐受重金属浓度高和转移系数大的优点,不足之处是大多数超积累植物适生范围窄,生物量小、富集总量小,以至修复周期长。在复合重金属污染场地的治理中,多金属超积累植物的筛选已成为新的关注点。为了发挥植物修复技术在重建植被与景观、控制水土流失、丰富生物多样性、提高土地利用价值等诸多方面的功能,有必要扩大植物种类筛选与应用的范围。利用适生的本土先锋植物生长快的优势,结合用材、工业原料、药用、能源、景观等生态-经济型植物的功能构建复合植被群落,可望成为发展植物修复技术的新趋势。

紫茎泽兰入侵地区土壤种子库特征

土壤种子库是植物潜在的种群,其时空分布格局对植物群落的动态与稳定性有着举足轻重的影响,尤其是在受外来种入侵危害地区,土壤种子库的特征对生态系统的恢复和未来植被的结构、功能、组成与动态等更为重要。本文通过野外调查与萌发实验相结合的方法研究了四川攀枝花市紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵地区的植被组成和紫茎泽兰种子雨前后土壤种子库的变化,初步探讨了受入侵地区种子库中包括紫茎泽兰在内的物种的种类与储量情况。结果表明:(1)在紫茎泽兰危害严重的地带,群落组成比较简单,草本层以紫茎泽兰最为丰富,种群构成为1–4年生植株及其荫庇下大量的实生幼苗,Drude多度极大,频度达100%;(2)在土壤种子库中有13种高等植物出现,与植被组成的相似度为0.31;土壤种子库总储量为3,180粒/m2,其中紫茎泽兰1,950粒/m2,占总储量的61.3%。种子库各层种子储量不同,上层种子少于中下层,差异不显著(P>0.05),在土壤下层(5–10cm层)的紫茎泽兰种子仍然可以萌发;(3)种子雨后,表层土中(0–2cm)紫茎泽兰种子总储量为4,733粒/m2;紫茎泽兰种子雨后种子萌发出现2个峰值,分别为第9天与第17天,表明土壤中的紫茎泽兰种子会阶段性打破休眠。紫茎泽兰在当地植被和土壤种子库中都占绝对优势,其他物种从种子阶段就开始亏缺,是紫茎泽兰不断更新和难以彻底控制的重要原因。

川中丘陵区高富集氮、磷沟渠植物的筛选

选择7种川中丘陵区常见沟渠植物（酸模、菖蒲、黑麦草、水芋、美人蕉、水蓼、野薄荷）作为研究对象,盆栽试验研究了不同植物对氮、磷的吸收能力,以期筛选出适应川中丘陵区沟渠生长的高富集氮、磷植物。结果表明：（1）不同沟渠植物地上部生物量（以干质量计）为0.43~1.38kg/m2,其中美人蕉最大,菖蒲最小。（2）不同沟渠植物地上部全氮为4.50~14.35g/kg,其中水芋最高,水蓼最低;不同沟渠植物地上部全磷为0.80~2.15g/kg,其中水芋最高,野薄荷最低。（3）不同沟渠植物地上部全氮吸收量为2.88~15.66g/m2,其中美人蕉最高,其次为水芋;不同沟渠植物地上部全磷吸收量为0.48~2.04g/m2,其中美人蕉和水芋地上部全磷吸收量最高,水蓼、黑麦草和酸模次之,菖蒲和野薄荷最低。