Local Responses to Macro Development Policies and Their Effects on Rural System in China's Mountainous Regions:The Case of Shuanghe Village in Sichuan Province

China has promulgated a series of policies including the Western Development Program, the Grain for Green Project, agricultural support policies and building a new countryside strategy to eliminate east-west differences and urban-rural disparities since the late 1990s. This paper gives a holistic examination on local responses to the four typical macro socio-economic development policies and their effects on rural system based on a case study of a mountainous village in southern Sichuan Province. The results showed that the policies have not moved the case study village from its historically marginal status. To some extent, its socio-economic situation might have been worsened by accelerated out- migration of the youth, loss of agricultural land due to afforestation and industrial plants, increased fire hazard due to afforestation and reforestation, increased environmental pollution due to industrial enterprises attracted to the village and a steep decline in agricultural production due to loss of and inefficient use of cultivated land. Factors causing local villages' dilemmas include the nonuniformity of actors' objectives, finiteness of villagers' abilities, and the imperfect incentive and restraint mechanism for local government's activities under existing policy framework composed of uncoordinated one-size-fits- all policies. We suggest that China's rural policy in the new period should gradually shift from a sectoral to a place-based one, from top-down incentives to the development of bottom-up projects, and fully recognize the diversity of rural space, so as to lift localcapacities and make good use of the knowledge shared by different actors. Moreover, it is also necessary to integrate the various sectoral policies, and improve the interministerial and interdepartmental coordination of rural policies at regional and local levels.

The impact of local U.S. tobacco policies on youth tobacco use: a critical review

Tobacco use continues to be the leading preventable cause of premature death in the United States, killing over 430,000 people annually. To-bacco initiation and use among youth remains a significant public health concern. Despite declines in U.S. youth tobacco use in recent years, state and national survey results are still cause for alarm. Although traditional school-based curricular programs are the most common strategy to prevent or reduce youth tobacco use, their effectiveness may be limited because young people are immersed in a broader social context in which tobacco is readily available. Environmental strategies change this social context by focusing on policy, enforcement, and media. A compelling body of evidence suggests that interventions at the state and federal levels can, when implemented in combination, reduce youth tobacco use. The impact of policies implemented at the local levels is less well understood and effects of environmental strategies on smokeless tobacco consumption have been largely ignored. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on environmental strategies implemented at the local level on youth use of both cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. We highlight results of the extant *-literature, hypothesize possible effects where research is lacking, and suggest where future studies might be warranted.

Alternative policy implementation: Theoretical explanation and case analysis of local government's action logic

Since the reform and opening up, the local government has played a key role in promoting the economic and social development of our country, and the effective implementation of the local government has become an important research topic. Therefore, based on the literature, the observation method of in-depth interviews, practice investigation and participation is adopted in this paper, which focuses on the implementation of special groups of social assistance policy. The theoretical framework of government' rational choice reveals the status of local government implementation policies and behavior behind the mechanism and organizational structure. The study found that:(1) the local government is easy to choose a quantifiable policy to implement;(2) there is a coexistence between the local government departments;(3) the local government selectively meets the needs of special personnel;(4) the local government's seeking political promotion and power leads to its behavior alienation.

Analysis on the Development Trend of Contemporary Local Governance Mode from the perspective of Economic Policy and Environmental Capacity Optimization

As the basic level of national governance, local governance is deeply influenced by administrative tradition, political system and economic development level of a country. With more than thirty years of reform and opening up, the pattern of local governance has become diversified. The diversity of governance model cannot be managed in the same way, however, it cannot affect the government’s ability to play the initiative role of governance. We need to innovate and improve the existing local governance models.

Preferential Policy and Tax Regulations Income Tax of Enterprises and Local Income Tax

*Newly-built joint ventures engaged in new and high technological enterprises shall enjoy a 15 percent reduction of income tax for two years, or a 24 percent reduction for two years and a 50 percent reduction in the following three years. A choice between the two may be decided by the said enterprises. **Service industry, those enterprises with a foreign capital of more than US$5 million shall be exempt from the tax

应用AIM/Local中国模型定量分析减排技术协同效应对气候变化政策的影响

IPCC评价报告全面分析了温室气体减排政策措施所产生的对改善当地环境的协同效应 ,但目前国际上对国内环境保护政策措施所产生的减少温室气体排放的协同效应的研究还很缺乏 ,而后者更符合广大发展中国家的实际情况。应用区域能源环境经济综合评价模型 ,考虑现行技术及未来技术发展、当地环境保护政策和未来经济发展等因素 ,并结合对北京市的案例研究 ,来定量分析减排技术的这两种协同效应对我国气候变化政策的影响 。

Local perceptions of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan, China

Numerous land-use policies have been implemented in China in recent decades for ecological restoration and conservation to reduce environmental disasters and promote environmental sustainability.Many of these policies follow a top-down approach to implementation and as such,emphasize the hierarchical control within government structures.An understanding of local perceptions of land-use policies is important if the disconnect between policy makers and the target population is to be reduced and if program support is to improve.This study aimed to help improve local implementation,attitude toward,and engagement by examining the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the target population’s(local farmers)perception of the conversion of cropland to forestland program(CFPP)land use policy in Jiangxi,Sichuan,and Shaanxi provinces.It uses logistical regression models,with robust aspects of perception including confidence,support,transparency,prospects,fairness,and willingness to participate.Results indicate that social aspects as well as economic aspects are most important in influencing farmers’perceptions towards the CFPP.The farmers who have received technical support,rural male habitants,educated,and non-middle-aged farmers exhibit more positive perceptions of the program and are much more likely to support it,whereas farmers without any technical support or formal education,and female and middle-aged farmers are less likely to support the program.Importantly,this study also reveals the differences in responses,experiences and perceptions of the farmers living across different provinces.These empirical results provide insight into the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the perception of farmers towards land-use policies,which has important implications for designing targeted policy instruments and increasing farmer support for these policies.This knowledge can be harnessed and further evaluated in future research to improve citizen engagement,support,and understanding in order to help ecological restoration and conservation objectives be more effectively achieved.

A global perspective on macroprudential policy interaction with systemic risk,real economic activity,and monetary intervention

The study empirically assesses how macroprudential policy interacts with systemic risk,industrial production,and monetary intervention on a global level from January 2006 to December 2018.We adopt the aggregate proxies of these variables,capturing their global effects,and use a novel econometric technique,namely,smooth local projections.The study finds that global macroprudential policy leads the monetary policy,exhibiting a countercyclical pattern concerning industrial production.The latter has an inverse bidirectional linkage with systemic risk.Thus,an ex-ante tight macroprudential policy can indirectly mitigate global systemic risk through its pro-growth effect on industrial production,although no convincing evidence exists for the direct impact of a macroprudential intervention on systemic risk.The study results endure several extensions and a robustness check,which builds on alternative measures of global systemic stress and real economic activity,thereby legitimizing the increased importance attached to the macroprudential policy since the 2007–2009 global financial crisis.

Community participation in cultural heritage and environmental policy formulation in Botswana

Cultural heritage does not have direct economic benefits. However, if properly managed it can stimulate social cohesions, improving the environment and have beneficial economic spin offs for the local communities. This paper discusses the role of communities in the formulation of the policies concerning their local environment. It argues that community engagement by policy makers is important in giving legitimacy and ownership of the policies. Furthermore, this paper discusses the potential of cultural heritage in diversifying the economy in Botswana. This paper recommends for the re-assessment of the relationship between the state and local communities which is critical in resuscitating the seemingly ailing community business organizations. In conclusion, it argues for the sustainable management of cultural heritage as a social and economic resource in the next 50 years of Botswana's independence.

Education on Sustainable Development based on Local Agenda 21

The study is contextualized through evaluating the implementation of Local Agenda Action Plan (LAAP). The goal was to address environmental challenges facing a city under the framework of sustainable development and planning. The evaluation of this conceptual framework was tested at a selected municipality of Athens (Greece), that has used a LAAP. The research was based on a structured questionnaire survey of a sample of 300 respondents selected from municipal employees (100 persons) and citizens of the selected municipality (200 persons). Analysis and interpretation of data through descriptive and factor analysis statistics establish that both municipality employees and citizens are primarily concerned with issues of environmental management. They firmly believe that sustainability initiatives at municipality might best be implemented through a collaborative approach at the local community level, involving local citizens working in partnership with local government. Furthermore, the study established the importance of education, aware-ness and training as a response to environmental issues currently facing the municipality. The awareness and training activities should be developed and should involve the members of the community in the needed environmental manage-ment processes. In view of the Decade Education for Sustainable Development (UNESCO 2005-2015), this should en-able the Council to create opportunities for income generation, while simultaneously promoting citizens’ environmental responsible behaviors and improving service delivery by municipality employees.

Local Development Fee in Slovak Republic

With the advent of tax and expenditure limitations, state and local governments have been searching for new sources of revenue to maintain or expand public services. The need for new sources of revenue has been particularly acute in localities that have experienced rapid growth. The new act No. 447 of November 20, 2015 on Local Development Fee was approved in Slovakia. The Act comes into force on November 1, 2016. The paper points out possible problems associated with the introduction of the local development fee abroad and discribes the situation in Slovakia.

Practical Challenges in Comparing Chinese and American Local Government

Parts of China are an advanced industrial society with excellent public transportation, universities, industry, and other modern features; while other parts （geographically and functionally） remain a developing nation. For China, to build a stronger and more equitable society requires much work to develop governance at the local level. In pursuit of this goal, China actively seeks to learn lessons from abroad, including from American local government. This article examines the similarities and differences between these two nations and their systems of government toward the end of identifying potential challenges to Chinese efforts to learn from American-style local governance. This is grounded in policy transfer theory, which guides the discussion of how to learn from other jurisdictions--from other jurisdictions within the nation, from other points in time within the nation, and from other nations. Perhaps the ultimate questions are, ＂Should China continue efforts to learn from external models or focus its energy internally？＂ and ＂Does China need a more clearly defined governance model rather than its current approach that simultaneously allows and questions a high degree of decentralization （both within the party and the government）？＂ This paper seeks to add to that intellectual discourse by applying recent data and a conceptual framework.

Reflections on Employment Problems of Local University Students

In recent years, how to solve employment problems of university graduates has become a hot topic in the whole society. This paper conducts in-depth discussion on employment problem of local university students, in the hope of promoting research in this hot issue.

District Policy---Social Practice Through Internal and External Discourses： How the Implementation of a Single Regional Political Instrument Is Perceived, Understood and Communicated

This paper focuses on how the implementation of a single regional political instrument is perceived, understood and communicated. Designed as a regional political instrument, the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications started a pilot project： ＂Driver education as a part of upper secondary school in district Norway＂. The focal point in this paper is to explore how the professional participants understand and interpret the project as a regional political instrument in order to maintain the local community, identity and local belonging. The theoretical approach is based on Giddens＇s actor/structure theory, while the analysis based on discourse analysis, in the analysis we separated the arguments used in the professional discourse. We detected different categories of argument in the discourses among the professionals. In addition to the professional discourse, we became aware of a personal discourse. In both discourses the political instrument was perceived to be important in order to maintain the local community, create equality and maintain local identity and a sense of belonging.

我国地方数据政策体系的构建进展与展望

[目的/意义]研究我国地方数据政策体系的构建情况,旨在明确各地数据政策制定的进展与提点,进而推动政策体系的优化建设。[方法/过程]对31个省级政府的数据政策进行统计,并采用文本分析法梳理政策的总体内容框架,基于此,对比与解析政策内容的地区差异。[结果/结论]我国地方数据政策的发布可划分为国家信息化发展时期、大数据发展时期以及数据要素市场化时期三个阶段;政策总体内容框架包含数据基本内涵、数据资源建设、数据共享、数据开放、数据资产化、数据安全6大要点;不同地区涵盖上述政策要点的程度不同,也显示了我国数据政策在地方层面的特点。由此,我国地方数据政策需进一步面向多元数据对象、多层数据行动、多元责任主体,实现内容的体系化建设,并为国家数据政策体系的优化发展提供参考。

地方竞争与区域协同导向下先进制造业政策适配性评估——以粤港澳大湾区九市为例

先进制造业作为引领经济高质量发展的基础力量,政府政策支持是增强其竞争力与协同度的必要条件。在地市层面,先进制造业政策普遍孤立且内容同构。政策适配性作为专门的理论视角有助于解决此类问题。它包括政策竞争取向与产业竞争力适配、政策配置水平与供给能力适配、政策协同取向与产业协同度适配三个维度,突出积极政策目的和相对需求标准。进一步构建评估的操作化方案并用于粤港澳大湾区九市实证分析,发现部分地市政策在相应维度的适配性欠佳且行业差异较大,政策目标未能紧扣产业结构中的短板进行设置,政策工具泛化且统筹分工机制不健全。为此,可从政策导向与要素选择、资源利用与政策创新、权责划分与统筹协调等方面着力,推动地市先进制造业政策适配性提升。

语言政策民族志本土化路径探究

随着语言政策与规划研究的实证转向,语言政策民族志所包含的本体论、认识论和方法论越来越得到国际语言规划与政策研究的重视。然而,这一研究范式尚未在我国得到充分关注。文章厘清语言政策民族志的内涵、方法及应用,阐述语言政策民族志对语言规划学科的重要意义,并提出语言政策民族志本土化的3点建议:一是培养本土文化意识,将研究置于地方历史文化中进行阐释;二是积极探索替代性认识论、方法论和其他会话资源;三是坚持中国立场,保持批判性反思,以期为探究适用于中国特色的语言规划理论提供借鉴和参考。

我国地方高校转型发展政策研究——138份中央与省级政策文本的分析

本研究基于138份政策文本,构建“政策工具政策内容要素”二维分析框架,考察地方高校转型政策工具的组合方式和不同政策内容要素的受重视程度。研究发现,转型政策过于依赖能力建设性政策工具,政策工具组合方式有待优化;政策内容呈现碎片化倾向,政策之间尚未形成发展合力;政策内容要素与政策工具的适配性不足,政策制定的科学性有待提升。基于此,我国应以新一轮审核评估为参照,提高应用型高校建设政策与评估政策的协同效应;出台高水平应用型高校支持计划,发挥政策示范效应;加强高校分类研究与设计,建设高质量应用型高等教育。

耕地保护田长制的政策工具谱系模型与政策启示——基于扎根理论的政策文本实证分析

研究目的:分析各省市相继出台的耕地保护田长制实施(工作)方案,描绘其政策工具全貌及其使用特征,为政策完善与优化提供参考。研究方法:扎根理论,内容分析法。研究结果:(1)耕地保护田长制的政策工具谱系模型为“四维驱动式凌锥模型”,该模型由目标导向型政策工具、系统变革型政策工具、过程控制型政策工具、能力建设型政策工具耦合而成;(2)“注意力分配—职权责明晰—有序化运作—积极性调动”是耕地保护田长制的政策工具使用逻辑,立足此逻辑有助于畅通耕地保护“最后一公里”;(3)当前耕地保护田长制在政策工具使用上存在组合结构不合理、可操作性不强、创新性不足、实质效力不高等问题。研究结论:未来应协调政策工具使用比例,优化组合结构的适配性;细化政策工具操作流程,增强内容要素的精准性;注重政策工具创新变革,培育内生动力的发展性;提升政策工具效力层级,夯实功能发挥的有效性。

“杯水车薪”抑或“雪中送炭”——低利率环境下货币政策的有效性研究

为应对内需不足的内部环境和严峻复杂的外部环境,我国货币政策仍将保持低利率状态,然而低利率环境下货币政策的实施效果究竟如何是政策制定者的核心关切。现有对于低利率环境下的货币政策有效性研究大多集中于发达国家,缺少对于当前中国情景下的深入探讨,而且局部投影模型尚未应用于货币政策非对称效应的研究。本文首先构建理论框架系统性分析了我国高、低利率时期货币政策的作用机理,然后基于状态依存局部投影模型定量分析了我国高、低利率时期货币政策的时变效应。研究发现:(1)我国扩张性货币政策冲击无论在高、低利率时期均能有效提升产出,从而实现预期的调控效果。(2)我国暂未陷入“流动性陷阱”,低利率时期扩张性货币政策冲击对产出、投资和消费的效应会增强,货币政策确实能起到“雪中送炭”的作用,常规货币政策尚能有效刺激消费和投资意愿,进而拉动总需求。(3)高杠杆会增强低利率时期产出和投资对扩张性货币政策冲击的响应,但会削弱消费的响应,这是因为高杠杆促使企业减少用于缓解日常运转的资金,增加用于长期投资的资金,高杠杆还会增加居民房地产投资,增强流动性约束,从而挤占居民消费。文章结论为优化货币政策有效性,增强货币政策传导效果提出建设性政策建议。