Artificial Intelligence;a Pragmatic Approach to Implementation in Medicine, a Review of the literature and a Survey of Local Practice in Midlands in UK

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for clinical pathway management and decision making is believed to improve clinical care and has been used to improve pathways for treatment in most medical disciplines. Methods: A literature review was undertaken to identify the hurdles and steps required to introduce supported clinical decision-making using AI within hospitals. This was supported by a survey of local hospital practice within the Midlands of the United Kingdom to see what systems had been introduced and were functioning effectively. Results: It is unclear how to practically implement systems using AI within medicine easily. Algorithmic medicine based on a set of rules calculated from data only takes a clinician so far to deliver patient centred optimal treatment. AI facilitates a clinician’s ability to assimilate data from disparate sources and can help with some of the analysis and decision making. However, learning remains organic and the subtleties of difference between patients, care providers who exhibit non-verbal communication for instance make it difficult for an AI to capture all the pertinent information required to make the correct clinical decision for any given individual. Hence it assists rather than controls any process in clinical practice. It also must continually renew and adapt considering changes in practise and trends as the goalposts change to meet fluctuations in resources and workload. Precision surgery is benefiting from robotic-assisted surgery in parts driven by AI and being used in 80% of trusts locally. Conclusion: The use of AI in clinical practice remains patchy with it being adopted where research groups have studied a more effective method of monitoring or treatment. The use of robotic-assisted surgery on the other hand has been more rapid as the precision of treatment that this provides appears attractive in improving clinical care.

Disaster Management in Nepalese Context:An Ecological Perspective

This paper attempts to identify major natural hazards and disaster incidents damage and losses in Nepal.Using participatory and geographical diversity approach and for collecting information,multi-criteria decision making methods and analytical hierarchic process to identify the hazard prone area with type and intensity and location-specific innovative practices and their legitimization for integrating local knowledge and skills into mainstream development policy,science and technology through educational assessment to incorporate local knowledge as live science for disaster management,climate change adaptation and sustainable livelihood improvement.Findings of the study reveal that their variety of natural hazards,such as landslides,flood/inundation,droughts,soil erosion,earthquakes,thunderstorm/lightening and fire are exacerbated by environmental degradation processes.There are location specific local practices for resource conservation,utilization and disaster management for the well-being of communities before,during and after disasters.Such practices passed on from one generation to the next without being integrated into mainstream development strategies,disaster policy and science.Knowledge of ecology and local skills and materials for hazard prevention and mitigation have the important role to mitigate the hazards and ensure the sustainability for community life style.Moreover,this study proposed an action-oriented model i.e.political-ecological framework of the environmental resource conservation,disaster management and climate change adaptation practices in mostly vulnerable locations of Nepal.Moreover,measures are suggested to enhance the community capacity for managing their livelihood resources and are hindrance to policy making and scientific advancement at the community level with proper integration of local knowledge with science and mainstream development policy.

A Small “Think Tank” Integrating Foresight,Innovation,and Practicability: A Review on Practice and Reflections on Local Governments' Response to Major Natural Disasters

Practice and Reflections on Local Governments’Response to Major Natural Disasters Authors:He Zhen et al.Year:2014Publisher:People’s Publishing House ISBN:9787010137049(478 pages,in Chinese)China is a countr y with frequent occur rence of major natural disasters.Especially since the 21st century,natural disasters。

Educating Teachers of“Chinese as a Local/Global Language”:Teaching“Chinese with Australian Characteristics”

How can the education of teacher-researchers from China be framed in ways so that they might make Chinese learnable for primary and secondary school learners for whom English is their everyday language of instruction and communication.The concept“making Chinese learnable”and the characters of the language learners are explained in the introduction to the paper.The review of an extensive range of literature focuses on the challenges facing Chinese language education.This review of literature from China,the UK,the USA,and Australia leads to a focus on the need for improved teacher education in this field.We explain the theoretic-pedagogical framework for the education of Chinese language teacher-researchers from China.The“case”employed to develop this account an Australia-China partnership called the Research Oriented,School/Industry Engaged Teacher-Researcher Education(ROSETE)Program.Key aspects relating to the educational research process employed in this study are explained.The description of the ROSETE Program introduces the key ideas of“cross-sociolinguistic similarities”and“recurring everyday sociolinguistic activities.”The Ningbo Volunteers,as teacher-researcher candidates use these ideas to investigate efficient ways of making Chinese learnable for learners in Australian schools for whom English is their everyday language of instruction and communication.Through exploring these issues this paper addresses an important and under researched area.It provides inspiration for further teaching and research.

Reconsidering the Barefoot Doctor Programme

This paper examines the widely acclaimed Barefoot Doctor campaign in China. The Barefoot Doctor campaign has come to symbolise the success of Chinese health care to the extent that it has become a model for WHO public health strategy. Yet little has been done to understand how or whether it worked on the ground and what difficulties and contradictions emerged in its implementation. Using previously unexplored party archives as well as newly collected oral interviews, this paper moves away from a narrow focus on party politics and policy formulation by examining the reality of health care at the local level and the challenges faced by local authorities and individuals as the campaigns evolved.