Deep brain implantable microelectrode arrays for detection and functional localization of the subthalamic nucleus in rats with Parkinson’s disease

The subthalamic nucleus(STN)is considered the best target for deep brain stimulation treatments of Parkinson’s disease(PD).It is difficult to localize the STN due to its small size and deep location.Multichannel microelectrode arrays(MEAs)can rapidly and precisely locate the STN,which is important for precise stimulation.In this paper,16-channel MEAs modified with multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(MWCNT/PEDOT:PSS)nanocomposites were designed and fabricated,and the accurate and rapid identification of the STN in PD rats was performed using detection sites distributed at different brain depths.These results showed that nuclei in 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide(6-OHDA)-lesioned brains discharged more intensely than those in unlesioned brains.In addition,the MEA simultaneously acquired neural signals from both the STN and the upper or lower boundary nuclei of the STN.Moreover,higher values of spike firing rate,spike amplitude,local field potential(LFP)power,and beta oscillations were detected in the STN of the 6-OHDA-lesioned brain,and may therefore be biomarkers of STN localization.Compared with the STNs of unlesioned brains,the power spectral density of spikes and LFPs synchronously decreased in the delta band and increased in the beta band of 6-OHDA-lesioned brains.This may be a cause of sleep and motor disorders associated with PD.Overall,this work describes a new cellular-level localization and detection method and provides a tool for future studies of deep brain nuclei.

Nature of the Ga-Ga bonding in Na_2[Arx~*GaGaArx~*](Arx~*=C_6H_3 -2,6-(C_6H_5)_2):Electron localization function analysis

The nature of the Ga-Ga bonding in Na2[Arx＊GaGaArx＊] （Arx＊ = C6H3-2,6-（C6Hs）2） has been investigated and compared with that of in Hz[Arx＊GaGaArx＊] using electron localization function （ELF） and orbital analysis. The calculation results show that in Na2[Arx＊GaGaArx＊], the Ga-Ga interaction is a non-classical triple bond, the heart of Na2[Arx＊GaGaArx＊] is the Ga2Na2 cluster rather than a simple Ga-Ga bond, and the contribution of the sodium atoms to the short Ga-Ga bond length is considerable. As the two sodium atoms are substituted by two hydrogen atoms, the Ga-Ga bond is replaced by two 3-center, 2-electron （3c-2e） Ga-H-Ga covalent bridged bonding.

Functional localization of the cortical motor area in the brain Electrocorticogram analysis

The method for rapidly, precisely and non-invasively localizing functional regions of the brain is a problem in neuromedicine research. Cortical electrostimulation is the optimal localization method during brain surgery, with a degree of accuracy of approximately 5 mm. However, electrostimulation can damage the cerebral cortex, trigger epilepsy, and extend the operation time. Studies are required to determine whether cortical motor regions can be localized by wavelet analysis from electrocorticograms. In this study, based on wavelet analysis of electrocorticograms, a selection of algorithms for classification of the mu rhythm in the motor regions utilizing experimental data was verified. Results demonstrated that a characteristic quantity of energy ratio in the reconstructed signal was filtered in the d6 （7.81-15.62 Hz） band prior to and following motion events. A characteristic threshold was considered to be 40%. The accuracy of localization detection was 93%. The degree of accuracy was less than 5 mm. The present study avoided the problems of cerebral cortex injury and epilepsy onset, with an operation time of 60 seconds. Therefore, wavelet analysis on electrocorticogram is feasible for localizing cortical motor regions. Furthermore, this localization technique is accurate, safe and rapid.

Density function theoretical study on the complex involved in Th atom-activated C–C bond in C2H6

Density functional theory（DFT） calculations are performed to investigate the reactivity of Th atom toward ethane C–C bond activation.A comprehensive description of the reaction mechanisms leading to two different reaction products is presented.We report a complete exploration of the potential energy surfaces by taking into consideration different spin states.In addition,the intermediate and transition states along the reaction paths are characterized.Total,partial,and overlap population density of state diagrams and analyses are also presented.Furthermore,the natures of the chemical bonding of intermediate and transition states are studied by using topological method combined with electron localization function（ELF） and Mayer bond order.Infrared spectrum（IR） is obtained and further discussed based on the optimized geometries.

LOCAL C-SEMIGROUPS AND LOCAL C-COSINE FUNCTIONS

This paper is concerned with the local C-semigroups and local C-cosine functions without the assumption that the image of C is dense in a Banach space X, First, the sufficient and necessary conditions for a local C-semigroup and a C-cosine function to be the restriction of a global C-semigroup and a global C-cosine function to an interval are given, respectively, Secondly, it is characterized for a closed operator to be the generator of a local C-semigroup and a local C-cosine function, respectively.

MULTI-SCALE COHERENT STRUCTURES IN TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER DETECTED BY LOCALLY AVERAGED VELOCITY STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS

The time sequence of longitudinal velocity component at different vertical locations in turbulent boundary layer was finely measured in a wind tunnel. The concept of coarse_grained velocity structure functions, which describes the relative motions of straining and compressing for multi_scale eddy structures in turbulent flows, was put forward based on the theory of locally multi_scale average. Based on the consistency between coarse_grained velocity structure function and Harr wavelet transformation,detecting method was presented, by which the coherent structures and their intermittency was identified by multi_scale flatness factor calculated by locally average structure function. Phase_averaged evolution course for multi_scale coherent eddy structures in wall turbulence were extracted by this conditional sampling to educe scheme. The dynamics course of multi_scale coherent eddy structures and their effects on statistics of turbulent flows were studied.

Density Function Theory Study on the Reaction Mechanism of Cerium with Oxygen for Ce-bearing Aerosol Particle Formation

We obtained the reaction mechanism of cerium with oxygen by means of density functional theory (DFT) under the explosive or detonation situation. The energy level order of cerium was calculated and the potential energy profile was plotted. The properties of the bonds of all special structures in the reaction path were analyzed using the method of the electron localization function (ELF). The results indicate that the final reaction pathway can be expressed as Ce+O2→ FC→TS→IM→O-Ce-O, and the formation of Ce2O3 has not been found. In addition, the ELF diagram of the final product CeO2 shows that Ce bonds with both O atoms and the bond angles increase significantly.

Differentiability of Convex Functions in Locally Convex Spaces(Ⅱ)──Frechet

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MULTIPLIERS ON WEIGHTED FUNCTION SPACES OVER LOCALLY COMPACT VILENKIN GROUPS

In this note, we consider the multipliers on weighted function spaces over totally disconnected locally compact abelian groups (Vilenkin groups). Firstly we show an (H1 ,L ) multiplier result. We also give an (Hap ,Hap) multiplier result under a similiar condition of Lu Yang type. In section 2, we obtain a result about the boundedness of multipliers on weighted Besov spaces.

On Local Integrated Cosine Functions

Suppose X is a Banach space, and A is a closed operator. We give some equivalent conditions between A generating a local integrated cosine functions and the existence of solutions of abstract Cauchy problems.

INTEGRATION OF A ZONAL FUNCTION RELATED TO THE LOCAL HARMONIC ANALYSIS ON SPHERES

In studying Local harmonic analysis on the sphere S',R.S.Strichartz introduced certain zonab functionsid(x,y))which satisfy the equation

Hans A.Panofsky’s Integral Similarity Function—At Fifty

Fifty years ago, Hans A. Panofsky published a paper entitled Determination of stress from wind and temperature measurements. In his famous paper, he presented a new profile function for the mean horizontal wind speed under the condition of diabatic stratification that includes his integral similarity function. With his integral similarity function, he opened the door for Monin-Obukhov scaling in a wide range of micrometeorological and microclimatological applications. In a historic survey ranging from the sixties of the past century down to the present days, we present integral similarity functions for momentum, sensible heat, and water vapor for both unstable and stable stratification, where on the one hand free convection condition and on the other hand strongly stable stratification are addressed.

On the Bonding Nature of Noble Gas Compounds MRg^(+) and MRgF(M=Co,Rh,Ir;Rg=Ar,Kr,Xe)

The structure and stability of the compounds MRg^(+)and MRg F(Rg=Ar,Kr,and Xe;M=Co,Rh,and Ir)were investigated using the B3 LYP,MP2,MP4(SDQ)and CCSD(T)methods.We reported the geometry,vibrational frequencies and thermodynamics properties of these compounds.A series of theoretical methods on the basis of wavefunction analysis,including natural bond orbitals,atoms in molecules,electron localization function,and energy decomposition analysis,were performed to explore bonding nature of the M-Rg and Rg-F bonds.These bonds are mainly noncovalent,the metal weakly interacts with Rg in MRg^(+),but their interaction is much stronger in MRg F.The neutral molecule MRg F can be well described by the Lewis structure[MRg]^(+)F^(-).

Changes in sensorimotor regions of the cerebral cortex in congenital amusia:a case-control study

Perceiving pitch is a central function of the human auditory system;congenital amusia is a disorder of pitch perception.The underlying neural mechanisms of congenital amusia have been actively discussed.However,little attention has been paid to the changes in the motor rain within congenital amusia.In this case-control study,17 participants with congenital amusia and 14 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while resting with their eyes closed.A voxel-based degree centrality method was used to identify abnormal functional network centrality by comparing degree centrality values between the congenital amusia group and the healthy control group.We found decreased degree centrality values in the right primary sensorimotor areas in participants with congenital amusia relative to controls,indicating potentially decreased centrality of the corresponding brain regions in the auditory-sensory motor feedback network.We found a significant positive correlation between the degree centrality values and the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia scores.In conclusion,our study identified novel,hitherto undiscussed candidate brain regions that may partly contribute to or be modulated by congenital amusia.Our evidence supports the view that sensorimotor coupling plays an important role in memory and musical discrimination.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University,China(No.WDX20180101GZ01)on February 9,2019.

SEMILINEAR HEMIVARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES WITH STRONG RESONANCE AT INFINITY

A semilinear elliptic equation with strong resonance at infinity and with a nonsmooth potential is studied. Using nonsmooth critical point theory and developing some abstract minimax principles which complement and extend results in the literature, two results on existence are obtained.

Inverted V-shaped evolution of superconducting temperature in SrBC under pressure

Based on density functional first-principles calculations and anisotropic Eliashberg equations,we have investigated the electronic structure,lattice dynamics,and phonon-mediated superconductivity in newly synthesized layered compound Sr BC under pressure.Different from Li BC and Mg B2,our calculations surprisingly reveal that Sr BC is isotropic in compressibility,due to the accumulation of substantial electrons in the interstitial region.We find that the Sr phonons strongly couple with B-2 pz orbital and the interstitial states,giving rise to a two-gap superconductivity in Sr BC,whose transition temperature shows an inverted V-shaped dependence on pressure.The maximal transition temperature is about 22 K at50 GPa.On both sides of 50 GPa,the transition temperature exhibits quasi-linear variation with positive and negative slopes,respectively.Such a variation of transition temperature is infrequent among phonon-mediated superconductors.The competition between enhanced electron–phonon matrix element and hardened phonons plays an essential role in governing the behavior of the critical temperature.

Superconductivity in electron-doped arsenene

Based on the first-principles density functional theory electronic structure calculation,we investigate the possible phonon-mediated superconductivity in arsenene,a two-dimensional buckled arsenic atomic sheet,under electron doping.We find that the strong superconducting pairing interaction results mainly from the pz-like electrons of arsenic atoms and the A1 phonon mode around the K point,and the superconducting transition temperature can be as high as 30.8 K in the arsenene with 0.2 doped electrons per unit cell and 12%-applied biaxial tensile strain.This transition temperature is about ten times higher than that in the bulk arsenic under high pressure.It is also the highest transition temperature that is predicted for electron-doped two-dimensional elemental superconductors,including graphene,silicene,phosphorene,and borophene.

ON NONLINEAR ELLIPTIC HEMIVARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES OF SECOND ORDER

In this paper, a nonlinear hemivariational inequality of second order with a forcing term of subcritical growth is studied. Using techniques from multivalued analysis and the theory of nonlinear operators of monotone type, an existence theorem for the Dirichlet boundary value problem is proved.

ADDITIVE HAZARDS MODEL WITH TIME-VARYING REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS

This article discusses regression analysis of failure time under the additive hazards model, when the regression coefficients are time-varying. The regression coefficients are estimated locally based on the pseudo-score function [12] in a window around each time point. The proposed method can be easily implemented, and the resulting estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal with easily estimated variances. The simulation studies show that our estimation procedure is reliable and useful.

Transport Properties of Si and Ge Liquid Semiconductor Metals

In the present article, we study the electrical resistivity ρ, the thermoelectric power （TEP） α, thermal conductivity σ, Knight-Shifts and temperature coefficient of the Knight-Shifts of the liquid Si and Ge using the well known model potential for the first time. The structure factor used in the present work is derived from the Percus-Yevick （PY） theory. Various local field correction functions are used to study the screening influence. The present results of resistivity are found in qualitative agreement with available experimental and theoretical whenever exists.