Shock-induced energy localization and reaction growth considering chemical-inclusions effects for crystalline explosives

Chemical inclusions significantly alter shock responses of crystalline explosives in macroscale gap experiments but their microscale dynamics origin remains unclear.Herein shock-induced energy localization,overall physical responses,and reactions in a-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane(a-RDX)crystal entrained various chemical inclusions were investigated by the multi-scale shock technique implemented in the reactive molecular dynamics method.Results indicated that energy localization and shock reaction were affected by the intrinsic factors within chemical inclusions,i.e.,phase states,chemical compositions,and concentrations.The atomic origin of chemical-inclusions effects on energy localization is dependent on the dynamics mechanism of interfacial molecules with free space volume,which includes homogeneous intermolecular compression,interfacial impact and shear,and void collapse and jet.As introducing various chemical inclusions,the initiation of those dynamics mechanisms triggers diverse decay rates of bulk RDX molecules and hereby impacts on growth speeds of final reactions.Adding chemical inclusions can reduce the effectiveness of the void during the shock impacting.Under the shockwave velocity of 9 km/s,the parent RDX decay rate in RDX entrained amorphous carbon decreases the most and is about one fourth of that in RDX with a vacuum void,and solid HMX and TATB inclusions are more reactive than amorphous carbon but less reactive than dry air or acetone inclusions.The lessdense shocking system denotes the greater increases in local temperature and stress,the faster energy liberation,and the earlier final reaction into equilibrium,revealing more pronounced responses to the present intense shockwave.The quantitative models associated with the relative system density(RD_(sys))were proposed for indicating energy-localization mechanisms and evaluating initiation safety in the shocked crystalline explosive.RD_(sys)is defined by the density ratio of defective RDX to perfect crystal after dynamics relaxation and reveals the global density characteristic in shocked systems filled with chemical inclusions.When RD_(sys)is below 0.9,local hydrodynamic jet initiated by void collapse dominates upon energy localization instead of interfacial impact.This study sheds light on novel insights for understanding the shock chemistry and physical-based atomic origin in crystalline explosives considering chemical-inclusions effects.

Local electron mean energy profile of positive primary streamer discharge with pin-plate electrodes in oxygen nitrogen mixtures

Local electron mean energy （LEME） has a direct effect on the rates of collisional ionization of molecules and atoms by electrons. Electron-impact ionization plays an important role and is the main process for the production of charged particles in a primary streamer discharge. Detailed research on the LEME profile in a primary streamer discharge is extremely important for a comprehensive understanding of the local physical mechanism of a streamer. In this study, the LEME profile of the primary streamer discharge in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures with a pin-plate gap of 0.5 cm under an impulse voltage is investigated using a fluid model. The fluid model includes the electron mean energy density equation, as well as continuity equations for electrons and ions and Poisson＇s electric field equation. The study finds that, except in the initial stage of the primary streamer, the LEME in the primary streamer tip tends to increase as the oxygen-nitrogen mole ratio increases and the pressure decreases. When the primary streamer bridges the gap, the LEME in the primary streamer channel is smaller than the first ionization energies of oxygen and nitrogen. The LEME in the primary streamer channel then decreases as the oxygen-nitrogen mole ratio increases and the pressure increases. The LEME in the primary streamer tip is primarily dependent on the reduced electric field with mole ratios of oxygen-nitrogen given in the oxygen-nitrogen mixtures.

Global minimization of adaptive local image fitting energy for image segmentation

The active contour model based on local image fitting （LIF） energy is an effective method to deal with intensity inhomo- geneities, but it always conflicts with the local minimum problem because LIF has a nonconvex energy function form. At the same time, the parameters of LIF are hard to be chosen for better per- formance. A global minimization of the adaptive LIF energy model is proposed. The regularized length term which constrains the zero level set is introduced to improve the accuracy of the bound- aries, and a global minimization of the active contour model is presented, in addition, based on the statistical information of the intensity histogram, the standard deviation σ with respect to the truncated Gaussian window is automatically computed according to images. Consequently, the proposed method improves the performance and adaptivity to deal with the intensity inhomo- geneities. Experimental results for synthetic and real images show desirable performance and efficiency of the proposed method.

Discovering exact,gauge-invariant,local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system by high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds

Gyrokinetic theory is arguably the most important tool for numerical studies of transport physics in magnetized plasmas.However,exact local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system have not been found despite continuous effort.Without such local conservation laws,energy and momentum can be instantaneously transported across spacetime,which is unphysical and casts doubt on the validity of numerical simulations based on the gyrokinetic theory.The standard Noether procedure for deriving conservation laws from corresponding symmetries does not apply to gyrokinetic systems because the gyrocenters and electromagnetic field reside on different manifolds.To overcome this difficulty,we develop a high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds for classical particle-field systems and apply it to derive exact,local conservation laws,in particular the energy–momentum conservation laws,for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system.A weak Euler–Lagrange(EL)equation is established to replace the standard EL equation for the particles.It is discovered that an induced weak EL current enters the local conservation laws,and it is the new physics captured by the high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds.A recently developed gauge-symmetrization method for high-order electromagnetic field theories using the electromagnetic displacement-potential tensor is applied to render the derived energy–momentum conservation laws electromagnetic gauge-invariant.

Individual and local scale interactions and adaptations to wind energy development:A case study of Oklahoma,USA

Wind energy development receives broad support but is often opposed at the local level due to nuisance concerns and uncertainties about how it affects the landowners living due to the turbines and the broader community.Lo-cal opposition to wind energy development can be a powerful force slowing or even ending its implementation in a given region.Oklahoma,USA is currently ranked as 4^(th)in the United States in current wind energy production and has seen significant pushback from some local communities as a renewable energy resource.Previous studies have examined wind energy development’s impact on rural education income,and property values of different communities in Oklahoma.However,funding information on how wind energy development affects the individu-als living alongside the turbines are limited.Using fifteen interviews with landowners,site-managers,community representatives,and pro-wind non-profit organization representatives,this study finds that individuals who live in proximity to wind energy development,particularly those involved in the agricultural industry,have created novel and unique uses for wind farm infrastructure.It also finds that local perceptions of wind energy production are mostly positive and provides increased knowledge of how wind energy development affects the individuals and communities that are hosting the turbines and related infrastructure.

Mathematical Analysis of Energy Efficiency in IEEE 802.11 DCF

The standardized IEEE ,802. II distributed coordination function （ DCF） provides a contention-based distributed channel access mechanism for mobile stations to share the wireless medium. However, when stations are mobile or portable units, power consumption becomes a primary issue since terminals are usually battery driven. This paper proposes an analytical model that calculates the energy efficiency of both the basic and the RTS/CTS access mechanisms of the IEEE 802. II protocol. The model is validated with simulation results using NS-2 simulation package. The effects of the network size, the average packet length, the initial contention window and maximum backoff stages on the energy efficiency of both access mechanisms are also investigated. Results show that the basic scheme has low energy efficiency at large packet length and large network size, and depends strongly on the number of stations and the backoff procedure parameters. Conversely, the RTS/CTS mechanism provides higher energy efficiency when the network size is large, and is more robust to variations in the backoff procedure parameters.

Distributed Energy and Reserve Scheduling in Local Energy Communities Using L-BFGS Optimization

Encouraging citizens to invest in small-scale renewable resources is crucial for transitioning towards a sustainable and clean energy system.Local energy communities(LECs)are expected to play a vital role in this context.However,energy scheduling in LECs presents various challenges,including the preservation of customer privacy,adherence to distribution network constraints,and the management of computational burdens.This paper introduces a novel approach for energy scheduling in renewable-based LECs using a decentralized optimization method.The proposed approach uses the Limitedmemory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno(L-BFGS)method,significantly reducing the computational effort required for solving the mixed integer programming(MIP)problem.It incorporates network constraints,evaluates energy losses,and enables community participants to provide ancillary services like a regulation reserve to the grid utility.To assess its robustness and efficiency,the proposed approach is tested on an 84-bus radial distribution network.Results indicate that the proposed distributed approach not only matches the accuracy of the corresponding centralized model but also exhibits scalability and preserves participant privacy.

SKYRMIONS IN GROSS-PITAEVSKII FUNCTIONALS

In Bose-Einstein condensates （BECs）, skyrmions can be characterized by pairs of linking vortex rings coming from two-component wave functions. Here we construct skyrmions by studying critical points of Gross-Pitaevskii functionals with two-component wave functions. Using localized energy method, we rigorously prove the existence, and describe the configurations of skyrmions in such BECs.

Birkhoffian Symplectic Scheme for a Quantum System

In this paper, a classical system of ordinary differential equations is built to describe a kind of n-dimensional quantum systems. The absorption spectrum and the density of the states for the system are defined from the points of quantum view and classical view. From the Birkhoffian form of the equations, a Birkhoffian symplectic scheme is derived for solving n-dimensional equations by using the generating function method. Besides the Birkhoffian structure- preserving, the new scheme is proven to preserve the discrete local energy conservation law of the system with zero vector f . Some numerical experiments for a 3-dimensional example show that the new scheme can simulate the general Birkhoffian system better than the implicit midpoint scheme, which is well known to be symplectic scheme for Hamiltonian system.

Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium in Gas and Acid Media by Some Chalcone-Based N-(3-Aminopropyl)Imidazoles: TD-DFT-Based FMO, Conceptual DFT, QTAIM and EDA Studies

The efficacy and mode of action of five chalcone-based imidazole derivatives as corrosion inhibitors of aluminium metal in gas-phase and acidic medium have been investigated herein via quantum chemical calculations. Dispersion-corrected DFT (DFT-D3) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations were performed at PBE0/def2-TZVP//PBEh-3c and CAM-B3LYP/def2- TZVP levels of theory, respectively. Conceptual DFT, the quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) and local energy decomposition (LED) analyses have been performed. The LED analysis was performed at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples (CCSD(T))/def2-SVP level of theory. Frontier molecular orbital energy gaps calculated using the TD-DFT method are found to lie in the range 3.574 - 4.444 eV, indicative of good adsorption and corrosion inhibition efficacies of the investigated molecules. The interactions between aluminium and the inhibitor molecules studied are found to be energetically favorable, owing to negative computed interaction energy values. Furthermore, QTAIM analysis revealed metal-carbon, metal-oxygen and metal-nitrogen interactions in the inhibitor-aluminium complexes, which are predominantly electrostatic in character, according to LED analysis results. Calculated proton affinities (PAs) have revealed the anticorrosion potentials of the investigated inhibitors in acidic medium, with a noticeable dependency on temperature within the range 273.15 - 343.15 K.

Sharing Economy in Local Energy Markets

With an increase in the electrification of end-use sectors,various resources on the demand side provide great flexibility potential for system operation,which also leads to problems such as the strong randomness of power consumption behavior,the low utilization rate of flexible resources,and difficulties in cost recovery.With the core idea of“access over ownership”,the concept of the sharing economy has gained substantial popularity in the local energy market in recent years.Thus,we provide an overview of the potential market design for the sharing economy in local energy markets(LEMs)and conduct a detailed review of research related to local energy sharing,enabling technologies,and potential practices.This paper can provide a useful reference and insights for the activation of demand-side flexibility potential.Hopefully,this paper can also provide novel insights into the development and further integration of the sharing economy in LEMs.

Bounded Rationality Based Multi-VPP Trading in Local Energy Markets:A Dynamic Game Approach with Different Trading Targets

It is expected that multiple virtual power plants(multi-VPPs)will join and participate in the future local energy market(LEM).The trading behaviors of these VPPs needs to be carefully studied in order to maximize the benefits brought to the local energy market operator(LEMO)and each VPP.We propose a bounded rationality-based trading model of multiVPPs in the local energy market by using a dynamic game approach with different trading targets.Three types of power bidding models for VPPs are first set up with different trading targets.In the dynamic game process,VPPs can also improve the degree of rationality and then find the most suitable target for different requirements by evolutionary learning after considering the opponents’bidding strategies and its own clustered resources.LEMO would decide the electricity buying/selling price in the LEM.Furthermore,the proposed dynamic game model is solved by a hybrid method consisting of an improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)algorithm and conventional largescale optimization.Finally,case studies are conducted to show the performance of the proposed model and solution approach,which may provide some insights for VPPs to participate in the LEM in real-world complex scenarios.

Smart Local Energy Systems Towards Net Zero:Practice and Implications from the UK

In transition towards net-zero carbon emissions,a high penetration of renewable power generation and electrification of heat and transport at the grid edge will increase total and peak power consumption significantly with greater uncertainties,thus posing serious challenges to electric power systems.Smart local energy systems,which manage distributed energy resources locally with various smart technologies and commercial arrangements,are one of the promising solutions to this problem.This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the practice of local energy systems in the UK in the context of net-zero transition.At the macro level,local conditions,local businesses,profitability,investment and whole electricity system impacts of local energy systems are reviewed.Then,a practical case in North Wales,UK,is analyzed for demonstrating technical,commercial and regulatory arrangements available and needed for setting up a local energy system practice.Implications are summarized for providing a useful reference for developing smart local energy systems within and beyond the UK.

INVESTIGATION ON CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF Pd-Cu-Si GLASS

The crystallization kinetics of Pd-Cu-Si glass was studied by means of diferential scanning calorimetry-Ⅱ.According to Kissinger peak shift methd and Arrhenius equation,the apparent activation energy was calculated.The crystallization kinetics follows Johnson- Mehl-Avrami equation with n=3.0 within 0.15<x<0.85.In isothermal treatment,the concepts of local Avrami exponent and local activation energy have been introduced into Pd-Cu-Si system for understanding the isothermal crystallization process.

Theoretical Study on Xe…N non-Covalent Interactions:Three Hybridization N with XeO_(3) and XeOF_(2)

The interactions of complexes of XeOF_(2) and XeO_(3) with a series of different hybridization N-containing donors are studied by means of DFT and MP_(2) calculations.The aerogen bonding interaction energies range from 6.5 kcal/mol to19.9 kcal/mol between XeO_(3) or XeOF_(2) and typical N-containing donors.The sequence of interaction for N-containing hy-bridization is sp^(3)>sp^(2)>sp,and XeO_(3)is higher than XeOF_(2).For some donors of sp^(2)and sp^(3) hybridization,the steric effect plays a minor role in the interaction with the evidence of reduced density gradient plots.The dominant stable part is the electrostatic interaction.In complex of XeO_(3),the weight of polarization is larger than dispersion,while the situation is opposite for XeOF_(2)complexes.Except for the sum of the maximum value of molecular electrostatic potential on Xe atom and minimum value of molecular electrostatic potential on N atom,the other five interaction parameters including the potential energy density at bond critical point,the equilibrium distances,interaction energies with the basis set superposition error correction,localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis interaction energies,and the electron charge density,show great linear correlation coefficients with each other.

BEHAVIOR AS t→∞ OF THE SOLUTIONS OF THE LINEAR SYSTEM OF ELASTIC THEORY ON NON－STAR－SHAPED EXTERIOR DOMAINS

The behavior as t→∞ of solutions of the linear system of elastic equations defined on anon-star-tshaped exterior domains in Rn (n≥3) is discussed.It has showed that the local energydecays with arate of t-1+H (0≤H≤1),nonuniformly with respect to the geometrical propertiesof the obstacle.and when n is odd the local energy decays exponentially.For the classical elasticwave,when n=3,the behavior of the solution of the nonhomogeneous system with a right sideterm periodical with respect to time t is discussed.

On the Solar Climate of the Moon and the Resulting Surface Temperature Distribution

The solar climate of our Moon is analyzed using the results of numerical simulations and the recently released data of the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (DLRE) to assess (a) the resulting distribution of the surface temperature, (b) the related global mean surface temperature Ts>, and (c) the effective radiation temperature Te often considered as a proxy for Ts> of rocky planets and/or their natural satellites, where Te is based on the global radiation budget of the well-known “thought model” of the Earth in the absence of its atmosphere. Because the Moon consists of similar rocky material like the Earth, it comes close to this thought model. However, the Moon’s astronomical features (e.g., obliquity, angular velocity of rotation, position relative to the disc of the solar system) differ from that of the Earth. Being tidally locked to the Earth, the Moon’s orbit around the Sun shows additional variation as compared to the Earth’s orbit. Since the astronomical parameters affect the solar climate, we predicted the Moon’s orbit coordinates both relative to the Sun and the Earth for a period of 20 lunations starting May 24, 2009, 00:00 UT1 with the planetary and lunar ephemeris DE430 of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. The results revealed a mean heliocentric distance for the Moon and Earth of 1.00124279 AU and 1.00166376 AU, respectively. The mean geocentric distance of the Moon was 384792 km. The synodic and draconic months deviated from their respective means in a range of -5.7 h to 6.9 h and ±3.4 h, respectively. The deviations of the anomalistic months from their mean range between -2.83 d and 0.97 d with the largest negative deviations occurring around the points of inflection in the curve that represents the departure of the synodic month from its mean. Based on the two successive passages of the Sun through the ascending node of the lunar equator plane, the time interval between them corresponds to 347.29 days, i.e., it is slightly longer than the mean draconic year of 346.62 days. We computed the local solar insolation as input to the multilayer-force restore method of Kramm et al. (2017) that is based on the local energy budget equation. Due to the need to spin up the distribution of the regolith temperature to equilibrium, analysis of the model results covers only the last 12 lunations starting January 15, 2010, 07:11 UT1. The predicted slab temperatures, Tslab, considered as the realistic surface temperatures, follow the bolometric temperatures, Tbol, acceptably. According to all 24 DLRE datasets related to the subsolar longitude øss, the global averages of the bolometric temperature amounts to Tbol=201.1k± 0.6K. Based on the globally averaged emitted infrared radiation of FIR>=290.5W·m-2± 3.0W·m-2 derived from the 24 DLRE datasets, the effective radiative temperature of the Moon is Te, M>=Tbol>1/4=271.0k± 0.7K so that Tbol>≅0.742Te, M. The DLRE observations suggest that in the case of rocky planets and their natural satellites, the globally averaged surface temperature is notably lower than the effective radiation temperature. They differ by a factor that depends on the astronomical parameters especially on the angular velocity of rotation.

Real-time Object Subspace Searching Based on Discrete Searching Paths and Local Energy

In automatic visual inspection, the object image subspace should be segmented and matched quickly so that the affine relationship can be built between the template image and the sample image. When the interference is strong and the illumination is uneven, for example in an industrial application, this can make it difficult to obtain an objects subspace quickly and accurately in real-time. In this paper, a novel strategy is proposed to adopt discrete radial search paths instead of searching all points in an image. Therefore, the searching time can be substantially reduced. In order to reduce the influence coming from the industrial environment, the paper proposes another method that is local energy level set segmentation, which can locate the object subspace more efficiently and accurately. The detection of ＂crown caps＂ is presented as an example in this paper. Detection effects and computing time are compared between several detection methods, and the mechanisms of inspection have also been analyzed.

Well-posedness in the Energy Space for Non-linear System of Wave Equations with Critical Growth

The authors consider the well-posedness in energy space of the critical non-linear system of wave equations with Hamiltonian structure{utt-△u=-F1（｜u｜^2,｜v｜^2）u,utt-△u=-F2（｜u｜^2,｜v｜^2）u where there exists a function F（λ,μ） such that δF（λ,μ）/δλ=F1（λ,μ）.δF（λ,μ）/δμ=F2（λ,μ） By showing that the energy and dilation identities hold for weak solution under some assumptions on the non-linearities, we prove the global well-posedness in energy space by a similar argument to that for global regularity as shown in ＂Shatah and Struwe＇s paper, Ann. of Math. 138, 503-518 （1993）＂.

A Grid-friendly Neighborhood Energy Trading Mechanism

More customers are tending to install batteries with photovoltaic(PV), so they can better control their electricity bills. In this context, customers may be tempted to go offgrid at a substantial up-front cost, leading electricity companies into a death spiral, thereby raising electricity price further on those remaining on grid. Neighborhood energy markets can promote the sharing of locally generated renewable energy and encourage prosumers to stay on grid with financial incentives. A novel neighborhood energy trading(NET) mechanism is developed using the topology of existing radial distribution network to encourage sustainable energy sharing in neighborhood and encourage prosumers to stay on grid. This mechanism considers loss, congestion management, and voltage regulation, and it is scalable with low computation and communication overhead.An IEEE test system is used to validate the NET mechanism.The simulation shows that the price and flow results are obtained with fast computation speed(within 10 iterations) and with loss reflected, flow limit reinforced, and voltage regulated.This study proves that the economic demand-supply-based pricing mechanism can be applied effectively in distribution networks to help encourage more renewable energy sharing in sustainable neighborhood and avoid energy network death spiral.