Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Field observation of the thermal disturbance and freezeback processes of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions

The bearing capacity of pile foundations is affected by the temperature of the frozen soil around pile foundations.The construction process and the hydration heat of cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations affect the thermal stability of permafrost.In this paper,temperature data from inside multiple CIP piles,borehole observations of ground thermal status adjacent to the foundations and local weather stations were monitored in warm permafrost regions to study the thermal influence process of CIP pile foundations.The following conclusions are drawn from the field observation data.(1)The early temperature change process of different CIP piles is different,and the differences gradually diminish over time.(2)The initial concrete temperature is linearly related with the air temperature,net radiation and wind speed within 1 h before the completion of concrete pouring;the contributions of the air temperature,net radiation,and wind speed to the initial concrete temperature are 51.9%,20.3%and 27.9%,respectively.(3)The outer boundary of the thermal disturbance annulus is approximately 2 m away from the pile center.It took more than 224 days for the soil around the CIP piles to return to the natural permafrost temperature at the study site.

Field study of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile

The compositions, technical principles and construction equipments of a new piling method used for ground improvement plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile were introduced. The results from static load tests on single piles with different forms of pile shoes and on their composite foundations were analyzed. The distribution patterns of axial force, shaft friction and toe resistance were studied based on the measurements taken from buried strain gauges. From the point of engineering application, the pile has merits in convenient quality control, high bearing capacity and reliable quality, showing higher reasonability, advancement and suitability than other ground improvement methods. The pile can be adopted properly to take place of ordinary ground improvement method, achieving greater economical and social benefits.

Design and construction of high and large span cast-in-place reinforced concrete cantilever flowering frame beam

The high and large span cast-in-place reinforced concrete cantilever structure of the office building of some court, which is located I-steel at the cantilever and used steel pipe scaffold as the support, has guaranteed the frame body and structure security by the frame body calculating, on-site test and reasonable construction order.

Difficulties and measures of driving super long piles in Bohai Gulf

Long piles of the ocean oil platform are usually manufactured as the integration of several segments, which have to be assembled one by one during installation. During pile driving, excessive pore pressure will build up in such a high level that hydraulic fracturing in the soil round the pile may take place, which will cause the soil to consolidate much faster during pile extension period. Consequently, after pile extension, the soil strength will recover to some extent and the driving resistance will increase considerably, which makes restarting driving the pile very difficult and even causes refusal. A finite element （FE） analysis procedure is presented for judging the risk of refusal by estimating the blow counts after pile extension, in which the regain of soil strength is considered. A case analysis in Bohai Gulf is performed using the proposed orocedure to exolain the nile refusal phenomenon.

Influence of the penetration of adjacent X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile on the existing XCC pile in sand

A series of small-scale 1g X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile-penetration model tests were conducted to study the effects of soil density and pile geometry on the lateral responses of an existing pile and the variations in surrounding soil stress.The results showed that the bending patterns of existing XCC piles varied with penetration depth.The lateral response of the existing pile was sensitive to the change in relative density and pile geometry.For example,the bending moment of the existing pile increased along with these parameters.The development of the radial stressσ′r/σ′v0 of the soil around an existing pile showed different trends at various depths during the penetration of the adjacent pile.Moreover,the change in radial stress during the penetration of the XCC pile did not exhibit the“h/R effect”that was observed in the free-field soil,due to the shielding effect of the existing piles.The peak value of radial stressσ′r_max/σ′v0 decreased exponentially as the radial distance r/R increased.The attenuation ofσ′r_max/σ′v0 with r/R in the loose sand was faster than in the medium-dense or dense sands.Theσ′r_max/σ′v0 at the same soil location increased with the cross-section geometry parameter.

Exothermic process of cast-in-place pile foundation and its thermal agitation of the frozen ground under a long dry bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

A number of dry bridges have been built to substitute for the roadbed on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,China.The aim of this study was to investigate the exothermic process of cast-in-place (CIP) pile foundation of a dry bridge and its harm to the stability of nearby frozen ground.We present 3D heat conduction functions of a concrete pile and of frozen ground with related boundaries.Our analysis is based on the theory of heat conduction and the exponent law describing the adiabatic temperature rise caused by hydration heat.Results under continuous and initial conditions were combined to establish a finite element model of a CIP pile-frozen ground system for a dry bridge under actual field conditions in cold regions.Numerical results indicated that the process could effectively simulate the exothermic process of CIP pile foundation.Thermal disturbance to frozen ground under a long dry bridge caused by the casting temperature and hydration heat of CIP piles was substantial and long-lasting.The simulated thermal analysis results agreed with field measurements and some significant rules relating to the problem were deduced and conclusions reached.

厚软土层下高层建筑长短桩复合地基承载性能研究

为了提升厚软土层下高层建筑地基的承载力,提出长短桩复合地基承载性能研究。基于地质勘测结果设计长短桩复合地基,分析其承载性状及沉降情况;利用Mohr-Coulomb模型,完成承载性能模拟。实验结果显示:在短桩和长桩桩体的单桩承载载荷最大时,沉降结果均在5.00 cm左右;楼体层高为30.00 m时,单位载荷沉降平均值为0.51 cm。所提方法能够可靠分析厚软土层的高层建筑长短桩复合地基承载性能,为厚软土层的高层建筑长短桩复合地基设计提供可靠依据。

钻孔灌注桩数字化施工技术及应用

随着钻孔灌注桩向超孔深、超大直径方向发展,其施工控制难度也显著增加。传统施工工艺高度依赖人工对施工参数进行采集和记录,难以满足精细化施工管控的要求。为了保证超长大直径桩施工质量,以双柳长江大桥北主塔桩基施工为依托工程,对钻孔灌注成孔、成桩关键施工参数及采集方式进行分析,并针对成孔、成桩过程的关键参数进行自动化监测装置的开发与应用。研究结果表明采用数字化技术手段,能有效减少施工过程中人工采集工作量,提升钻孔灌注桩施工精细化管控水平,可供类似工程借鉴。

方形基坑尺寸效应对长短桩围护结构支护效果的影响

为研究方形基坑尺寸效应对长短桩围护结构支护效果的影响,以某桥梁承台基坑为依托,采用数值分析手段,通过现场实测对选用参数进行验证,依托选用参数拟定不同平面尺寸计算工况,通过地层应力与桩后土压力变化分析其尺寸效应;通过对比长短桩围护结构与等长桩围护结构的变形受力差异,探明尺寸效应对长短桩围护结构支护效果的影响。结果表明:当方形基坑尺寸较小时,在坑边一定距离处会形成连续、封闭的“类圆形”拱区域,存在与圆形基坑中环箍效应相似的“类环箍效应”,算例表明该效应在边长大于18.0 m后环箍断开,效应消失;当拱区域封闭为环箍时,围护结构桩后土压力显著降低,当其不封闭时,土压力增长,坑边中部桩后土压力增长量大于坑角处;长短桩围护结构的支护效果在尺寸效应越强的方形基坑中降低越少,基坑的尺寸效应对其变形及稳定有利,算例中边长小于等于14.4 m的基坑可充分利用其尺寸效应,采用长短桩代替等长桩围护,做到绿色环保。

基于Bi-LSTM的浅层地下双孔洞探测技术

文章探究一种基于深度学习的浅层地下孔洞探测技术,以应对地下孔洞给桩基施工安全所造成的严重威胁。基于浅层地震反射波法的原理,采用基础施工过程中的桩锤激震作为激励源,通过在探测区域地表上布置少量加速度传感器采集孔洞反射信号,并将反射信号作为深度学习的输入,以输出孔洞信息,建立一种新型的智能孔洞探测方法。结果表明,双向长短期记忆神经网络(bidirectional long short-term memory neural network,Bi-LSTM)的预测模型对于地下双孔洞的工况具有较高的识别准确率,在容许误差为2 m的情况下,孔洞位置和直径的预测准确率可达95.3%。该研究验证了基于深度学习的多孔洞探测技术的可行性,有望为施工前期土层地质状况的评估提供技术保障。

长短桩组合支护在深厚软土基坑中的应用研究

基坑的支护桩通常采用等桩长布置,而在深厚软土地区的基坑工程中,围护桩需要嵌入软土以下的好土,所以桩长较长,等桩长布置的情况下经济性较差。为了研究部分围护桩嵌入好土的长短桩组合支护在深厚软土基坑中的作用及表现,采用现行设计方法计算全长桩支护和全短桩支护情况下围护桩的结构内力和变形,由此估计采用长短桩组合支护情况下围护桩的变形应介于全长桩支护和全短桩支护之间;进一步通过三维数值模拟对不同长度的长短桩组合支护进行对比分析,确定了合适的短桩桩长,然后将分析结果用于指导实际项目设计并对项目展开监测。研究表明:(1)长短桩组合支护的短桩桩长可截取至全长桩支护条件下围护桩弯矩计算的第二个反弯点,实现短桩与长桩共同受力、协调变形;(2)论文中给出的基于现行设计计算软件的长短桩组合支护设计计算方法是可行的;(3)长短桩组合支护设计方法可有效节约工程造价。研究成果可为深厚软土基坑工程提供参考。

海上风电大直径超长钢管桩竖向承载特性现场试验研究

钢管桩是海上风电工程最主要的基础型式,但针对海上大直径超长钢管桩竖向承载力问题的研究却相对较少。结合广东汕头海上风电工程,进行了海上大直径超长钢管桩竖向承载力特性的现场试验研究,对比了桩底沉降和桩顶沉降随上部荷载的变化特点,分析了桩身侧摩阻力和桩端阻力随上部荷载的变化规律,并依据试验结果对大直径超长钢管桩极限承载力判定方法进行了探讨。试验结果表明:大直径超长钢管桩桩身变形较大,利用桩底沉降随荷载的变化曲线更容易对现场加载量进行控制和调整,也更容易对承载力的极限状态进行判断;大直径超长钢管桩端阻力随桩顶荷载的变化曲线呈“S”形;现行规范中采用Q/Qmax-s/d曲线斜率开始转变为0.2的点所对应的荷载作为极限承载力,将过高的估计大直径超长钢管桩的竖向抗压极限承载力。

基于m法的横向受荷长桩三参数模型参数反演方法

为了提高m法在试桩计算中的精度,提出了基于m法的横向受荷长桩三参数模型参数反演方法。假定地面处桩侧土抗力不为零、地基系数沿深度线性增加,将桩土相对刚度、桩的抗弯刚度、z_(0)作为参数,建立了横向受荷长桩三参数理论计算模型。假定αz_(0),根据桩在地面处位移和转角实测值计算桩土相对刚度、桩的抗弯刚度和桩身最大弯矩。基于桩身最大弯矩计算值接近于实测值条件确定桩土参数,进而通过桩土参数计算桩身弯矩和土抗力并通过其分布情况验证反演方法的可行性。基于理论计算模型分析了剪力作用下αz_(0)变化对其他参数的影响,结果表明:随着αz_(0)的增大,桩土相对刚度、桩的抗弯刚度、桩身最大弯矩以及m值均减小,地面处土抗力和C值均增大,最大土抗力先减小后增大。算例分析表明:反演方法能够保证桩在地面处位移、转角、桩身最大弯矩及最大土抗力位置计算值与实测值相符。与现场试验实测值相比,土抗力最大误差在15%以内;与室内模型试验实测值相比,最大土抗力误差在5%以内;桩身弯矩和土抗力沿深度分布较m法合理。考虑地面处的土体抗力并将桩的抗弯刚度作为待定参数,能够更好地分析桩土的实际工作状况。

CFG桩在高铁软土路基建设中的应用

CFG桩是一种针对软土路基施工建设的有效施工工艺,对软土路基处置具有良好效果。该文以某高铁工程为例,对CFG桩加固软土层的基本原理进行叙述,从长螺旋钻孔施工工艺、桩帽施工等关键环节对CFG桩施工工艺流程进行探讨,并针对性地提出CFG桩施工的关键要点和注意事项。该文旨在为类似工程施工的优化设计提供参考。

单排微型桩加固缓倾长大裂隙土边坡的力学机制

预制混凝土微型桩广泛应用于南水北调工程含长大裂隙膨胀土边坡抢险加固工程,研究其加固力学机制,对膨胀土边坡安全防护具有重要意义。在相似模型试验的基础上,建立含裂隙面边坡滑体及微型单排桩模型;以平行裂隙面方向施加推阻力,开展了相似模型试验及数值模拟。结果表明:微型单排桩加固表现出较好的阻滑效果,将坡体系统的抗滑力维持在较高水平,边坡抵抗破坏的韧性增加,边坡稳定性显著提高。边坡抗滑阻力随桩间距增加而减小,单根微型桩的影响范围有限,随着桩间距的增大,土拱效应逐渐减弱,当桩间距为12倍桩直径时,桩之间的相互作用可以忽略,建议桩间距取8倍桩直径;布置在边坡中部的微型桩加固效果较布置在边坡上1/3位置的微型桩加固效果更好。

成层土中长桩竖向承载激发规律研究

针对成层土中长桩承载问题,结合试桩数据建立了成层土中长桩-土相互作用特性分析模型,基于分析模型研究了上砂下黏和上黏下砂中砂-黏占比对长桩竖向荷载-位移曲线的影响,分析了成层土中长桩侧阻和端阻承载分担比,揭示了达到极限承载力时成层土中桩基侧阻、端阻激发规律,即黏土层侧阻可完全激发、砂土层侧阻未完全激发,桩底端阻完全激发,为实际工程中长桩承载力计算选取合理参数提供依据。

双荷载箱自平衡法在超长桩基承载力测试中的应用

在黄河中游山西小北干流范围,地下以砂土、粉质黏土层等物理力学指标较低的地层为主。在这种复杂的地质条件下,为保证桥梁桩基承载力和上部结构的安全性要求,设计多采用大直径超长桩为主,施工难度较大,造价较高。双荷载箱自平衡法是指根据试验方案规定,在桩身特定位置依次嵌入两个荷载箱,然后按照加载试验方案对荷载箱进行逐级分段加载,分别得出3段桩身的承载力,可以解决超长桩基试桩试验中的很多问题,为桩长优化设计提供数据支撑,具有广泛的应用前景。