Dynamical Mechanisms of Effects of Landslides on Long Distance Oil and Gas Pipelines

According to the investigations on the oil and gas pipelines such as the Lan-Cheng-Chong pipeline and the Southwest pipeline, there are two ways of laying pipeline： pipelines paralleling （approximately） to the main slide direction and pipelines perpendicular （approximately） to the main slide direction. If earth-retaining walls have been built for pipelines paralleling to the main slide direction, they will prevent the lands from sliding; On the contrary, without earth-retaining walls, the sharp broken rocks in the backfilling soil will scratch the safeguard of the pipeline when the landslides take place. Pipelines perpendicular to the main slide direction can be classified into four types according to the relative positions between pipelines and landslides： Pipelines over the slide planes, pipelines inside the fracture strips of slide planes, pipelines below the slide planes and pipelines behind the backsides of landslides. The different dynamical mechanisms of the process in which landslide acts against pipelines are analyzed based on whether the pipelines are equipped with fixed frusta, because the sliding resistance depends on whether and how many fixed frusta are equipped and the distance between frusta.

Study on the long-distance target apperception techniques for underwater vehicles

The limited physical size for autonomous underwater vehicles （AUV） or unmanned underwater vehicles （UUV） makes it difficult to acquire enough space gain for localizing long-distance targets. A new technique about long-distance target apperception with passive synthetic aperture array for underwater vehicles is presented. First, a synthetic aperture-processing algorithm based on the FFT transform in the beam space （BSSAP） is introduced. Then, the study on the flank array passive long-distance apperception techniques in the frequency scope of 11-18 kHz is implemented from the view of improving array gains, detection probability and augmenting detected range under a certain sea environment. The results show that the BSSAP algorithm can extend the aperture effectively and improve detection probability. Because of the augment of the transmission loss, the detected range has the trend of decline with the increase of frequency under the same target source level. The synthesized array could improve the space gain by nearly 7 dB and SNR is increased by about 5 dB. The detected range is enhanced to nearly 2 km under the condition of 108-118 dB of the target source level for AUV system in measurement interval of nearly 1 s.

Study of Distortion of a Vacuum Arc at a Long-Gap Distance

Experimental study of the long-gap distance vacuum arc distortion for three types of axial magnetic field （AMF） contacts, by using high-speed charge coupled device （CCD）, is presented. The arc current was of a half-cycle sine wave with a frequency of 50 Hz, produced by an L=C discharging circuit. The time of appearance and duration of vacuum arc distortion under three conditions were studied. It was found that the gap distance, current and diameter of the electrode affected the characteristics of vacuum distortion at a long-gap distance. Some characteristics of the vacuum arc at a long-gap distance were revealed and the experience and data for further investigation were provided.

Study on the Technology of Supplying Water Safely by Long-Distance Pipeline

The extensively built long-distance water transmission pipelines have become the main water sources for urban areas. To ensure the reliability and safety of the water supply, from the viewpoint of overall management, it would be necessary to establish a system of information management for the pipeline. The monitoring, calculating and analyzing functions of the system serve to give controlling instructions and safe operating rules to the automatic equipment and technician, making sure the resistance coefficient distribution along the pipeline is reasonable; the hydraulic state transition is smooth when operating conditions change or water supply accidents occur, avoiding the damage of water hammer. This paper covered the composition structures of the information management system of long-distance water transmission pipelines and the functions of the subsystems, and finally elaborated on the approaches and steps of building a mathematics model for the analysis of dynamic hydraulic status.

Pressure-relief effect of coal rock body of long distance lower protective seam mined based on FLAC^(3D)

According to the specific geological condition, analyzed the stress distribution ofthe overlying strata, the displacement of pressure released seam, thickness variation andthe distribution of plastic zones by FLAC^(3D) software to simulate mining of the long-distancelower protective seam.The research results show that the distribution of verticalstress appears as a 'Double-hump' within the pressure-relief range of the protected coalseam and the swelling deformation curve of coal bodies takes an 'M' shape.The swellingis divided into initial swelling, swelling increase and swelling compression stability.Themaximum swelling ratio of the pressure released seam is 1.84%, protection angle of thelower protective coal seam along the strike direction is about 55°, protection angle belowthe dip direction is about 50°, protection angle above the dip direction is about 55°, andthe coal seam compression zone resembles a 'U' shape.

Long-distance propagation of pseudo-partially coherent Gaussian Schell-model beams in atmospheric turbulence

Propagation properties of spatially pseudo-partially coherent Gaussian Schell-model beams through the atmo- spheric turbulence over a long-distance uplink path are studied by numerical simulation. A linear coordination trans- formation is introduced to overcome the window effect and the loss-of-resolution problem. The beam spreading, beam wandering, and intensity scintillation as functions of turbulence strength, source correlation length, and change fre- quency of random phase that models the partial coherence of the source are analyzed. It is found that the beam spreading and the intensity scintillation of the partially coherent beam are less affected by the turbulence than those of the coherent one, but it suffers from a more severe diffractive effect, and the change frequency of random phase has no evident influence on it. The beam wandering is insensitive to the variation of source correlation length, and decreases firstly then goes to a fixed value as the change frequency increases.

The Role that φ-Features Play in Long Distance Binding

Chinese long distance binding is explored in terms of a feature orientated approach: a long distance anaphor with barren or impoverished φ features is obliged to acquires φ features (or phi features) from its adjacent NPs in its upward movement at LF, and that this feature obtaining process, governed by rules that are summarized in terms of Feature Saturation Process (FSP), provides answers to long distance binding. Accordingly, binding is seen as an instance of a perfect match of features possessed by a saturated anaphor and an NP at LF. An anaphor is bound when it moves to INFL with its φ features matched with a feature functioning NP, whereas a middle way anaphor with unsaturated φ features is not bound. This approach satisfactorily explains the binding relations in sentences of long distance coreference and providing alternative answers to other issues of binding. It is further shown that the binding of Chinese reflexive ziji (自己)to its antecedent(s) results from a sequence of local dependency through movement.

Improvement of heat－tolerance by training I．Evaluation of effects of long－distance running and march training on heat－toleran

in order to verify the heat-tolerance effect, two trainings, 90 min marching with load (WBGT 24. 6～35.6℃) and 10 km running (WBGT 25.0～31.1℃) were performed in laboratory and field under hot climate.Ten to twelve times (days) of training were carried out

Influencing Factors of Seed Long-distance Dispersal on a Fragmented Forest Landscape on Changbai Mountains,China

Seed long-distance dispersal(LDD) events are typically rare, but are important in the population processes that determine large-scale forest changes and the persistence of species in fragmented landscapes. However, previous studies focused on species dispersed via animal-mediated LDD, and ignored those dispersed by wind. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of canopy openness, edge, seed source, and patch tree density on the LDD of seeds by wind in forest. We collected birch seeds, a typical wind-dispersed species, throughout a larch plantation. We then assessed the relationship between birch LDD and each factor that may influence LDD of seeds by wind including distance to edge, canopy openness size, distance to mature forest, and the tree density of the larch plantation. We used univariate linear regression analysis to assess the influence of those factors on birch LDD, and partial correlations to calculate the contribution of each factor to LDD. The results showed that both canopy openness and edge had significant influences on birch LDD. Specifically, a negative relationship was observed between distance to edge and birch LDD, whereas there was a positive correlation between canopy openness size and LDD. In contrast, the distance to the mature forest was not correlated with birch LDD. Our results suggest that patch tree density could potently affect the probability of LDD by wind vectors, which provides novel and revealing insights regarding the effect of fragmentation on wind dynamics. The data also provide compelling evidence for the previously undocumented effect of habitat fragmentation on wind-dispersed organisms. As such, these observations will facilitate reasonable conservation planning, which requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which patch properties hamper the delivery of seeds of wind-dispersed plants to fragmented areas.

HF FIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS OVER THE VERY LONG DISTANCE

It was ascertained that there is a great margin between the theoretical values and experimental medians of the field strength of RWM and RID signals during high solar activity period at Chinese Great Wall Station on Antarctica. The calculated values are, on average, less than the experimental, especially on the propagation path between RID and Antarctica. The field strength by the experiment may be used as the basic data for the research of HF propagation over the very long distance. Because of the large deviation it seems to be necessary to study HF propagation over the very long distance in details, especially the propagation model.

Scheme of long distance power supply for electrified railway traction network based on traction cable

Purpose–The traction cable is paralleled with the existing traction network of electrified railway through transverse connecting line to form the scheme of long distance power supply for the traction network.This paper aims to study the scheme composition and power supply distance(PSD)of the scheme.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the structure of parallel traction network(referred to as“cable traction network(CTN)”),the power supply modes(PSMs)are divided into cableþdirect PSM and cableþautotransformer(AT)PSM(including Japanese mode,French mode and new mode).Taking cableþJapanese AT PSM as an example,the scheme of long distance power supply for CTN under the PSMs of co-phase and out-of-phase power supply are designed.On the basis of establishing the equivalent circuit model and the chain circuit model of CTN,taking the train working voltage as the constraint condition,and based on the power flow calculation of multiple train loads,the calculation formula and process for determining the PSD of CTN are given.The impedance and PSD of CTN under the cableþAT PSM are simulated and analyzed,and a certain line is taken as an example to compare the scheme design.Findings–Results show that the equivalent impedance of CTN under the cableþAT PSM is smaller,and the PSD is about 2.5 times of that under the AT PSM,which can effectively increase the PSD and the flexibility of external power supply location.Originality/value–The research content can effectively improve the PSD of traction power supply system and has important reference value for the engineering application of the scheme.

Criterions and Measures of Route Selection of Shallowly Embedded Long-Distance Oil and Gas Pipeline in Mountain Areas

According to the engineering investigation of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, the criterions and measures of route selection are drawn as follows： the flat landform is the first choice in route alignment. The foot of mountain is the first choice when the route passes by the valley. The route should pass by but the shady and deposited slope and not in sunny and erosive slope as possible as it can. The pipeline should be vertical to contour climbing and descending the mountain except steep slope. Tunnel can be used in crossing foothill. Perpendicularly traversing the river is better than beveling; the worst choice is to put the pipeline along the river. Bypass is the best choice in karsts area. The order of route selection should be pre-choosing, investigation, optimization and adjustment.

THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-DISTANCE OILPIPELINE ENGINEERING

The oilfield construction and long-distance oil pipeline engineering has been developed extensively in China. The risk assessment of oil industry will, however, be an important objective to cope with the development of oil industry , The risk assessment of oil industry has many subjects worthy to be studied.The major purpose of the paper is to research the risk cases of long-distance oil pipeline engineering in Ganshu and Shaanxi provinces.

LONG-DISTANCE-RELAYED WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT EAST OF TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS IMPACTS

This paper attempts to reveal a long-distance-relayed water vapor transport(LRWVT) east of Tibetan Plateau and its impacts. The results show that from August to October, east of Tibetan Plateau, there exists a unique LRWVT,and the water vapor from the South China Sea and the western Pacific can affect the Sichuan Basin, Northwest China and other Chinese regions far from the tropical sea through this way. From August to October, the precipitation of the region east of the Plateau is closely linked both in the intra-annual and inter-annual variations, and the LRWVT from the South China Sea and the western Pacific is an important connection mechanism. The large-scale circulation background of the LRWVT impacting the precipitation of the region east of the Plateau is as follows: At high levels,the South Asian High is generally stronger than normal and significantly enhances with its northward advance and eastward extension over the region east of the Plateau. At mid-level, a broad low pressure trough is over Lake Balkhash and its surroundings, and the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) is northward and westward located, and the western part of Sichuan Basin and the eastern part of Northwest China are located in the west and northwest edge of WPSH.

A real time transmission system of long distance for nuclear logging

Some specified chips in traditional Manchester-Ⅱencoding/decoding designs are used to guarantee strictly the stability of the input wave,otherwise the capacity of anti-interference and resilience are degraded seriously.In this paper,a new Manchester-Ⅱencoding/ decoding system is used for nuclear logging by a 7 000 m armoring cable.A thorough hardware wave tracking decoding algorithm is proposed and realized in a FPGA hardware chip.An on-site measurements show that this transmission system can decode correctly in real time,with a bit error rate of better than 10^(-10).

Estimation of the Probability of Long-Distance Dispersal: Stratified Diffusion of <i>Spartina alterniflora</i>in the Yangtze River Estuary

The relative contribution of long-distance dispersal and local diffusion in the spread of invasive species has been a subject of much debate. Invasion of the intertidal mudflats by Spartina alterniflora is an ideal example of stratified diffusion, involving both long-distance dispersal of seeds and local diffusion due to clonal growth. In conjunction with experimental data on range radius-versus-time curve, a traveling wave equation-based model is used to investigate the sensitivity of the spread rate of exotic S. alterniflora to parameters of long distance dispersal (c, maximum colonial establishment rate) and local colony diffusion (r, intrinsic growth rate) at two tidal marshes, the Eastern Chongming and the Jiuduansha Islands, at the Yangtze River estuary. Both Eastern Chong ming and Jiuduansha Islands are now national natural reserves in China, which were established in 2005. However, the mudflats and salt marshes in the two reserves are now heavily infested with introduced S. alterniflora, which may threaten the estuarine ecosystems and their biodiversity. S. alterniflora was first found in 1995 on Chongming. For rapid sediment accretion in mudflats in the estuary, S. alterniflora was also intentionally introduced to Jiuduansha in 1997 and Chongming in 2001, which has led to a rapid range expansion in the estuary. Our results show that range expansion of species with stratified diffusion is affected by both long-distance dispersal and local colony diffusion, and that there is a critical c*, below which the spread rate is more influenced by long-distance dispersal than by local diffusion. After applying this model to the invasion of S. alterniflora in the Yangtze River estuary, we derive that c = 1.7 × 10-3, c* = 0.126 and c = 4.8 × 10-3 km-2·yr-1, c* = 0.140 km-2·yr-1 at Chongming and Jiuduansha (Shanghai), respectively. Our results suggest that the range spread of S. alterniflora in the Yangtze River estuary is more influenced by long-distance dispersal than local colony diffusion, and that S. alterniflora generates about 1.7 × 10-3 to 4.8 × 10-3 colonies per square kilometers per year. This study provides important information about dispersal dynamics of S. alterniflora that may be useful for finding optimal control strategies. ·

Long-distance super-exchange and quantum magnetic relaxation in a hybrid metal–organic framework

The hybrid metal-organic framework [（CH3）2NH2]Fe（HCOO）3 with a perovskite-like structure exhibits a variety of unusual magnetic behaviors at low temperatures. While the long-distance super-exchange through the Fe-（Y-CH-O- Fe exchange path leads to a canted antiferromagnetic ordering at TN - 19 K, a second transition of magnetic blocking develops at TB- 9 K. The stair-shaped magnetization hysteresis loops below TB resemble the behaviors of resonant quantum tunneling of magnetization in single-molecular quantum magnets. Moreover, the magnetic relaxation also exhibits several features of resonant quantum relaxation, such as the exponential law with a single characteristic relaxation time, and the nonmonotonic dependence of relaxation rate on the applied magnetic field with a much faster relaxation around the resonant fields. The origin of quantum tunneling behaviors in the [（CH3）2NH2]Fe（HCOO）3 metal-organic framework is discussed in terms of magnetic phase separation due to the modification of hydrogen bonding on the long-distance super-exchange interaction.

Research on the Long-distance Transmission

In view of the imbalanced distribution of power load and resources, including the status of “electric shortage” in some cities in our country, the article discusses the long-distance transmission technology. It mainly analyzed two ways of the long-distance transmission: UHV AC transmission and UHV DC transmission. The fractional frequency transmission technology and half wavelength AC transmission technology of AC transmission are introduced. Some key technologies of long-distance transmission are described. It has a guess for long-distance transmission future direction.