Countdown signals for motorized vehicles,which are intended to ensure safety on the road and regulate motor vehicle speed limits at road intersections,are still considered a relatively novel concept.These signals have...Countdown signals for motorized vehicles,which are intended to ensure safety on the road and regulate motor vehicle speed limits at road intersections,are still considered a relatively novel concept.These signals have been adopted by only a few countries,and the number of cities that use them is limited.This review aims to summarize the effects of countdown signals on traffic safety and efficiency and to determine the consistency and differences of existing research propositions on the matter.Based on the review,considerable research presents evidently different conclusions in the areas of driver red-light running and traffic safety.Particularly,some studies propose that countdown signals reinforce traffic safety,whereas others consider that such signals adversely affect traffic safety.Meanwhile,related literature provides varying conclusions on the aspect of traffic efficiency for vehicle headway.At present,the number of studies conducted regarding the driving behaviors of motorists toward countdown-signalized intersections is insufficient.Accordingly,such inadequate diversity in research causes difficulty in completely assessing the benefits and disadvantages of countdown signals.In this paper,an important future research direction on microcosmic driving psychological and physiological data combined with macro-driving behavior is proposed.展开更多
This study aimed to examine the relationship be-tween sprint ability and base running of baseball players and track-and- field (T&F) athletes, and to identify the association between sprint ability and running ski...This study aimed to examine the relationship be-tween sprint ability and base running of baseball players and track-and- field (T&F) athletes, and to identify the association between sprint ability and running skill on base running. The subjects were 25 male university baseball players and 15 male T&F athletes without baseball experience. The straight sprint time of 54.8 m and 109.6 m (corresponding to the distance to second and home) was measured. In the home run test, the times to reach each base were measured. In the second base run test, the actual running distance and 3 m section time around the first base were measured. Base running efficiency was obtained by dividing the base running time by the straight sprint time. T&F athletes showed higher values than baseball players only in the 109.6 m straight sprint time (P < 0.05, ES=1.35). Baseball players were significantly superior to T&F athletes in terms of base running efficiency. As for 3 m section times, baseball players showed significant and higher values. The straight sprint time showed significant and high correlations (r = 0.87, 0.90) between the 109.6 m run and the run home and be-tween the 54.8 m run and the second base run in baseball players, but not in T&F athletes. It was found that superior sprint ability does not always lead to good base running. In base running, it is important to run outward to some extent. In particular, the skill acquisition of base running in 3 m sections around the base will contribute to shortening base running time.展开更多
基金support provided by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(ZR2020MG021 and ZR2022MF332)the Humanities and Social Science Planning Fund of Chinese Ministry of Education(18YJAZH067).
文摘Countdown signals for motorized vehicles,which are intended to ensure safety on the road and regulate motor vehicle speed limits at road intersections,are still considered a relatively novel concept.These signals have been adopted by only a few countries,and the number of cities that use them is limited.This review aims to summarize the effects of countdown signals on traffic safety and efficiency and to determine the consistency and differences of existing research propositions on the matter.Based on the review,considerable research presents evidently different conclusions in the areas of driver red-light running and traffic safety.Particularly,some studies propose that countdown signals reinforce traffic safety,whereas others consider that such signals adversely affect traffic safety.Meanwhile,related literature provides varying conclusions on the aspect of traffic efficiency for vehicle headway.At present,the number of studies conducted regarding the driving behaviors of motorists toward countdown-signalized intersections is insufficient.Accordingly,such inadequate diversity in research causes difficulty in completely assessing the benefits and disadvantages of countdown signals.In this paper,an important future research direction on microcosmic driving psychological and physiological data combined with macro-driving behavior is proposed.
文摘This study aimed to examine the relationship be-tween sprint ability and base running of baseball players and track-and- field (T&F) athletes, and to identify the association between sprint ability and running skill on base running. The subjects were 25 male university baseball players and 15 male T&F athletes without baseball experience. The straight sprint time of 54.8 m and 109.6 m (corresponding to the distance to second and home) was measured. In the home run test, the times to reach each base were measured. In the second base run test, the actual running distance and 3 m section time around the first base were measured. Base running efficiency was obtained by dividing the base running time by the straight sprint time. T&F athletes showed higher values than baseball players only in the 109.6 m straight sprint time (P < 0.05, ES=1.35). Baseball players were significantly superior to T&F athletes in terms of base running efficiency. As for 3 m section times, baseball players showed significant and higher values. The straight sprint time showed significant and high correlations (r = 0.87, 0.90) between the 109.6 m run and the run home and be-tween the 54.8 m run and the second base run in baseball players, but not in T&F athletes. It was found that superior sprint ability does not always lead to good base running. In base running, it is important to run outward to some extent. In particular, the skill acquisition of base running in 3 m sections around the base will contribute to shortening base running time.
