Investigation of Novel Hydrogen/Oxygen Thruster for Orbital Maneuver in Space Station

Hydrogen and oxygen orbital maneuver thruster, based on gas-dynamic resonance ignition, is a new liquid rocket propulsion technology, and is especially applicable to space station. By means of theoretic thermodynamic calculation of the hydrogen and oxygen thruster, combined with the experimental exploration on the coaxial hydrogen and oxygen resonance ignition, a scheme of the thruster head configuration is designed as the combination of a coaxial hydrogen/oxygen resonance igniter and an oxygen augmentation injector. Through ignition tests on coaxial hydrogen/oxygen resonance igniter characterization, the thruster head ignition tests have been conducted successfully in sequence of resonance ignition and oxygen augmentation combustion. Finally, the thruster ground tests are successfully carried out in forms of single impulse, successive double impulses and 3.0 seconds continuous running, which verify the reliability and feasibility of the thruster. The response time of the thruster starting is restricted within 0.2 second.

A two-step method to detect broadcast ephemeris unavailable periods caused by BeiDou satellite orbital maneuvers

The space constellation of the BeiDou navigation satellite system(BDS) is a hybrid constellation containing medium earth orbit(MEO) satellites, geostationary earth orbit(GEO) satellites, and inclined geosynchronous orbit(IGSO) satellites. Due to the geosynchronous characteristics of GEO and IGSO, GEO satellites and IGSO satellites often need to perform orbital maneuvers, which can affect the signal-inspace(SIS) availability performance of BeiDou satellites. A two-step detection method for BeiDou satellite orbital maneuvers has been proposed in this paper. The first step is to identify orbital maneuvers based on time series analysis of broadcast ephemeris, and the second step is to verify orbital maneuvers based on bidirectional orbit prediction. The two-step detection method was used to detect the orbital maneuvers of BeiDou satellites in 2019. Through the double guarantees of identification and verification,the detection accuracy of BeiDou satellite orbital maneuvers has been effectively improved. And the orbital maneuver detection results are continued to be used to assess the SIS availability of BeiDou satellites. The results show that the availability loss of GEO satellite orbital maneuvers is about 0.45%-1.07%, and the availability loss of IGSO satellite orbital maneuvers is about 0.12%-0.19%.

Trajectory and Correction Maneuver During the Transfer from Earth to Halo Orbit

This article addresses the design of the trajectory transferring from Earth to Halo orbit, and proposes a timing closed-loop strategy of correction maneuver during the transfer in the frame of circular restricted three body problem （CR3BP）. The relation between the Floquet multipliers and the magnitudes of Halo orbit is established, so that the suitable magnitude for the aerospace mission is chosen in terms of the stability of Halo orbit. The stable manifold is investigated from the Poincar6 mapping defined which is different from the previous researches, and six types of single-impulse transfer trajectories are attained from the geometry of the invariant manifolds. Based on one of the trajectories of indirect transfer which are ignored in the most of literatures, the stochastic control theory for imperfect information of the discrete linear stochastic system is applied to design the trajectory correction maneuver. The statistical dispersion analysis is performed by Monte-Carlo simulation,

Optimal maneuvering strategy of spacecraft evasion based on angles-only measurement and observability analysis

Spacecraft orbit evasion is an effective method to ensure space safety. In the spacecraft’s orbital plane, the space non-cooperate target with autonomous approaching to the spacecraft may have a dangerous rendezvous. To deal with this problem, an optimal maneuvering strategy based on the relative navigation observability degree is proposed with angles-only measurements. A maneuver evasion relative navigation model in the spacecraft’s orbital plane is constructed and the observability measurement criteria with process noise and measurement noise are defined based on the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound. Further, the optimal maneuver evasion strategy in spacecraft’s orbital plane based on the observability is proposed. The strategy provides a new idea for spacecraft to evade safety threats autonomously. Compared with the spacecraft evasion problem based on the absolute navigation, more accurate evasion results can be obtained. The simulation indicates that this optimal strategy can weaken the system’s observability and reduce the state estimation accuracy of the non-cooperative target, making it impossible for the non-cooperative target to accurately approach the spacecraft.

Optimal maneuver strategy to improve the observability of angles-only rendezvous

This paper proposes an optimal maneuver strategy to improve the observability of angles-only rendezvous from the perspective of relative navigation.A set of dimensionless relative orbital elements(ROEs)is used to parameterize the relative motion,and the objective function of the observability of anglesonly navigation is established.An analytical solution of the optimal maneuver strategy to improve the observability of anglesonly navigation is obtained by means of numerical analysis.A set of dedicated semi-physical simulation system is built to test the performances of the proposed optimal maneuver strategy.Finally,the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper is verified through the comparative analysis of the objective function of the observability of angles-only navigation and the performances of the angles-only navigation filter under different maneuver schemes.Compared with the cases without orbital maneuver,it is concluded that the tangential filtering accuracy with the optimal orbital maneuver at the terminal time is increased by 35%on average,and the radial and normal filtering accuracy is increased by 30%on average.

Effectiveness-based orbital optimization for servicing spacecraft

Effectiveness-based system development is an essential technology developing concept advanced by some countries,such as the U.S.A.Making use of Analytic Hierarchy Process,this paper brings forward a methodology for orbital optimization based on effectiveness in the case of the orbital deployment for the Servicing Spacecraft(SSC),which needs to accomplish many types of tasks and whose orbit is affected by kinds of factors with contradictions in orbital parameter selection.Firstly,the possible tasks of SSC are decomposed and their degrees of importance are given by the times,probabilities,values of their applications.Then,the supporting capabilities are discussed from the viewpoint of orbit design,and the determination of their weights is put forward.Finally,the relationships between the orbital parameters and the effectiveness are established by using effective function,and three synthesizing methods for a single task and its capabilities are presented.

Recover the abnormal positioning,velocity and timing services caused by BDS satellite orbital maneuvers

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS)provides global Positioning,Velocity,And Timing(PVT)services that are widely used in various areas.The BDS satellites frequently need the orbit maneuvers due to various perturbations to keep satellites in their designed positions.During these maneuvers,PVT services may be abnormal if the data from a maneuvering satellite is used.In this paper we developed an approach to recover the abnormal PVT services.By using BDS observations from multiple tracking stations,the orbital errors of a maneuvering satellite can be in real time obtained and corrected,thereby avoiding any influence on the performance of PVT services.The tests show that the average precision of position,velocity and timing services are improved by 0.8 m,0.1 mm/s and 0.16 ns,respectively,using the developed orbital maneuver recovery approach.In addition,the approach can also be used for the orbital maneuver detection and monitoring.

Optimal aeroassisted symmetric transfer between coplanar elliptical orbits

The problem of optimal aeroassisted symmetric transfer between elliptical orbits is concerned.The complete trajectory is assumed as consisting of two impulsive velocity changes at the beginning and the end of an interior atmospheric subarc,where the vehicle is controlled via the lift coefficient and thrust.The corresponding dynamic equations are built and bounded controls are considered.For the purpose of optimization computation,the equations are normalized.In order to minimize the total fuel consumption,the geocentric radius of initial elliptical transfer orbital perigee and controls during atmospheric flight should all be optimized.It is an optimal control problem which involves additional parameter optimization.To solve the problem,a two-level optimization method denoted by ＂genetic algorithm ＋ Gauss pseudospectral method＂ is adopted：the genetic algorithm is used for parameter optimization and the Gauss pseudospectral method is used for optimal control problems.The flow chart of simulation is given.On this basis,the issue of more realistic modeling with two finite-thrust subarcs in the nonatmospheric part of the trajectory is simultaneously addressed.The orbital transfer problem is transformed to three continuous optimal control problems,and the constraints at different times are given,which are respectively solved by using the Gauss pseudospectral method.The obtained numerical results indicate that the optimal thrust control is of bangbang type.The minimum-fuel trajectory in the atmosphere consists of aeroglide,aerocruise and aeroglide.They are compared with the results of pure impulsive model,and the conclusions that a significant fuel saving will be achieved by synergetic maneuver are drawn.

GNSS卫星轨道机动探测技术进展

针对轨道机动探测是各种空间任务的共性关键技术,是全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)精密定轨定位数据处理的首要工作,在卫星导航领域具有重要的研究意义,尤其是中国多星座构型的北斗卫星导航系统,轨道机动频繁,影响更为严重的现状,研究分析全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)卫星轨道机动探测技术的进展:概述轨道机动的概念、机动方式和机动时间;归纳整理目前GNSS卫星轨道机动探测中常用的技术方法,包括基于卫星轨道的探测方法、基于卫星广播星历的探测方法以及基于观测值的探测方法;总结各类卫星轨道机动探测方法的特点,并统计分析GNSS卫星的轨道机动频次与时段,指出随着GNSS卫星轨道机动探测方法的不断完善,实时及事后卫星轨道机动探测问题都得到了显著改善,促进了GNSS服务性能的进一步提升;最后,总结现有轨道机动探测方法的优势与局限性,展望GNSS轨道机动卫星数据处理中尚须进一步解决的重要问题。

欠驱动航天器模糊自适应增强耦合姿态控制

在快速轨道机动期间,针对固体推进作用下推力偏心、安装误差等因素带来的姿态强干扰问题,提出了一种基于推力矢量控制技术的航天器姿态欠驱动智能控制方法。首先,建立了航天器姿态误差动力学模型,并分析推力矢量控制输入的欠驱动特性。然后,考虑强干扰不确定性和滚转通道耦合弱的问题,设计了基于增强耦合策略与自适应模糊观测器的欠驱动智能控制律,结合模糊逻辑函数逼近强干扰不确定项并引入控制律中,实现航天器的姿态欠驱动智能控制,通过Lyapunov理论证明了系统的稳定性。最后,通过与分层滑模控制方法进行对比仿真,验证了所设计的方法能够使得三轴姿态稳定时间缩短14%,滚转通道耦合弱产生的静差被有效消除,为快速轨道机动期间的强干扰抑制技术提供基础。

航天器轨道机动自适应逆向移动滑窗检测方法

以两行轨道根数为数据来源,提出采用逆向移动滑窗的自适应轨道机动检测方法。建立检测窗口的自适应配置模型以获得不同目标的检测窗口,采用交叉弧段预报思想更精确地估计机动时刻,通过逆向移动滑窗方法实现近实时机动检测。将检测结果与真实机动以及已有文献中的检测结果进行比较,结果表明:新方法能够适应不同轨道空间目标机动检测的窗口配置,且在给定仿真条件下检测成功率可以达到90%以上,机动时刻估计准确度与已有方法对比有显著的提升;仿真结果表明新方法可以应用于近实时的轨道机动检测。

一种常值推力作用的轨道机动优化设计策略

针对常值推力作用的航天器轨道机动优化设计问题开展研究,推导了航天器三维空间轨道机动动力学模型,对动力学模型各参数进行无量纲化处理以防止计算过程中出现奇异。提出了一种先轨道等待再轨道机动的优化设计策略,航天器先在初始轨道上无动力飞行一段时间进行轨道等待,然后寻找一个最优时刻施加推力再进行轨道机动。该策略将航天器的最优等待时刻和轨道机动过程中的最优控制量作为整体统一进行优化。通过基于分段积分技术的多重直接打靶法将原先复杂的轨迹优化设计问题转化为每个子时间区间的非线性规划问题,采用内点法进行求解。仿真验证了本文优化设计策略的有效性。

基于TLE双行根数的航天器机动检测方法

由于不同功能的航天器承担的任务不尽相同、轨道亦不相同等原因,航天器不时需要变轨机动以确保完成任务.对于非合作航天器,其可能的变轨信息预先未知且难以预测,故需要准确快速判断航天器的变轨事件,以及时调整轨道探测策略.由于美国公布的双行根数具有来源稳定、更新频率快和容易获取等特点,本文结合航天器轨道动力学及变轨控制的特点,提出了基于TLE双行根数的航天器变轨机动检测方法,通过检测半长轴的变化量和相对距离最小值实现了在轨航天器轨道面内机动的检测.以METOP-A1和IRNSS 1G两个航天器在2019年6-9月的TLE根数为例,说明使用该方法开展机动检测的操作流程和步骤.同时大量仿真计算结果表明,该方法能够有效解决航天器在轨运行过程中面内机动时间和半长轴改变量的检测以及多次变轨识别的问题,检测精度与TLE根数自身精度及机动量大小相关.

一种基于CEI的GEO目标滑窗式机动探测方法

为了进一步提升地面跟踪站的监视预警能力,提出一种基于连线相位干涉测量(CEI)的地球静止轨道(GEO)目标滑窗式机动探测方法:立足于CEI的GEO短弧段定轨和预报,基于GEO卫星位保机动的持续小推力和轨道缓慢渐变特性,提出一种针对GEO目标尤其是非合作GEO目标的滑窗式准实时机动探测方法;并利用亚太七号和中星十号卫星的CEI仿真和实测数据进行机动探测。结果表明,东西机动和南北机动捕获与卫星发动机的点火时刻基本保持一致,机动探测延迟量均小于10 min;能够实现GEO目标的准实时机动告警。

Precise orbit determination of a maneuvered GEO satellite using CAPS ranging data

Wheel-off-loadings and orbital maneuvers of the GEO satellite result in additional accelerations to the satellite itself. Complex and difficult to model, these time varying accelerations are an important error source of precise orbit determination (POD). In most POD practices, only non-maneuver orbital arcs are treated. However, for some applications such as satellite navigation RDSS services, uninterrupted orbital ephemeris is demanded, requiring the development of POD strategies to be processed both during and after an orbital maneuver. We in this paper study the POD for a maneuvered GEO satellite, using high precision and high sampling rate ranging data obtained with Chinese Area Positioning System (CAPS). The strategy of long arc POD including maneuver arcs is studied by using telemetry data to model the maneuver thrust process. Combining the thrust and other orbital perturbations, a long arc of 6 days’ CAPS ranging data is analyzed. If the telemetry data are not available or contain significant errors, attempts are made to estimate thrusting parameters using CAPS ranging data in the POD as an alternative to properly account for the maneuver. Two strategies achieve reasonably good data fitting level in the tested arc with the maximal position difference being about 20 m.

考虑轨道机动与侧摆的多星区域观测任务规划

应急对地观测任务时间较短,可动用卫星数量往往较少;当需要观测的对象是区域目标时,如何充分发挥在轨卫星能力,短时间内显著提高覆盖率具有重要意义。针对多星区域观测任务,建立了综合考虑轨道机动与侧摆的规划问题模型;通过解析公式估算机动速度增量范围,离散侧摆角,以精简变量搜索空间;采用近似等面积网格离散区域,进行条带计算与覆盖率评价;采用多目标遗传算法与模拟退火算法结合的两层优化方法进行求解。通过数值仿真对提出的方法进行了测试,结果表明:当初始覆盖率较低时,以小于5 m/s的平均速度增量可提升20%左右的覆盖率;当卫星数量较少时,机动对覆盖率的改善效果随卫星数量增加而不断提升;与已有研究相比,提出的方法对于单个重点区域目标提升效果较好,覆盖率可从28.64%提升到48.21%。

Methods of rapid orbit forecasting after maneuvers for geostationary satellites

A geostationary(GEO) satellite may serve as a navigation satellite,but there is a problem that maneuvers frequently occur and the forces are difficult to model.Based on the technique of determining satellite orbits by transfer,a predicted orbit with high accuracy may be achieved by the method of statis-tical orbit determination in case of no maneuver force.The predicted orbit will soon be invalid after the maneuver starts,and it takes a long time to get a valid orbit after the maneuver ends.In order to improve ephemeris usability,the method of rapid orbit forecasting after maneuvers is studied.First,GEO satellite movement is analyzed in case of maneuvers based on the observation from the orbit meas-urement system by transfer.Then when a GEO satellite is in the free status just after maneuvers,the short arc observation is used to forecast the orbit.It is assumed that the common system bias and biases of each station are constant,which can be obtained from orbit determination with long arc observations.In this way,only 6 orbit elements would be solved by the method of statistical orbit determination,and the ephemeris with high accuracy may be soon obtained.Actual orbit forecasting with short arc observation for SINOSAT-1 satellite shows that,with the tracking network available,the precision of the predicted orbit(RMS of O-C) can reach about 5 m with 15 min arc observation,and about 3 m with 30 min arc observation.

航天器轨道机动的教学设计与思政实践

轨道机动是航天器轨道动力学区别于传统天体力学的典型特征,也是人类开展太空活动和空间操作的底层支撑能力,在行星探测和空间碎片规避等工程实践中发挥着重要作用。在轨道动力学的教学中,轨道机动部分也扮演着重要的角色,是后续相对运动和深空轨道等教学内容的知识基础。本文系统梳理和总结了北京理工大学航天器轨道动力学课程中轨道机动教学的内容安排、方法设计和思政实践,并简要介绍了教学团队在人才培养和慕课建设方面的初步成效。

航天器轨道机动教学内容改革研究

航天器轨道力学是航天领域基础性学科。轨道机动是轨道力学课程教学的重要组成部分。教材是实施教学的载体,系统梳理典型航天器轨道力学教材及其特点,分别对国外和国内典型轨道力学教材中轨道机动相关章节的内容进行分析,研究归纳出当前轨道机动教学内容存在轨道机动动力来源不统一、轨道改变内涵不明确、轨道调整和调相机动未受普遍关注等问题,进而面向本科教学,突出高阶性、创新性和挑战度,构建轨道机动教学内容的改革思路,以期为轨道力学课程教学改革提供支撑。

航天器威胁规避自主决策规划方法研究综述

随着空间碎片累积,巨型星座部署,以及太空竞争加剧,当前轨道威胁数目持续增长,对航天器的安全稳定运行造成了严重威胁。研究航天器面向轨道威胁的自主规避决策规划技术,对于保障空间资产安全具有现实而迫切的意义。面对突发高动态、时变多约束、信息不完全/不完美、多类型威胁并发的复杂轨道威胁场景,航天器自主规避决策规划的研究存在一系列实际挑战。针对非对抗性与对抗性两类轨道威胁,从决策建模、策略求解、动作规划及智能决策规划等关键技术入手,系统梳理了航天器自主规避决策规划的研究现状。在此基础上,结合待解决的难点问题,从建模、求解以及应用角度,对未来的研究发展方向提出一些建议,为航天器自主决策规划方法的进一步研究与发展提供参考。