Design and Characterization of Electrical Connections for Conductive Yarns

The development of flexible and stretchable electronics has attracted much attention.As an important part of wearable electronic systems,the connection between conductive yarns and electronic components affects the stability and accuracy of their electrical reliability.In this paper,three different connections were attempted to electrically and mechanically link two conductive yarns,including soldering followed by waterborne polyurethane(WPU)encapsulation,coating of conductive silver adhesive with WPU encapsulation,as well as coating of conductive silver adhesive with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)encapsulation.The surface morphologies and electro-mechanical behaviors of the three created connected conductive yarns were characterized.Compared with their electro-mechanical behaviors of the established three connections,the connection with soldering remained electrically conductive to around 200%,which mainly came from the stress concentration between the stiff soldering and soft conductive yarns.However,the coating of conductive silver adhesive and encapsulated protection of PDMS can make the connected conductive yarns stretchable up to 300%with almost constant electrical resistance.

Energy-Optimal Braking Control Using a Double-Layer Scheme for Trajectory Planning and Tracking of Connected Electric Vehicles

Most researches focus on the regenerative braking system design in vehicle components control and braking torque distribution,few combine the connected vehicle technologies into braking velocity planning.If the braking intention is accessed by the vehicle-to-everything communication,the electric vehicles(EVs)could plan the braking velocity for recovering more vehicle kinetic energy.Therefore,this paper presents an energy-optimal braking strategy(EOBS)to improve the energy efficiency of EVs with the consideration of shared braking intention.First,a double-layer control scheme is formulated.In the upper-layer,an energy-optimal braking problem with accessed braking intention is formulated and solved by the distance-based dynamic programming algorithm,which could derive the energy-optimal braking trajectory.In the lower-layer,the nonlinear time-varying vehicle longitudinal dynamics is transformed to the linear time-varying system,then an efficient model predictive controller is designed and solved by quadratic programming algorithm to track the original energy-optimal braking trajectory while ensuring braking comfort and safety.Several simulations are conducted by jointing MATLAB and CarSim,the results demonstrated the proposed EOBS achieves prominent regeneration energy improvement than the regular constant deceleration braking strategy.Finally,the energy-optimal braking mechanism of EVs is investigated based on the analysis of braking deceleration,battery charging power,and motor efficiency,which could be a guide to real-time control.

AI Based Traffic Flow Prediction Model for Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicles

There is a paradigm shift happening in automotive industry towards electric vehicles as environment and sustainability issues gainedmomentum in the recent years among potential users.Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicle(CAEV)technologies are fascinating the automakers and inducing them to manufacture connected autonomous vehicles with self-driving features such as autopilot and self-parking.Therefore,Traffic Flow Prediction(TFP)is identified as a major issue in CAEV technologies which needs to be addressed with the help of Deep Learning(DL)techniques.In this view,the current research paper presents an artificial intelligence-based parallel autoencoder for TFP,abbreviated as AIPAE-TFP model in CAEV.The presented model involves two major processes namely,feature engineering and TFP.In feature engineering process,there are multiple stages involved such as feature construction,feature selection,and feature extraction.In addition to the above,a Support Vector Data Description(SVDD)model is also used in the filtration of anomaly points and smoothen the raw data.Finally,AIPAE model is applied to determine the predictive values of traffic flow.In order to illustrate the proficiency of the model’s predictive outcomes,a set of simulations was performed and the results were investigated under distinct aspects.The experimentation outcomes verified the effectual performance of the proposed AIPAE-TFP model over other methods.

Design and Implementation of a Battery Big Data Platform Through Intelligent Connected Electric Vehicles

The development of a battery management algorithm is highly dependent on high-quality battery operation data,especially the data in extreme conditions such as low temperatures.The data in faults are also essential for failure and safety management research.This study developed a battery big data platform to realize vehicle operation,energy interaction and data management.First,we developed an electric vehicle with vehicle navigation and position detection and designed an environmental cabin that allows the vehicle to operate autonomously.Second,charging and heating systems based on wireless energy transfer were developed and equipped on the vehicle to investigate optimal charging and heating methods of the batteries in the vehicle.Third,the data transmission network was designed,a real-time monitoring interface was developed,and the self-developed battery management system was used to measure,collect,upload,and store battery operation data in real time.Finally,experimental validation was performed on the platform.Results demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of the platform.Battery state of charge estimation is used as an example to illustrate the availability of battery operation data.

Overview of the Rectangular Wire Windings AC Electrical Machine

The rectangular wire winding AC electrical machine has drawn extensive attention due to their high slot fill factor,good heat dissipation,strong rigidity and short end-windings,which can be potential candidates for some traction application so as to enhance torque density,improve efficiency,decrease vibration and weaken noise,etc.In this paper,based on the complex process craft and the electromagnetic performance,a comprehensive and systematical overview on the rectangular wire windings AC electrical machine is introduced.According to the process craft,the different type of the rectangular wire windings,the different inserting direction of the rectangular wire windings and the insulation structure have been compared and analyzed.Furthermore,the detailed rectangular wire windings connection is researched and the general design guideline has been concluded.Especially,the performance of rectangular wire windings AC machine has been presented,with emphasis on the measure of improving the bigger AC copper losses at the high speed condition due to the distinguished proximity and skin effects.Finally,the future trend of the rectangular wire windings AC electrical machine is prospected.

A Multivariable, Two-Dimensional Plot of Electromagnetic, Electric Field and Seismic Information for the Characterization of Earthquake Precursors

Removal of the electrical shielding from a type of Fourier transform seismometer overlays seismic information with Extremely Low Frequency-range (ELF) electromagnetic signals between about 0.3 Hz and 36 Hz (the ITU-designated range of ELF is 3 to 30 Hz). The observed signals originate in the electric power grid, shown clearly by the fact that they are sum and difference heterodyne products with the power grid’s higher harmonics of 60 Hz, typically the 36th and 37th, because the seismometer’s chosen frequency modulation (FM) carrier frequency is roughly 2200 Hz. It is especially interesting that on 2017-03-19, prior to 14:25:12 UTC, the instrument recorded an 11 minute sequence of 20.3 Hz ELF outbursts that culminated intimately with a 3.2 magnitude earthquake located a few miles west of Bardwell KY. These ~20.3 Hz ELF signals, very near the third Schumann resonance frequency, have been recorded numerous times. They are distinctive and fairly strong, ranging 15 to 30 db or more above the noise floor, but definitely not an every-day event;months can pass without them. So far most of these ELF signals do not have an intimately associated earthquake, with the event of 2017-03-19 being one of only two exceptions recorded thus far. That quake’s location was more than one hundred miles from the instrument, in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). The second case, a quake in Kansas, was about three times farther from the instrument, and its ELF signals were correspondingly weaker. Those other, unassociated electromagnetic events might come from quakes too weak to detect, but it should be noted that stronger, easily detected quakes also rarely exhibit any ELF/seismic “connectivity”. This paper describes an instrument that overlays ELF, electric field and seismic signals. The instrument’s two-dimensional (2D) output has a time axis (horizontal) resolution of ~3 seconds and an ELF frequency (vertical) resolution of ~0.3 Hz.

Analysis of Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Usage in Proximity to Charging Infrastructure in Indiana

This paper explores the movement of connected vehicles in Indiana for vehicles classified by the NHTSA Product Information Catalog Vehicle listing as being either electric (EV) or hybrid electric (HV). Analysis of trajectories from July 12-18, 2021 for the state of Indiana observed nearly 33,300 trips and 267,000 vehicle miles travelled (VMT) for the combination of EV and HV. Approximately 53% of the VMT occurred in just 10 counties. For just EVs, there were 9814 unique trips and 64,700 Electric Vehicle Miles Traveled (EVMTs) in total. A further categorization of this revealed that 18% of these EVMTs were on Interstate roadways and 82% on non-interstate roads. Proximity analysis of existing DC Fast charging stations in relation to interstate roadways revealed multiple charging deserts that would be most benefited by additional charging capacity. Eleven roadway sections among the 9 interstates were found to have a gap in available DC fast chargers of 50 miles or more. Although the connected vehicle data set analyzed did not include all EV’s the methodology presented in this paper provides a technique that can be scaled as additional EV connected vehicle data becomes available to agencies. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for transportation agencies and automotive vendors to strengthen their data sharing partnerships to help accelerate the adoption of EV and reduce consumer range anxiety with EV. Graphics are included that illustrate examples of counties that are both overserved and underserved by charging infrastructure.

On the Electric Conductivity of Homoionic Montmorillonites at Low Water Content

Bibliographic reports on the electric conductivity of pure homoionic montmorillonite at low water content were analyzed in order to stress a general behavior of conductivity. At low water content, the conductivity is attributed to a mechanism of charge transport involving protons due to the influence of the electric field of the exchangeable cations on water molecules at the solvation shell. Conductivity was analyzed in relation with the polarizing power （ionic potential） of the exchangeable cations and with the influence of the connectivity within samples. The general conclusion stressed is that the connectivity due to the association between 2：1 unit layers （clay fabric） is the main factor on the experimental or ＂macroscopic＂ electric conductivity of pure homoionic montmorillonite at low water content. Considerations on the experimental conditions of different bibliographic reports were also made. The conclusion and the considerations made on experimental conditions are a good starting point for future researches on electric conductivity ofhomoionic montmorillonite at low water content.

四硫富瓦烯分子结基于连接位点热-电输运性能理论调控研究

热电材料的研究对于再利用工业废热、生产清洁能源具有很大的意义.本文以锯齿状石墨烯纳米带(zGNR)做为电极,以不同连接位点的四硫富瓦烯(Tetrathiafulvalene,TTF)分子做为中心散射分子,构建了中心连接TTF分子结器件和边缘连接TTF分子结器件两种热电器件.采用密度泛函理论和非平衡格林函数方法研究了它们的热-电输运性质.结果表明,连接位点的不同对TTF分子器件热电性能具有显著影响.基于锯齿状石墨烯纳米带独特的边缘结构,导致边缘连接TTF分子结器件电输运性质高于中心连接分子结器件;与此同时,边缘悬挂氢键局域共振效应使得边缘连接TTF分子结热输运性能略小于中心连接TTF分子器件.边缘连接TTF分子结器件获取优异热电优值(ZT=0.457),为中心连接TTF分子结器件的3.4倍(ZT=0.135).

Habitat Suitability &Connectivity of Alborz Wild Sheep in the East of Tehran, Iran

Habitat loss and fragmentation of the wildlife species due to anthropogenic developments have been becoming serious issues in biological conservation. Alborz wild sheep, listed as threatened by IUCN, is distributed in relatively small and isolated patches in an increasingly human dominated landscape in the north-central Iran and east of Tehran. We used maximum entropy modeling to identify habitat areas of the wild sheep, across Jajrud protected area and its neighbouring protected areas including varjin, lar, koohsefid and the surroundings. Regarding to seasonal variation of the species home range, winter, summer and multi seasonal (annual) habitats were predicted. To estimate habitat connectivity, we used models of connectivity based in electrical circuit theory. Applying core areas of multi season for connectivity analysis, movement pattern of the species was predicted and important connective areas for conservation were identified. Species distribution maps revealed that the summer and winter habitats were approximately occurred in similar areas. Distance to eco-guards’ post was the most important predictor for both habitat models of summer and winter. The annual model, which is a combination of summer and winter, shows that the largest suitable habitat patches are located in the north, south and west of the study area. Maximum current flow map demonstrates that the areas among patch pairs are covered in low current, reflecting low rates of the species dispersal. This map presented bottlenecks to the species movement across major roads and along extending human settlements. Cumulative current flow map displayed that current was highest in Jajrud north of Mamloo extending to the northern Jajrud. Overall, our study demonstrated a prediction of habitat suitability and connectivity for Alborz wild sheep in east of Tehran, which can be used to direct conservation endeavours dealing with maintenance of the wild sheep metapopulation dynamics.

Long Term Assessment of a Grid Connected Solar PV System in Sydney

This paper assesses 4 years of operation of a 1.75 kW roof top solar PV system installed in a Sydney suburban house. The system consists of 10 PV panels, a DC/AC inverter, and a grid connected gross meter. Solar electricity delivered to grid is verified with the results from a computer simulation package （PVSYST） by adopting the installed component specifications, operation conditions, and weather data of the site. The results show high consistency between the values of energy delivered to the grid measured by the energy company and the energy estimated by system simulation. New system performance indicator is developed and called the optimum performance compliance ratio （PCR）. It is a measure of the compliance of the output of the designed PV system with the output which would be produced by the same system with a solar tracker. This indicator provides system designers, contractors and energy providers with the actual capacity of the system that they can offer the end-users.

基于电成像的孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层连通性评价

碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强,孔隙结构复杂,相较于常规碎屑岩储层,其孔隙度、渗透率关系的规律及特征不明显。碳酸盐岩储层的连通性与孔洞特征具有强相关性,且连通性是影响储层渗透率的重要因素,因此,对碳酸盐岩孔洞连通性的评价是孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层评价的关键问题。以伊拉克东南部B油田FQ-1井M组MB21亚油组孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层为例,基于地层微电阻率扫描成像(FMI)测井的高分辨率动态图像,利用最大类间方差算法(OTSU)进行二次迭代分割,识别电成像图像孔洞;根据8连通域标记法标记连通孔洞;提取每个连通孔洞的特征孔径、内部最长通道距离、内部最长通道与水平方向夹角、平均通道宽度这4个几何参数,最终构建孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层连通指数。连通指数在伊拉克东南部B油田FQ-1井M组MB21亚油组孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层的应用表明,利用此方法建立的连通指数与FQ-1井碳酸盐岩储层岩心渗透率相关系数达0.8437,并且连通指数曲线的趋势符合岩心渗透率在储层不同深度的分布情况,证明了连通指数可以指示储层孔隙结构较好、溶蚀孔洞发育的深度段,并可以划分储层中连通性较好的深度区间,该参数对于寻找碳酸盐岩储层渗透层具有重要意义。

Towards a (More) Electronic Transmission and Distribution (eT&D)

The challenges and the path towards a(more)electronic transmission and distribution(eT&D)is presented in this paper.The challenges are first identified together with key stakeholders in the drive for grid modernization.A fundamental question is then asked about the investment priority.Six basic characteristics are reviewed,leading to the composition of structured microgrids as the basic functional cell of a modern grid.One example of fractal radial structure and one fractal meshed structure are presented.The likely evolution path is then proposed together with basic technology sets.Specific foundation technologies are discussed in detail,including adiabatic power conversion,3MC technology,medium voltage conversion,distribution-level electronic power transformer and FACTs hardware integration,and back-to-back converters as a universal interconnect element.The rapidly emerging on-wire sensing technology is also discussed.It is pointed out that the distribution-level large electronic power transformer will provide a key component to enable hybrid ac/dc grid flow control and ancillary support for a flexible electronic transmission and distribution(eT&D)systems.

考虑车网互动的园区电网动态双层能量管理策略

为解决大量接入的清洁能源出力波动和充电场内汽车数量的随机变化给电网能量管理带来的困难,提出一种园区电网双层优化控制策略.上层基于模型预测控制技术建立风光储集成动态优化模型,综合应用园区电池储能系统和电动汽车(EV)电池储能系统参与电网能量平衡.下层则考虑同时满足EV车主对EV的充电需求和上层能量调度的车网互动管理需求,制定园区电网内停车场的EV有序充放电策略.仿真算例验证表明:所提策略能将分散园区各处的EV储能集成为统一虚拟储能,扩展园区电网储能系统,增加可再生分布式电源的消纳与园区电网的经济效益.

基于多尺度密集连接网络的电容层析成像图像重建

为求解电容层析成像中的非线性病态反问题,提出了一种多尺度密集连接网络(MD-Net)模型。该模型由多尺度特征融合模块和密集连接块组成,以通过融合多尺度特征进一步提高图像的重建精度。通过MATLAB仿真实验平台构建了流型数据集,利用密集连接网络的非线性映射能力,完成训练集的学习与训练,并利用测试集进行训练效果评价。在此基础上进行了静态实验。仿真与静态实验结果均表明:与LBP、Landweber迭代算法和其他深度学习方法相比,该方法的重建精度最高、抗噪能力强,并具有良好的泛化能力。

基于分数阶滑模控制的光伏并网模型预测直接功率控制

针对外界扰动情况下的光伏并网模型预测直接功率控制(model predictive direct power control,MPDPC)系统中存在系统抖振、功率跟踪速度慢、并网电流总谐波失真率较高等问题,提出一种改进分数阶滑模电压控制器,该策略在直流侧母线电压外环采用了分数阶微积分理论.首先,构造分数阶非奇异快速终端滑模面函数,削弱系统抖振,提高系统动态性能;然后,构造分数阶双幂次指数趋近律,引入加权积分型增益和饱和函数,有效避免系统在非滑动模态阶段时切换增益的增大,提高系统控制精度;最后,设计新型分数阶电压环控制器并运用于光伏并网系统中.研究结果表明,改进后的分数阶滑模电压控制器能够满足光伏并网MPDPC系统的各项基本需求,抑制系统抖振,提高功率跟踪性能,降低并网电流总谐波失真率,有效解决可再生能源和公共电网电能转化的关键难题,对光伏并网系统高性能控制的理论研究具有重要意义.

超级电容技术支持下电力储能功率调节系统仿真

储能过程中,相电压、相电流的频繁变化是导致电力功率无法保持稳定状态的主要原因,为解决上述问题,针对超级电容技术支持下电力储能功率调节系统进行仿真设计。在主电路传输回路中,设置有源滤波器与并网逆变器,实现对储能功率的调节,完成电力储能功率调节系统硬件单元的仿真设计。定义超级电容模型,并将其串联在电力回路中,从而在控制电力脉冲功率的同时,实施对电功率的等效调试,完成对电力系统储能功率的全面调节。

多尺度注意力融合与视觉Transformer方法优化的电阻抗层析成像深度学习方法

电阻抗层析成像(EIT)具有显著的可视化和非侵入性等特点,在工业和生物医学工程领域展现了其广阔的应用潜力。由于其逆问题存在高度非线性和病态性特点,导致了数值成像方法在空间分辨率上的局限性,尤其是在多相介质分布情况下,现有EIT技术在成像过程中出现边界失真和电导率误差,从而影响最终的成像精度。本文提出了一种基于卷积注意力机制的U型深度成像方法——MAT-UNet,将卷积块注意力模块(CBAM)与U-Net结构相结合,在特征提取与融合过程中嵌入卷积块注意力模块,以增强模型的注意力定向和特征表征能力,同时跳跃连接引入了压缩-激励(SE)注意力机制与视觉Transformer(ViT)来优化全局特征的学习,使用多头交叉注意力模块(MHCA)实现编码器与解码器的多尺度信息融合。MAT-UNet通过大量的仿真数据训练获得最优模型参数,并在多样化复杂形状和肺部仿真模型进行了实验验证。定量评估指标表明,该方法在重建图像中的均方根误差(RMSE)结果为2.3156,结构相似性指数(SSIM)结果为0.9437,可视化结果与真实分布和边界具有很好的一致性。实验结果表明,本文提出的MAT-UNet模型展现出良好的鲁棒性和泛化能力,相较于传统的单一卷积结构,集成Transformer结构提供了更精准的EIT图像重建效果,在无损测量与检测应用中存在很大的潜力和价值。

交流高压静电防护服装标准的解读

为推动标准的有效推广和实施,以及交流高压静电防护服装的科学制备和合理适用,对GB/T18136—2008《交流高压静电防护服装及试验方法》和DL/T 1238—2013《1000 kV交流系统用静电防护服装》中的关键技术指标进行了探讨。对比分析了两个标准的异同点,并提出了合理化建议,为标准的修订提供参考。认为:应进一步增加衣料撕破强力、透湿量、色牢度、甲醛含量、pH值、接缝强力等考核指标,并明确相关考核指标的测试参数。

接触面积对H62/T2弹性接触载流摩擦副性能的影响

针对接触条件对电连接器热插拔条件下性能影响不明的问题,采用H62/T2弹性接触摩擦副,在微-滑动摩擦试验机上,对其进行往复滑动载流摩擦实验,研究了接触面积对H62/T2载流摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:在给定电流为2 A、4 A、6 A条件下,随接触面积的增加,摩擦系数波动性降低,即摩擦过程的稳定性提高,平均摩擦系数和总磨损体积均呈现增大趋势;在电流为2 A条件下,当圆弧半径从1.5 mm增加至5.5 mm时,电流波动性减小,载流稳定性提高,载流效率η从98.26%提高至99.73%。摩擦副的摩擦磨损机制包括磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、电弧侵蚀且多机制耦合作用,随接触面积的增加,以熔融和喷溅为主的电弧侵蚀减少,以犁沟和粘着为主的机械磨损加剧。