Overview of the immunological mechanisms in hepatitis B virus reactivation:Implications for disease progression and management strategies

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and management.It delves into host immune responses and reactivation’s delicate balance,spanning innate and adaptive immunity.Viral factors’disruption of this balance,as are interac-tions between viral antigens,immune cells,cytokine networks,and immune checkpoint pathways,are examined.Notably,the roles of T cells,natural killer cells,and antigen-presenting cells are discussed,highlighting their influence on disease progression.HBV reactivation’s impact on disease severity,hepatic flares,liver fibrosis progression,and hepatocellular carcinoma is detailed.Management strategies,including anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches,are critically analyzed.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy during immunosuppressive treatments is explored alongside novel immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and prevent reactivation.In conclusion,this compre-hensive review furnishes a holistic view of the immunological mechanisms that propel HBV reactivation.With a dedicated focus on understanding its implic-ations for disease progression and the prospects of efficient management stra-tegies,this article contributes significantly to the knowledge base.The more profound insights into the intricate interactions between viral elements and the immune system will inform evidence-based approaches,ultimately enhancing disease management and elevating patient outcomes.The dynamic landscape of management strategies is critically scrutinized,spanning anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy in preventing reactivation during immunosuppressive treatments and the potential of innovative immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and proactively deter reactivation.

Pressure stimulated current in progressive failure process of combined coal-rock under uniaxial compression:Response and mechanism

Effective monitoring of the structural health of combined coal-rock under complex geological conditions by pressure stimulated currents(PSCs)has great potential for the understanding of dynamic disasters in underground engineering.To reveal the effect of this way,the uniaxial compression experiments with PSC monitoring were conducted on three types of coal-rock combination samples with different strength combinations.The mechanism explanation of PSCs are investigated by resistivity test,atomic force microscopy(AFM)and computed tomography(CT)methods,and a PSC flow model based on progressive failure process is proposed.The influence of strength combinations on PSCs in the progressive failure process are emphasized.The results show the PSC responses between rock part,coal part and the two components are different,which are affected by multi-scale fracture characteristics and electrical properties.As the rock strength decreases,the progressive failure process changes obviously with the influence range of interface constraint effect decreasing,resulting in the different responses of PSC strength and direction in different parts to fracture behaviors.The PSC flow model is initially validated by the relationship between the accumulated charges of different parts.The results are expected to provide a new reference and method for mining design and roadway quality assessment.

Research Progress on Modern Biological Mechanism of Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Gouty Nephropathy

Chinese medicine prevention and treatment of gouty nephropathy often uses single drugs and compound formulae to regulate uric acid,which has the effect of lowering uric acid,protecting the kidneys and improving clinical symptoms.In conclusion,the mechanism of action of Chinese medicine against gouty nephropathy mainly involves oxidative stress,inflammatory response,etc.,with a view to providing new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of gouty nephropathy by Chinese medicine.

Exploring the Long-Term Mechanism of the Construction of College Teachers’Ethics in the New Era Under the Concept of“Sanquan Education”

This paper takes the long-term mechanism exploration of the construction of teachers’ethics in the new era under the concept of“Sanquan education,”aiming to explore how to establish a long-term mechanism of the construction to meet the needs of college education development under the background of the new era.A series of targeted measures and suggestions are put forward,including improving the system and mechanism,strengthening the education and training of teachers’ethics,and establishing the evaluation and assessment mechanism.The implementation of these measures can promote the formation of the long-term mechanism of the construction of teachers’ethics in colleges and universities,improve teachers’ethics and behavior quality,and provide strong support for the development of education in colleges and universities.

Research Progress on the Anti-Atherosclerotic Effect and Mechanism of Tetramethylpyrazine

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease and the most common pathological change of cardiovascular disease.Its pathogenesis is closely related to inflammation,oxidative stress,lipid accumulation,and calcinosis.Tetramethylpyrazine plays an anti-atherosclerotic role by regulating lipid metabolism,inhibiting foam cell formation,alleviating inflammation,inhibiting vascular calcification and abnormal platelet activation,and has a cardiovascular protective effect.Therefore,this paper summarized the research progress of the anti-atherosclerosis effect and mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine.

Research progress on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease primarily mediated by T cell.It has not been fully elucidated about the pathogenesis,and it is presently thought to be related to genetic susceptibility,infection and environmental triggers,and abnormal autoimmune regulation.Recent studies have found that traditional Chinese medicine can improve the biochemical indicators and clinical symptoms of patients with autoimmune hepatitis.This article reviews the specific mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine on treating autoimmune hepatitis in order to propose new ideas for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Effect of stress paths on failure mechanism and progressive damage of hard-brittle rock

During deep buried hard-brittle rock tunnel excavation,the surrounding rock experiences a complicated stress path and stress adjustment process.Once the adjusted stress exceeds the ultimate bearing capacity of rockmass,a rock failure mode defined as stress-cracking type will occur.In order to investigate the effect of stress paths on failure mechanism and progressive damage of deep-buried rockmass,the cyclic loading-unloading,loading-unloading,uniaxial,conventional and unloading triaxial compression tests on samples of hard-brittle sandstone were conducted.According to the experimental results,increase in the confining pressure was beneficial to improve the mechanical parameters of rock,but it will reduce the brittle failure features.Compared with conventional triaxial compression,the sandstone under unloading state had more remarkable stress drop and unstable failure characteristics.Meanwhile,it was found that the energy dissipation and energy release in the whole process of rock deformation were the internal power of driven rock progressive damage.With the increase of confining pressure,the energy hardening and energy accumulation features of rock were weakened,while the progressive damage evolution characteristics could be enhanced.In unloading state,more energy could be converted into elastic energy in the energy softening phase(σeb-σP),so that the prepeak damage rate of rock was lower than that of conventional triaxial compression state.Thus,the energy dissipation rate of rock after peak strength decreased linearly with the increase of confining pressure under conventional triaxial compression state,while in unloading state it showed the opposite law.

Application and mechanisms of Sanhua Decoction in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion is a process in which the blood supply to the brain is temporarily interrupted and subsequently restored.However,it is highly likely to lead to further aggravation of pathological damage to ischemic tissues or the nervous system.,and has accordingly been a focus of extensive clinical research.As a traditional Chinese medicinal formulation,Sanhua Decoction has gradually gained importance in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.Its main constituents include Citrus aurantium,Magnolia officinalis,rhubarb,and Qiangwu,which are primarily used to regulate qi.In the treatment of neurological diseases,the therapeutic effects of the Sanhua Decoction are mediated via different pathways,including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and neurotransmitter regu-latory pathways,as well as through the protection of nerve cells and a reduction in cerebral edema.Among the studies conducted to date,many have found that the application of Sanhua Decoction in the treatment of neurological diseases has clear therapeutic effects.In addition,as a natural treatment,the Sanhua Decoction has received widespread attention,given that it is safer and more effective than traditional Western medicines.Consequently,research on the mechanisms of action and efficacy of the Sanhua Decoctions in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is of considerable significance.In this paper,we describe the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and review the current status of its treatment to examine the therapeutic mechanisms of action of the Sanhua Decoction.We hope that the findings of the research presented herein will contribute to a better understanding of the efficacy of this formulation in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion,and provide a scientific basis for its application in clinical practice.

Advances in Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Fruit Trees under Low Temperature Stress

The most recent research findings on the tolerance of fruit trees to cold stress are reviewed from a molecular perspective,including the perception and transduction of low temperature calcium signaling,CBF-dependent molecular regulatory mechanisms,non-CBF-dependent molecular regulatory mechanisms,and so forth.The objective is to provide a reference basis for further improving the cold resistance of fruit trees and cultivating new varieties of hardy plants.

Research progress on antidepressive active ingredients and mechanism of Xiaoyaosan

The antidepressive effect of Xiaoyaosan is doubtless by researches while the potential antidepressive ac- tive ingredients and their mechanisms remain unclear. In order to explain the antidepressive effect of Xiaoyaosan, all of the recent reports were sought out on the current situation of the antidepressive monomer compositions of Xi- aoyaosan and their mechanism. By exploring the relationship between the effects and the active ingredients, the mechanism and the active ingredients, the antidepressive active ingredients such as quercetin, isorhamnetin, isoliquiritigenin, saikosaponinA, saikosaponinD, glycyrrhiz- kaempferol, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, inate, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, ferulic acid, curcumin and their mechanism of antidepressive such as regulating the monoamine neurotransmitter systems, regulating the neuroendocrine system, affecting the neural plasticity and neu- affecting the cytokines level, anti-oxidative stress were rotrophic, affecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms , summarized. By the overview in the level of monomer rather than formulae, we uncovered the antidepressive mech- anism of Xiaoyaosan and further confirmed that Xiaoyaosan, as a classic antidepressive Chinese prescription, had many characteristics, such as multi-level , multi-channel, multi-target and so on .

Countermeasures for Establishing a Long-term Security Mechanism for Landless Farmers

In the process of urbanization,farmers will inevitably lose their land,which is resulted from the large-scale requisition of rural collective land.The imperfect social security system in rural areas has resulted in a large number of landless farmers being transformed into urban poor people.Therefore,proper resettlement of landless farmers and the establishment of a long-term security mechanism for ensuring the basic livelihood of landless farmers are important issues that need to be resolved in the process of China’s social and economic development.

PROGRESSIVE COALESCENCE MODEL FOR BRITTLE FAULT FORMATION AND ITS MECHANISM

In shallow crust, faults often consist of a series of secondary fractures. Based on experimental micro features in rock mechanics and macro structures in field, the progressive coalescence model, in which a brittle fault evolved from micro crack, stylolitic fracture, large fault to super large fault, is founded, and its forming mechanism is discussed by variation of stress field. At last the undulation, branches of faults and the phenomenon that the angle between fractures and the principal stress axis decreases gradually are explained by the G.C.Sih model.

Research Progress on the Mechanism of Crop Saline-alkali Tolerance and Mitigation Measures

The wide distribution of saline-alkali land in China is a restrictive factor for the sustainable development of agriculture.Saline-alkaline soil inhibits the growth and development of crops,reducing its yield and quality.In this article,we summarized the germination status,physiological characteristics,response mechanisms and mitigation measures of different crops under saline-alkali stress in recent years,aiming to provide important reference for the study of saline-alkali tolerance mechanism in crops,cultivation of crop varieties tolerant to salts and alkalis and improvement of the utilization rate of saline-alkali land,and put forward suggestions for future development trend of saline-alkali land crops and mitigation measures.

The brain compensatory mechanisms and Alzheimer's disease progression:a new protective strategy

Compensatory/adaptive mechanisms in the brain are hy- pothesized to be involved in its protection from the Alz- heimer＇s disease （AD） progression. These mechanisms are activated by malfunctioning of various brain systems： anti- oxidant, neurotrophic, neurotransmitter, immune, and oth- ers. Detailed analysis of compensatory^adaptive capabilities of these systems might be a start point for further discovery and development of perspective approaches for early diag- nostics and treatment of AD and associated neurodegenera- tive disorders.

Research progress on effective chemical constituents of Sijunzi Decoction and mechanism of prevention and treatment of digestive system diseases

Sijunzi Decoction,as one of the classic Chinese traditional prescriptions,has been used clinically by major physicians since the Song Dynasty.This article reviewed and sorted out the literature on the effective chemistry of Sijunzi Decoction and the mechanism of its prevention and treatment of digestive system diseases.At present,its effective chemical components are derived from the saponins and flavonoids in ginseng and licorice,and are effective for gastrointestinal mucosal injury diseases and malignant digestive system.Digestive system diseases such as tumors,functional gastrointestinal diseases,non-alcoholic fatty liver,acute liver injury,and liver failure show a multi-path,multi-target effect mechanism.This article reviews the effective chemical components and research of Sijunzi Decoction and the related mechanisms of prevention and treatment of digestive system diseases,and provides valuable clues for the follow-up research of Sijunzi Decoction.

Research Progress on Mechanized Mixed Sowing Seed Production Technology of Hybrid Rice

Hybrid rice planting has been widely popularized and applied in the world. However, the high cost of seed production and the complicated procedures have become a bottleneck in the development of hybrid rice. The research progress on mixed sowing seed production techniques of hybrid rice was introduced from the aspects of rice resources creation, breeding, sowing seed technology research and cost benefit analysis. The production technology of the new mixed seeding combina- tion ＂Xinhunyou 6＂ was investigated, including the research and validation of benta- zon treatment period and dosage, mixing ratio of male and female parents, and the comparative test of different different sowing methods, which revealed that the mechanization technology of seed production of hybrid rice was mature and feasible and would be one of the most important development trend of technological devel- opment of hybrid rice production.

《Progress in Applied Mechanics》在荷兰出版

由我国著名学者叶开沅教授主编的《应用力学进展》(Progress in Appliecl Mecha-nics)被列为 W.A.Nash 和 G.AE.Oravas 主编的《表面结构力学》(Mechanics of SurfaceStructures)丛书的第六卷,最近已由荷兰的 MARTNUS NIJHOFF 出版社出版。这本书是在著名科学家钱伟长教授70寿辰时,由他的部分朋友、同事和学生献给他的祝寿文集。该书系我国力学界在国外出版的第一部这方面的专著,是我国力学学术及出版界的一件大事。

Advances in Studies on Molecular Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Dunaliella salina

Dunaliella salina is known as one of the most salt-tolerant eukaryotic or- ganisms, and the most ideal model organism for studying plant adaption to high salinity. In recent years, the study on molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in Dunaliella salina has become the focus of scholars at home and abroad with the development of molecular biological techniques. This study reviewed studies on adaption of Dunaliella salina to high salinity in aspects of osmotic adjustment, salt tolerance-related genes and proteins of Dunaliella salina and signal transduction pathway of salt stress.

3D Progressive Damage Based Macro-Mechanical FE Simulation of Machining Unidirectional FRP Composite

Finite element(FE) simulation is a powerful tool for investigating the mechanism of machining fiber?reinforced polymer composite(FRP). However in existing FE machining simulation works,the two?dimensional(2 D) progressive damage models only describe material behavior in plane stress,while the three?dimensional(3 D) damage models always assume an instantaneous sti ness reduction pattern. So the chip formation mechanism of FRP under machin?ing is not fully analyzed in general stress state. A 3 D macro?mechanical based FE simulation model was developed for the machining of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastic. An energy based 3 D progressive damage model was proposed for damage evolution and continuous sti ness degradation. The damage model was implemented for the Hashin?type criterion and Maximum stress criterion. The influences of the failure criterion and fracture energy dissipa?tion on the simulation results were studied. The simulated chip shapes,cutting forces and sub?surface damages were verified by those obtained in the reference experiment. The simulation results also show consistency with previous 2 D FE models in the reference. The proposed research provides a model for simulating FRP material behavior and the machining process in 3 D stress state.

Role of the mechanical microenvironment in cancer development and progression

Cross-talk between tumor cells and mechanical stress in the tumor microenvironment has been shown to be involved in carcinogenesis.High mechanical stress in tumors can alter the metabolism and behaviors of cancer cells and cause cancer cells to attain cancer stem-like cell properties,thus driving tumor progression and promoting metastasis.The mechanical signal is converted into a biochemical signal that activates tumorigenic signaling pathways through mechanotransduction.Herein,we describe the physical changes occurring during reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism,which regulate cancer stem cell functions and promote tumor progression and aggression.Furthermore,we highlight emerging therapeutic strategies targeting mechanotransduction signaling pathways.