Tailoring Iron-Ion Release of Cellulose-Based Aerogel-Coated Iron Foam for Long-Term High-Power Microbial Fuel Cells

The presence of iron(Fe) has been found to favor power generation in microbial fuel cells(MFCs). To achieve long-term power production in MFCs, it is crucial to effectively tailor the release of Fe ions over extended operating periods. In this study, we developed a composite anode(A/IF) by coating iron foam with cellulose-based aerogel. The concentration of Fe ions in the anode solution of A/IF anode reaches 0.280 μg/mL(Fe^(2+) vs. Fe^(3+) = 61%:39%) after 720 h of aseptic primary cell operation. This value was significantly higher than that(0.198 μg/mL, Fe^(2+) vs. Fe^(3+) = 92%:8%) on uncoated iron foam(IF), indicating a continuous release of Fe ions over long-term operation. Notably, the resulting MFCs hybrid cell exhibited a 23% reduction in Fe ion concentration(compared to a 47% reduction for the IF anode) during the sixth testing cycle(600-720 h). It achieved a high-power density of 301 ± 55 mW/m^(2) at 720 h, which was 2.62 times higher than that of the IF anode during the same period. Furthermore, a sedimentary microbial fuel cell(SMFCs) was constructed in a marine environment, and the A/IF anode demonstrated a power density of 103 ± 3 mW/m^(2) at 3240 h, representing a 75% improvement over the IF anode. These findings elucidate the significant enhancement in long-term power production performance of MFCs achieved through effective tailoring of Fe ions release during operation.

New Approach to Synchronize General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics with Constant “K”-Resulting Dark Matter as a New Fundamental Force Particle

Planck scale plays a vital role in describing fundamental forces. Space time describes strength of fundamental force. In this paper, Einstein’s general relativity equation has been described in terms of contraction and expansion forces of space time. According to this, the space time with Planck diameter is a flat space time. This is the only diameter of space time that can be used as signal transformation in special relativity. This space time diameter defines the fundamental force which belongs to that space time. In quantum mechanics, this space time diameter is only the quantum of space which belongs to that particular fundamental force. Einstein’s general relativity equation and Planck parameters of quantum mechanics have been written in terms of equations containing a constant “K”, thus found a new equation for transformation of general relativity space time in to quantum space time. In this process of synchronization, there is a possibility of a new fundamental force between electromagnetic and gravitational forces with Planck length as its space time diameter. It is proposed that dark matter is that fundamental force carrying particle. By grand unification equation with space-time diameter, we found a coupling constant as per standard model “αs” for that fundamental force is 1.08 × 10-23. Its energy calculated as 113 MeV. A group of experimental scientists reported the energy of dark matter particle as 17 MeV. Thorough review may advance science further.

Einstein’s Concept of Clock Synchronization Conflicts with the Second Relativity Postulate

Einstein defined clock synchronization whenever photon pulses with timetags traverse a fixed distance between two clocks with equal time spans ineither direction. Using the second relativity postulate, he found clocksmounted on a rod uniformly moving parallel with the rod’s length cannot besynchronized, but clocks attached to a stationary rod can. He dismissed thisdiscrepancy by claiming simultaneity and clock synchronization were not commonbetween inertial frames, but this paper proves with both Galilean and Lorentztransformations that simultaneity and clock synchronization are preservedbetween inertial frames. His derivation means moving clocks can never besynchronized in a “resting” inertial frame. Ultraprecise atomic clocks intimekeeping labs daily contradict his results. No algebraic error occurred inEinstein’s derivations. The two cases of clocksattached to a rod reveal three major conflicts with the currentsecond postulate. The net velocity between a photon source and detector plusthe “universal” velocity c is mathematically equivalent toEinstein’s clock synchronization method. As the ultraprecise timekeepingcommunity daily synchronizes atomic clocks on the moving Earth withultraprecise time uncertainty well below Einstein’s lowest limit ofsynchronization, the theoretical resolution of the apparent conflict isaccomplished by expanding the second relativity postulate to incorporate thenet velocity between the photon source and detector with the emitted velocity c as components of the total velocity c. This means the magnitudeof the total photon velocity can exceed the speed limit (299792458 m/s) set by the standard velocity c. .

Spherically Symmetric Problem of General Relativity for a Fluid Sphere

The paper is devoted to a spherically symmetric problem of General Relativity (GR) for a fluid sphere. The problem is solved within the framework of a special geometry of the Riemannian space induced by gravitation. According to this geometry, the four-dimensional Riemannian space is assumed to be Euclidean with respect to the space coordinates and Riemannian with respect to the time coordinate. Such interpretation of the Riemannian space allows us to obtain complete set of GR equations for the external empty space and the internal spaces for incompressible and compressible perfect fluids. The obtained analytical solution for an incompressible fluid is compared with the Schwarzchild solution. For a sphere consisting of compressible fluid or gas, a numerical solution is presented and discussed.

Planck Quantised General Relativity Theory Written on Different Forms

This paper is a brief review of our work on the Planck quantized version of general relativity theory. It demonstrates several straightforward methods to rewrite the same equations that we have already presented in other papers. We also explore a relatively new general relativity-inspired field equation based on the original Newtonian mass, which is very different from today’s kilogram mass. Additionally, we examine two other field equations based on collision space-time, where both energy and matter can be described simply as space and time. We are thereby fulfilling Einstein’s dream of a theory where energy and mass are not needed, or are just aspects of space and time. If this is extended beyond the 4-dimensional space-time formalism of general relativity theory to a 6-dimensional framework with 3 space dimensions and 3 time dimensions, this ultimately reveals that they are two sides of the same coin. In reality, it is a three-dimensional space-time theory, where space and time are just two sides of the same coin.

Modified Lorentz Transformations and Space-Time Splitting According to the Inverse Relativity Model

Analysis of a four-dimensional displacement vector on the fabric of space-time in the special or general case into two Four-dimensional vectors, according to specific conditions leads to the splitting of the total fabric of space-time into a positive subspace-time that represents the space of causality and a negative subspace-time which represents a space without causality, thus, in the special case, we have new transformations for the coordinates of space and time modified from Lorentz transformations specific to each subspace, where the contraction of length disappears and the speed of light is no longer a universal constant. In the general case, we have new types of matric tensor, one for positive subspace-time and the other for negative subspace-time. We also find that the speed of the photon decreases in positive subspace-time until it reaches zero and increases in negative subspace-time until it reaches the speed of light when the photon reaches the Schwarzschild radius.

Between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

The origin of elementary particle mass is considered as a function of n-valued graviton quanta. To develop this concept we begin in a cold region of “empty space” comprised of only microscopic gravitons oscillating at angular frequency ω. From opposite directions enters a pair of stray protons. Upon colliding, heat and energy are released. Customarily, this phase and what follows afterward would be described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Instead, we argue for an intermediary step. One in which neighboring gravitons absorb discrete amounts of plane-wave energy. Captured by the graviton, the planewave becomes a standing wave, whereupon its electromagnetic energy densities are converted into gravitational quanta. Immediately thereafter an elementary particle is formed and emitted, having both mass and spin. From absorption to conversion to emission occurs in less than 3.7 × 10−16 s. During this basic unit of hybrid time, general relativity and quantum physics unite into a common set of physical laws. As additional stray protons collide the process continues. Over eons, vast regions of spacetime become populated with low-mass particles. These we recognize to be dark matter by its effects on large scale structures in the universe. Its counterpart, dark energy, arises when the conversion of gravitational quanta to particle emission is interrupted. This causes the gravitational quanta to be ejected. It is recognized by its large scale effects on the universe.

Motion and Special Relativity in Complex Spaces

A natural extension of the Lorentz transformation to its complex version was constructed together with a parallel extension of the Minkowski M4 model for special relativity (SR) to complex C4 space-time. As the [signed] absolute values of complex coordinates of the underlying motion’s characterization in C4 one obtains a Newtonian-like type of motion whereas as the real parts of the complex motion’s description and of the complex Lorentz transformation, all the SR theory as modeled by M4 real space-time can be recovered. This means all the SR theory is preserved in the real subspace M4 of the space-time C4 while becoming simpler and clearer in the new complex model’s framework. Since velocities in the complex model can be determined geometrically, with no primary use of time, time turns out to be definable within the equivalent theory of the reduced complex C4 model to the C3 “para-space” model. That procedure allows us to separate time from the (para)space and consider all the SR theory as a theory of C3 alone. On the other hand, the complex time defined within the C3 theory is interpreted and modeled by the single separate C1 complex plane. The possibility for application of the C3 model to quantum mechanics is suggested. As such, the model C3 seems to have unifying abilities for application to different physical theories.

Special Relativity’s “Newtonization” in Complex “Para-Space”: The Two Theories Equivalence Question

Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.

Photoelectric State with Long-Term Relaxation in CdTe:(Ag, Cu, Cd) and Sb2Se3:Se Photovoltaic Films

The results of an experimental study of long-term relaxation of the photoelectret state of polycrystalline CdTe:(Ag, Cu, Cd) and Sb2Se3:Se films with an anomalous photovoltaic property are presented. In such films, the residual photovoltage is caused by the separation of photocarriers by the built-in electrostatic field of the near-surface region of space charges and their asymmetric capture by deep levels of impurities or complexes, including impurity atoms and intrinsic defects, both in the bulk and on the surface of crystal grains. It has been shown that in activated films, a two-step exponential temporary relaxation of the initial photovoltage of the order of VAPV ≈ (500-600) V is detected, and only 10% of it experiences long-term relaxation (t ≈ 100-120 min).

Imperative for long-term management and surveillance in Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease(KD)is a significant pediatric vasculitis known for its potential to cause severe coronary artery complications.Despite the effectiveness of initial treatments,such as intravenous immunoglobulin,KD patients can experience long-term cardiovascular issues,as evidenced by a recent case report of an adult who suffered a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction due to previous KD in the World Journal of Clinical Cases.This editorial emphasizes the critical need for long-term management and regular surveillance to prevent such complications.By drawing on recent research and case studies,we advocate for a structured approach to follow-up care that includes routine cardiac evaluations and preventive measures.

Emission Theory with Re-Emission of Photons by the Medium—Instead of Special Relativity

Instead of relying on the erroneous principles of Special Relativity, this paper proposes a new theory based on the emission of photons by a source and their re-emission by a transparent medium. Through over 60 articles, we have demonstrated that Special Relativity is based on optical experiments and observations that have been incorrectly explained by the theory of a non-existent ether. Our findings show that all known experiments can be explained using classical concepts of space and time, thereby refuting the theory of relativity. This article also addresses the fallacy of the widely accepted etheric Doppler effects and its significant role in the history of science.

Study on association rules mining based on semantic relativity

An association rules mining method based on semantic relativity is proposed to solve the problem that there are more candidate item sets and higher time complexity in traditional association rules mining.Semantic relativity of ontology concepts is used to describe complicated relationships of domains in the method.Candidate item sets with less semantic relativity are filtered to reduce the number of candidate item sets in association rules mining.An ontology hierarchy relationship is regarded as a directed acyclic graph rather than a hierarchy tree in the semantic relativity computation.Not only direct hierarchy relationships,but also non-direct hierarchy relationships and other typical semantic relationships are taken into account.Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the number of candidate item sets effectively and improve the efficiency of association rules mining.

Effects of a New Long-term Controlled-release Fertilizer on Growth and Development and Yield of Summer Maize

[Objective] The aim was to select the optimal amount of controlled-release fertilizer and provide theoretical references for controlled-release fertilizers use in summer maize. [Method] Long-term controlled-release fertilizers were applied once at sowing summer maize to explore effects on maize growth, yield, economic profits and environment. [Result] Maize yield reduced a little in the treatment group with 60% CRF, and increased in varying degrees in the rest groups in the range of 1.1%-7.4%, and some showed significant differences. [Conclusion] Controlled-release fertilizers can be applied once at the amount of 80% common fertilizer＇s, with con- sideration of maize yield, nitrogen use rate and economic profits, which is beneficial for summer maize application and promotion in North China.

An Analysis of Students' Mistakes through Linguistic Relativity

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is controversial, but the Linguistic Relativity is universally accepted by scholars. Through ana lyzing the causes of the mistakes that students often make during English learning and the relationship among thoughts, cultures and languages, this paper argues that language can influence people's thoughts and people's thoughts can influence the acquisi tion of a second language.

Three Kinds of Special Relativity via Inverse Wick Rotation

Since the special relativity can be viewed as the physics in an inverse Wick rotation of four-dimensional （4D） Euclid space, which is at almost equal footing with the 4D Riemann/Lobachevski space, there should be important physics in the inverse Wick rotation of 4D Riemann/Lobachevski space. Thus, there are three kinds of special relativity in de Sitter（dS）/Minkowski/anti-de Sitter（AdS） space at almost equal footing, respectively. There is an instanton tunnelling scenario in the Riemann-de Sitter case that may explain why A be positive and link with the multiverse.

Hamiltonian Formalism of de-Sitter Invariant Special Relativity

The Lagrangian of Einstein's special relativity with universal parameter c(SR_c)is invariant under Poincarétransformation,which preserves Lorentz metric η_μν.The SR_c has been extended to be one which is invariant underde Sitter transformation that preserves so-called Beltrami metric B_(μv).There are two universal parameters,c and R,inthis Special Relativity(denoted as SR_(cR)).The Lagrangian-Hamiltonian formulism of SR_(cR) is formulated in this paper.The canonic energy,canonic momenta,and 10 Noether charges corresponding to the space-time's,de Sitter symmetryare derived.The canonical quantization of the mechanics for SR_(CR)-free particle is performed.The physics related to itis discussed.

Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric cancer and its relation to liver metastasis and long-term prognosis

AIM: To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) in gastric cancer and its relation with the liver metastasis and prognosis.METHODS: Expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein was examined in gastric cancer and its paired substantial normal tissue by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.The relation between COX-2 expression and prognosis was investigated in 195 cases.RESULTS: The expression of COX-2 mRNA in gastric cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in normal tissue in 47 cases (w= 792, P＜0.01). The COX-2 mRNA in pT3-4 tissue expressed higher than that in pT1-2tissue (w = 204, P＜0.05). The positive expression rate of COX-2 protein was 57.9% (113/195). The COX-2expression was significantly related to histological type,lymphnode metastasis, venous invasion and liver metastasis (P＜0.05). No relation was found between COX-2 expression and invasion depth, peritoneal metastasis and International Union against Cancer TNMstage. The multiple regression analysis showed that the COX-2 expression and venous invasion were obviously associated with liver metastasis (P＜0.05). However,there was no significant correlation between COX-2immunoreactivity and prognosis.CONCLUSION: COX-2 may play an important role in the development of gastric cancer, and the over-expression of COX-2 protein may be a high risk factor for liver metastasis.

Classification of Relativity

In this work, we discuss the possibility to classify relativity in accordance with the classification of second order partial differential equations that have been applied into the formulation of physical laws in physics. In mathematics, since second order partial differential equations can be classified into hyperbolic, elliptic or parabolic type, therefore we show that it is also possible to classify relativity accordingly into hyperbolic, elliptic or parabolic type by establishing coordinate transformations that preserve the forms of these second order partial differential equations. The coordinate transformation that preserves the form of the hyperbolic equation is the Lorentz transformation and the associated space is the hyperbolic, or pseudo-Euclidean, relativistic spacetime. Typical equations in physics that comply with hyperbolic relativity are Maxwell and Dirac equations. The coordinate transformation that preserves the form of the elliptic equation is the modified Lorentz transformation that we have formulated in our work on Euclidean relativity and the associated space is the elliptic, or Euclidean, relativistic spacetime. As we will show in this work, equations that comply with elliptic relativity are the equations that describe the subfields of Maxwell and Dirac field. And the coordinate transformation that preserves the form of the parabolic equation is the Euclidean transformation consisting of the translation and rotation in the spatial space and the associated space is the parabolic relativistic spacetime, which is a Euclidean space with a universal time. Typical equations in physics that comply with parabolic relativity are the diffusion equation, the Schrödinger equation and in particular the diffusion equations that are derived from the four-current defined in terms of the differentiable structures of the spacetime manifold, and the Ricci flow.

Relativity stability of quantum gas in a weak magnetic field

Based on the analytical expression of relativistic free energy for a weakly interacting Fermi gas in a weak magnetic field, by using the method of quantum statistics, the stability conditions of the system at both high and low temperatures are given, and the effects of magnetic field and interparticle interactions on the stability of the system are analysed. It is shown that at high temperatures, the stability conditions of the system are completely the same, no matter whether it is the ultrarelativistic case or nonrelativistic case. At extremely low temperatures, the mechanical stability conditions of the system show a similar rule through a comparison between the ultrarelativistic case and nonrelativistic case. At the same time, thermal stability of a relativistic Bose gas in a weak magnetic field is discussed, and the influence of the effect of relativity on the thermal stability of the system is investigated.