Study of Material Evaluation Probe Using a Longitudinal Wave and a Transverse Wave

Transmitting a longitudinal wave and a traverse wave into a composite material in a molten state has been studied in the online control of the composite material which cannot be evaluated by a conventional ultrasonic sensor as a final analysis, using the difference in the propagation characteristics of both modes. It is especially expected that measurement of the physical quantity which was not able to be conventionally measured can be performed by carrying out coincidence measurement of the ultrasonic wave in both modes. Therefore, in this research study, an ultrasonic probe, which can simultaneously transmit and receive a longitudinal wave and a traverse wave has been developed using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) because it has the advantage of measuring high temperature samples. In this study, two methods have been compared. The 1st method uses a traverse wave EMAT that travels in a vertical direction and a bar wave by which the low order mode is equivalent to longitudinal wave vibration. The other method is to carry out the mode conversion of the traverse wave by a traverse wave-EMAT. The longitudinal converted from the transverse wave are spread in the axis direction. As the experimental results of both optimizations of the drive conditions, it has been confirmed that the 2nd mode conversion method was promising. This paper reports about the trial process and the experimental results.

A Classical Explanation for Relativistic Longitudinal and Transverse Mass Increase

In this paper, I show that the Special Relativistic effect of mass increase that occurs within objects when they move at high speed can be explained using Classical Physics principles. In my analysis, the wave nature of condensed matter and energy/mass equivalence are taken into consideration. The wave nature of particles is modelled as the particle structure comprising three-dimensional standing waves. When this is done, the difference in the energy sum of the component waves that comprise a particle moving at a high speed, when compared to those of a stationary particle, completely accounts for the mass increase. Furthermore, the additional momentum of the wave components in the direction of motion (the Longitudinal direction) is the cause of the inertia, or effective mass, of the object being greater than that in the Transverse direction (orthogonal to the direction of motion).

Propagation of Rayleigh waves on free surface of transversely isotropic generalized thermoelastic diffusion

The present paper is devoted to the study of Rayleigh wave propagation in a homogeneous, transversely isotropic, thermoelastic diffusive half-space, subject to stress free, thermally insulated/isothermal, and chemical potential boundary conditions in the context of the generalized thermoelastic diffusion theory. The Green-Lindsay（GL） theory is used in the study. In this theory, thermodiffusion and thermodiffusion mechanical relaxations are governed by four different time constants. Secular equations for surface wave propagation in the considered media are derived. Anisotropy and diffusion effects on the phase velocity, attenuation coefficient are graphically presented in order to present the analytical results and make comparison. Some special cases of frequency equations are derived from the present investigation.

Propagation of wave at the boundary surface of transversely isotropic thermoelastic material with voids and isotropic elastic half-space

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of voids on the surface wave propagation in a layer of a transversely isotropic thermoelastic material with voids lying over an isotropic elastic half-space. The frequency equation is derived after developing a mathematical model for welded and smooth contact boundary conditions. The dispersion curves giving the phase velocity and attenuation coefficient via wave number are plotted graphically to depict the effects of voids and anisotropy for welded contact boundary conditions. The specific loss and amplitudes of the volume fraction field, the normal stress, and the temperature change for welded contact are obtained and shown graphically for a particular model to depict the voids and anisotropy effects. Some special cases are also deduced from the present investigation.

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Torsional Surface Waves in a Transverse Isotropic Elastic Solid Semi-Infinite Medium with Varying Rigidity and Density under a Rigid Layer

In this paper, mathematical modeling of the propagation of torsional surface waves in a transverse isotropic elastic medium with varying rigidity and density under a rigid layer has been considered. The equation of motion has been formulated in the elastic medium using suitable boundary conditions. The frequency equation containing Whittaker’s function for phase velocity due to torsional surface waves has been derived. The effect of rigid layer in the propagation of torsional surface waves in a transverse isotropic elastic medium with varying rigidity and density has been discussed. The numerical results have been shown graphically. It is observed that the influence of transverse and longitudinal rigidity and density of the medium have a remarkable effect on the propagation of the torsional surface waves. Frequency equations have also been derived for some particular cases, which are in perfect agreement with some standard results.

Theoretical dispersion curves for borehole real-valued wave modes in vertically transverse isotropic formations

The dispersion curves of real-valued modes in a fluid-filled borehole are widely used in acoustic well logging.The accurate dispersion curves are the precondition of theoretical analysis and inversion process.Generally,these curves can be obtained by solving the conventional dispersion equation for isotropic formations and most vertically transverse isotropy(VTI)formations.However,if the real-valued solutions exist when the radial wavenumbers for the formation quasi-P and quasi-S equals to each other,the existed methods based on the conventional dispersion equation could lead to incorrect results for some VTI formations.Few studies have focused on the influence of these real-valued solutions on dispersion curve extraction.To remove these real-valued solutions,we have proposed a modified dispersion equation and its corresponding solving process.When solving the dispersion equation,the Scholte wave velocity of VTI formation at high frequency is used as the initial guess.The two synthetic examples including fast and slow VTI formations validate that these real-valued solutions do not contribute to the wavefield,and the new dispersion curve extraction method is suitable for all kinds of VTI formations.Consequently,the method can provide reliable dispersion curves for both theoretical analysis and anisotropic parameters inversion in VTI formations.

Research on the Relationship between Shallow Shear Wave Velocity and Basement Structure in the Tianjin Coastal Area

Shear wave velocity is one of the important dynamic characteristics of soil layers and applied widely in aseismic engineering. In this paper, 500 drill logging data are used to make a linear interpolation based on 0. 01° x 0. 01°x lm grid. A shallow 3-D shear wave velocity structure of Tianjin coastal area is obtained. According to the data and geological background, we selected two typical velocity profiles to try to introduce and explain its relationship to basement structure. The results show that the shear wave velocity structure clearly presents the characteristic of stratification and lateral inhomogeneity. Furthermore, the difference of the shear wave structure between tectonic elements is clear and the velocity structure between the two sides of the local or border fault in the Quaternary is disturbed or affected significantly. It intuitively shows that the basement structure and fault activity of this region had good control of sedimentation development and strata formation in the Quaternary period which would have an important effect on engineering seismic and geological condition evaluation.

冻融循环下秸秆纤维混凝土损伤特性及动态力学性能研究

为研究冻融循环对不同纤维掺量的秸秆纤维混凝土动态力学性能的影响,采用非金属超声波检测仪测量不同冻融循环次数下秸秆纤维混凝土试件纵波波速,利用直径74 mm变截面分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置对试件开展动态单轴压缩试验,分析试件纵波波速、峰值应力、劣化度、韧性及破碎耗能密度与冻融循环次数及秸秆纤维掺量间的关系。结果表明:纤维的掺入能够提高混凝土材料的纵波波速及整体性,随着冻融循环次数的增加,秸秆纤维混凝土纵波波速随之降低,冻融循环会对试件造成损伤;秸秆纤维的掺入会增强混凝土材料的力学性能,掺量为0.2%时效果最佳,冻融循环作用试件峰值应力不断降低,劣化度不断增加,相较于冻融循环0次素混凝土试件,冻融循环30、60、90、120次试件峰值应力分别降低6.96%、19.4%、34.2%、53.3%,冻融循环后期应力降幅显著增加,纤维的掺入在一定程度上减缓了冻融作用下试件劣化程度;纤维掺量为0.2%时试件的韧性与破碎耗能密度提升最大,冻融循环会对试件造成劣化,降低其韧性及吸能效果。秸秆纤维的掺入使混凝土材料力学性能大幅增加,秸秆纤维的绿色可再生性对秸秆纤维混凝土的推广具有重大意义。

一种列车制动信号无线传输通讯系统设计

在铁路运输趋于高速和重载的背景下,重载列车传统空气制动系统仅能适用于单元式重载列车,并且后期维护相对不便,且在制动时会带来过大的车钩纵向力,影响行车安全,因此具有高带宽、低延迟、维护便捷等优点的无线制动系统应运而生。为了解决上述问题,立足于制动系统制动信号的无线传输,基于嵌入式技术设计了一套制动信号无线传输通讯系统。硬件方面,以STC8H8K64U作为主控芯片完成通讯系统的原理图设计,主要包括电源模块、CAN(Controller Area Network,控制器局域网)网络模块、GPRS(General Packet Radio Service,通用分组无线服务技术)模块、无线网络LoRa(Long Range Radio,远距离无线电)模块等,并且对硬件进行抗干扰处理。软件方面,完成STC8的外设驱动程序设计、LoRa无线网络模块的程序设计以及装置与系统之间通讯协议的自定义。基于以上设计,完成通讯系统的调试与测试工作,对无线网络模块LoRa的通讯距离进行测试,通过建立动力学模型和线路试验来对比使用传统空气制动方案制动与使用制动信号无线传输通讯系统制动方案下的制动波速以及车钩纵向力。测试和试验结果表明:系统各模块功能正常,能有效完成与车辆控制装置和远程控制平台之间的数据交互;有行人、树木、建筑等遮挡物时,无线网络模块LoRa的通讯距离为400 m;使用制动信号无线传输通讯系统在列车制动时可有效提升制动波速,减小车钩纵向力。研究结果可为重载列车的制动系统设计提供参考。

基于矿物溶解理论的砂岩化学损伤动态模型

酸腐蚀环境下岩石物理力学性质的劣化本质上由岩石矿物的溶解引发的孔隙微裂隙的扩展贯通所致。为研究酸性环境下砂岩矿物的溶解特性,选择pH=1、3的盐酸溶液为腐蚀环境,借助X射线衍射试验鉴定砂岩矿物成分及含量,测试不同浸泡周期下溶液的pH值、阳离子浓度、岩样的质量及其纵波波速,并通过矿物溶解理论与化学动力学原理,建立反映整个腐蚀过程的砂岩化学损伤动态模型。研究结果表明:酸性环境下砂岩的损伤主要由长石和方解石的溶解所致,矿物溶解反应分为界面吸附、界面交换、解吸附三个步骤,且步骤最慢者对整个反应起控制作用。矿物溶解速率与H+浓度的n次幂成正比,且0<n≤1,其数值与矿物自身特性和溶液pH值有关。酸-岩反应具有较强的时间依赖性,其速率随腐蚀时间的延长逐渐减小而后趋于稳定,且溶液pH值越小,腐蚀时间越长,砂岩劣化越严重。pH=1、3的盐酸溶液作用下,通过化学损伤模型得到的砂岩孔隙度与通过纵波波速得到的孔隙度随腐蚀时间的变化规律具有较好的一致性,验证了模型的有效性与合理性。研究结果可为酸化学环境下岩体工程的安全性评估与灾害防治提供理论参考。

冻融循环作用下的花岗岩边坡岩体强度研究

以伊春鹿鸣钼矿发育的花岗岩边坡岩体为例,开展不同风化程度的花岗岩岩石样品的冻融循环单轴抗压强度试验和纵波波速试验,得到不同风化程度的花岗岩冻融循环单轴抗压强度和纵波波速损失程度不同,风化程度高的花岗岩冻融系数较低;冻融循环作用下的花岗岩单轴抗压强度冻融系数与纵波波速损伤变量之间为线性关系,对于不同风化类型的花岗岩,其线性关系高度相近。从边坡稳定性分析的角度出发,提出了2种获取冻融循环花岗岩边坡岩体强度参数的方法,并进行了计算验证。结果显示:采用单轴抗压强度冻融系数直接折减抗剪强度,或采用纵波波速冻融系数折减RMR值后推导抗剪强度,所得结果均可进行边坡稳定性计算;相对来讲,后者计算的安全系数与边坡体实际稳定状态更为接近。

单轴压缩下不同饱和度红砂岩横波特征研究

为了研究饱和度对岩石超声波横波传播规律影响,以红砂岩为研究对象,开展不同饱和度下入射频率分别为50、100、200 kHz的超声波横波传播实验,分析饱和度及入射频率对横波声学参数变化规律。结果表明:干燥至饱和状态,横波波速随饱和度增大呈非线性下降趋势,幅值衰减系数随饱和度增大呈非线性递增趋势,均满足三次函数关系,属于高度相关;整体分析发现横波波速受饱和度变化影响大于幅值衰减系数,幅值衰减系数拟合参数能较好反映岩样物理量的变化;基于敏感性及决定系数的综合考虑,建议今后采用100 kHz作为含水砂岩超声波横波测试优势频率。研究成果可为不同饱和度下岩石超声波测试技术发展提供参考。

加热速率对中心直裂纹巴西圆盘试样断裂行为影响规律研究

为了研究不同加热速率处理后花岗岩的断裂特性与损伤机理,对中心直裂纹巴西圆盘(CSTBD)试样在4组加热温度下分别进行4种加热速率的高温处理,冷却至室温后使用电液伺服压力机进行巴西劈裂实验,分析其静力学断裂过程。结果表明:(1)经过不同高温处理的花岗岩,从脆性破坏向延性破坏转变。(2)在同一目标温度下,经不同加热速率处理的花岗岩,峰值破坏载荷随着加热速率的增大而降低。表观颜色无明显区别,而表观裂缝逐渐增多。(3)不同加热速率下,200℃和400℃下的纵波波速和弹性模量变化较小,而600℃以上时,随着加热速率的增大,纵波波速和弹性模量显著降低。(4)花岗岩的断裂韧度随着温度升高呈现逐渐衰减特征,同一温度下花岗岩试样的I型断裂韧度值随加热速率的增大而减小,400℃下加热速率对花岗岩断裂韧度的影响最大。

考虑软矿物纵横比的页岩岩石物理建模及其应用

以往针对页岩储层的岩石物理建模常忽略孔隙类型与软矿物纵横比对弹性模量的影响。本文同时考虑孔隙类型、孔隙形状与软矿物纵横比,建立横向各向同性页岩岩石物理模型:将固体矿物分为硬矿物与软矿物两类,考虑软矿物的各向异性特征与形状变化;基于储层实际情况将孔隙分为粒内孔、有机孔与粒间孔三类,孔隙形状分为硬孔隙与软孔隙两种;最后,利用粒子群法反演输入参数,进一步计算纵横波速度、各向异性参数与岩石力学参数。结合实际资料应用,用已知测井横波速度与各向同性岩石力学计算结果进行对比,结果表明该模型的应用效果较好。

基于超声纵横波原位法的螺栓预紧力检测研究

针对超声纵横波的螺栓预紧力原位测量精度受几何层面和材料层面因素的影响,通过声弹力学的理论推导,提出了基于形状因子和材料因子的螺栓预紧力超声原位检测模型,并对多种规格、等级、厂商的螺栓的形状因子和材料因子的影响进行试验。结果表明,本测量方法具有较高的拟合度,且可将形状因子λ<0.3作为适用条件。由此得出,通过测量验证了理论推导的正确性,定量地获得了各种因素对测量精度的影响范围,为建立纵横波虚拟标定曲线算法和数据库提供了坚实的基础。

相控阵超声检测技术在板材中的应用

介绍了相控阵超声检测技术在中厚板检测中的应用。采用不同频率对中厚板进行纵波检测灵敏度、横波检测灵敏度、上下表面盲区纵波检测及板材边部盲区横波检测对比等试验。试验结果表明,相控阵超声检测技术能够100%覆盖钢板中心部位所有缺陷,检测准确度高,误报率低,重复性好;厚度检测时钢板上下表面盲区不大于1.5 mm,板边最小盲区不大于3 mm,且检测速度快,成本低;能够满足目前板材检测标准的最高要求。

渤海油田旋转井壁取心质效提升技术

壁心对储层评价至关重要。渤海油田中生界、古生界及太古界地层,一般使用旋转井壁取心进行作业。在实际的旋转井壁取心作业过程中,因地层的岩性、均质性、抗压强度等不同,导致旋转取心的收获率及作业效率呈现出较大的差异。同一井眼内存在沉积岩、变质岩和火成岩的条件下,传统的按照壁心设计点的顺序逐一取心的方式往往收获率低下且极易“堵心”。通过对岩石岩性、抗压强度和均质性的评估,选取合适的旋转取心仪器,制定合理的取心作业方案,提高旋转井壁取心的收获率和作业效率,对后期的旋转井壁取心作业具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。

低应变同条件下桩型实测波速差异大研究探讨

在工程实践中,有时会出现在设计强度、成桩工艺、养护条件以及龄期相同的桩型,实测低应变波速差异大的情况。这一现象不符合同条件下的桩型,实测波速在某一范围内分布这个常规认知。甚至曾经有过相关专家以实测波速偏差过大为由,质疑检测数据的真实性。通过研究发现,这个波速差异大,并不是检测数据不真实导致的,也不是同条件下的桩型这一条件不满足,更不是同条件下的桩型实测波速在某一范围内这个常规认知不对,而是因为横向尺寸效应引起的。横向尺寸效应能够引起基桩实测波速产生差异,在桩径较大,桩长较短的时候,尤其明显。论本结合实例,对横向尺寸效应影响低应变实测波速进行了分析。

原子团温度对原子干涉陀螺条纹对比度的影响

原子干涉陀螺是基于冷原子物质波Sagnac效应测量相对于惯性参考系的转动角速度的一种陀螺仪,其转动时会在2条干涉传播路径之间额外产生相移,该转动相移中包含了垂直于拉曼光方向的纵向速度分量。一般认为入射原子团的纵向速度分布是导致原子陀螺干涉信号强度减弱和条纹对比度下降的最主要因素,但这忽略了与拉曼光方向平行的横向速度分布的影响。通过建立原子干涉陀螺的简单数学模型,定量分析2种分布对相同转速的影响程度,发现横向速度分布对最终干涉条纹质量非常关键,其比纵向速度分布容忍度更低。这要求在设计原子干涉陀螺系统时,需要更重视原子团的横向冷却效率,而不是只关注和转动相移相关的纵向速度分布部分。

基于波速法的隧道稳定性超前预测

利用地震波纵波速度(V_(p))超前分析隧道围岩的稳定性。首先研究地质强度指标(I)、扰动参数(D)等Hoek-Brown常数与V_(p)之间的关系,然后采用Hoek-Brown准则推导隧道塑性区位移公式,考虑到V_(p)可以从TSP203PLUS中获取围岩的弹性模量、泊松比和V_(p)等一系列参数,最终形成确定隧道塑性区位移的新方法。为证明该方法的有效性,对某隧道进行超前评估,并通过卡斯特纳方程对预测结果进行验证。结果表明,提出的方法计算隧道所得塑性区位移与卡斯特纳方程基本一致,此方法获取的参数更为便捷,具有良好的工程应用前景。