THE LOSS OF STABILITY OF LAMINAR FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL AND THE MECHANISM OF SAND RIPPLE FORMATION

In the flow on a mobile bed in an open channel, sand ripple often appears after the sediment begins to move. Different scholars have different views on the formation of sand ripples. This paper holds that as the ripple in general is very small, its formation is due to the instability of the laminar flow or the evolution of the small-scale coherent structures in the sublayer adjacent to the wall of the open channel. When the shear stresses caused by the disturbing waves or the coherent structure near the bed surface boundary and the water flow itself are greater than the shields stresses, responses on the bed surface appear and the sand ripple forms. If the frequency of the shear stress caused by the disturbance is close to the natural frequency of the sand grains that produced resonance, such a phenomenon is called the 'detection property' of the sediment. It is at this point that the maximum resonance appears and the sand ripple develops rapidly.

ON THE STABILITY OF DISTORTED LAMINAR FLOW(Ⅱ)——THE LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS OF DISTORTED PARALLEL SHEAR FLOW

Based on the hydrodynamic stability theory of distorted laminar flow and the kind of distortion profiles on the mean velocity in parallel shear flow given in paper [1], this paper investigates the linear stability behaviour of parallel shear flow, presents unstable results of plane Couette flow and pipe Poiseuille flow to two-dimensional or axisymmetric disturbances for the first time, and obtains neutral curves of these two motions under certain definition.

ON THE STABILITY OF DISTORTED LAMINAR FLOW(Ⅲ)—THE NONLINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS OF DISTORTED PARALLEL SHEAR FLOW

Based on the hydrodynamic stability theory of distorted laminar flow and the kind of distortion profiles on the mean velocity in parallel shear flow given in paper [1], this paper investigates the nonlinear stability behaviour of parallel shear flow, carries on stability calculation taking account of the perturbations of background turbulence noise under certain assumption, and obtains some results in accordance qualitatively with those of experiment for plane Poiseuille flow and pipe Poiseuille flow.

ON THE STABILITY OF DISTORTED LAMINAR FLOW(Ⅰ)—BASIC IDEAS AND THEORY

This paper suggests a hydrodynamic stability theory of distorted laminar flow, and presents a kind of distortion profile of mean velocity in parallel shear flow. With such distortion profiles, the new theory can be used to investigate the stability behaviour of parallel shear flow, and thus suggests a new possible approach to instability.

On the Vortex Sheets of Compressible Flows

This paper provides a review of the recent results on the stability of vortex sheets in compressible flows.Vortex sheets are contact discontinuities of the underlying flows.The vortex sheet problem is a free boundary problem with a characteristic boundary and is challenging in analysis.The formulation of the vortex sheet problem will be introduced.The linear stability and nonlinear stability for both the two-dimensional two-phase compressible flows and the two-dimensional elastic flows are summarized.The linear stability of vortex sheets for the three-dimensional elastic flows is also presented.The difficulties of the vortex sheet problems and the ideas of proofs are discussed.

Investigating the Effects of Slack Bus Selection in Load Flow Studies: A Comparative Analysis of Robust and Weak Grids

Load flow studies play a critical role in the analysis of power systems. They enable the computation of voltage, current, and power flows in a power system. They provide valuable insights into the steady-state performance of the power system under different operating conditions. Choosing a slack bus is a vital step in conducting load flow simulations. A slack bus is a PV bus that includes a generator and is used to balance real and reactive power during load flow studies. Many studies have been conducted on the selection of slack buses in load flow analysis. However, varied conclusions regarding the impact on system losses and power flows were obtained during these studies. Therefore, using the IEEE-14 bus test system, this study investigated the effects of slack bus selection in strong and weak grids by alternating slack buses among PV buses and observing the effects on bus voltage magnitude, bus voltage phase angle, total power flows, and active and reactive power losses. The study noted that the effect of slack bus selection on these system quantities is contingent upon the voltage stability of the grid. Whereas in a robust grid, system losses and power flows remained constant irrespective of the choice of slack bus, a weak grid experienced some variations in these system quantities under similar circumstances. The simulation results led to the conclusion that, to a large extent, the voltage stability of the grid plays a significant role in determining the degree to which slack bus selection affects system losses and other quantities in load flow studies.

A computational study on robust prediction of transition point over NACA0012 aerofoil surfaces from laminar to turbulent flows

Flow transition from laminar to turbulent is prerequisite to decide whereabouts to apply surface flow control techniques. This appears missing in a number of works in which the control effects were merely investigated without getting insight into alteration of transition position. The aim of this study is to capture the correct position of transition over NACA0012 aerofoil at different angles of attack. Firstly, an implicit, time marching, high resolution total variation diminishing （TVD） scheme was developed to solve the governing Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluid flows around aerofoil sections to obtain velocity profiles around the aerofoil surfaces. Secondly, the linear instability solver based on the Orr-Sommerfeld equations and the eg methods were developed to calculate the onset of transition over the aerofoil surfaces. For the low subsonic Mach number of 0.16, the accuracy of the compressible solutions was assessed by some available experimental results of low speed incompressible flows. In all cases, transition positions were accurately predicted which shows applicability and superiority of the present work to be extended for higher Mach number compressible flows. Here, transition prediction methodology is described and the results of this analysis without active flow control or separation are presented.

A STUDY ON FLOW RESISTANCE IN THE ENTRANCE REGION OF ISOSCELES TRIANGULAR DUCTS

In the present paper the variational solution of velocity profile for an incompressible laminar and fully developed flow in isosceles triangular ducts is derived by applying the Kantovorich method. The theoretical and experimental results of pressure loss are also given. The velocity distribution model, additional pressure loss coefficient and calculating method of inlet length in the entrance region of isosceles triangular ducts are also derived, which are suitable for various kinds of vertex angles. The calculations and experiments are also performed for two models: the isosceles triangular channels with vertex angles 2a=45.1 and 2a= 60 . Comparisons are made between the theoretical analysis in this paper and those of the other authors. It can be seen that the present analytical result is of high. accuracy and wide practicability, and agrees well with the authors' experiment.

Linear global stability of a confined plume

A linear stability analysis is performed for a plume flow inside a cylinder of aspect ratio 1. The configu- ration is identical to that used by Lopez and Marques （2013） for their direct numerical simulation study, It is found that the first bifurcation, which leads to a periodic axisymmetric flow state, is accurately pre- dicted by linear analysis： both the critical Rayleigh number and the global frequency are consistent with the reported DNS results. It is further shown that pressure feedback drives the global mode, rather than absolute instability.

A STUDY ON THE FLOW BEHAVIOR OF AN AXISYMMETRIC LAMINAR JET

It is of great practical and theoretical importance to study the properties and flow behavior of laminar jet,because it tightly links the physical phenomena of nonlinerity such as flow stability and transition and so forth.However,many problems and differences exist in ba- sic concepts and in understanding of stable and transitional properties and flow patterns of ax- isymmetric laminar jet.Therefore,a further study on this subject is needed to evaluate the exist- ing understandings and to find out the mechanism governing the behavior of actual axisymmetric laminar jet flow. In this thesis,the flow behavior of axisymmetric laminar jet issuing from nozzles of several diameters in the direction of gravity was studied experimentally using flow visualization tech- nique in the range of Reynolds number from tens to thousands.The unstable and transitional processes in the laminar jet were observed.The influence on the jet flow of different geometry contours of jet chamber boundary was investigated.Some new flow phenomena were discovered which gave deeper understanding of flow patterns and their dependent factors in low Reynolds number axisymmetric laminar jet.A theoretical model to describe the variation of the axisym- metric laminar jet length influenced by the weak density difference is proposed based on the ex- perimental observation,which will be helpful in recognizing the flow behavior of axisymmetric laminar jet of low Reynolds numbers.

基于熵产分析的套管稳定器结构参数优化

套管稳定器是套管钻井过程中必要的部件。为满足现场对安装套管稳定器的井段内环空流动损失较低且有利于携岩的要求,需要对套管稳定器进行整体结构设计。利用Fluent软件对稳定器与井眼之间的环空流场进行了数值模拟,采用熵产方法对流场能耗进行了分析。分析结果表明:流场中湍流熵产占大部分且主要发生在螺旋流道入口;对安装稳定器的井段进行了携岩能力分析,发现稳定器的螺旋流道整体对携岩有利,但螺旋棱根部会有少量岩屑堆积。综合分析了螺旋棱尺寸对流场能耗和携岩能力的影响,优选出套管稳定器的结构尺寸。研究结果可为套管稳定器优化设计和现场应用提供参考。

Dynamic coefficients and stability analysis of a water-lubricated hydrostatic bearing by solving the uncoupled Reynolds equation

This paper concerns the dynamic characteristics of incompressible laminar flow hydrostatic bearings. An improved method based on the mathematical perturbation technique for calculating the stiffness and damping coefficients of hydrostatic bearings is presented;it raises the calculation efficiency by uncoupling the recess flow continuity equations from the solving of the Reynolds equation. The dynamic coefficients of a water-lubricated four-recess hydrostatic bearing are calculated with both the improved method and the conventional method. The comparisons between these two methods validate the effectiveness and correctness of the improved method. Furthermore, the dynamic response and stability characteristics of a rotor supported by the hydrostatic bearing are calculated and compared with experimental results. First, the dynamic responses calculated with the linear and nonlinear bearing dynamic coefficients models show that the linear model is inaccurate if the rotor whirls in a large eccentricity ratio range, owing to the nonlinearity of stiffness and damping. Second, according to the numerical and experimental results, the nonlinearity of bearing stiffness and damping coefficients could induce double rotational frequency component in the unbalance response frequency spectrum. Finally, the numerical results indicate that the stability threshold speed of the bearing increases with eccentricity ratio. The improved method proposed can be used to evaluate the dynamic performance of hydrostatic bearings efficiently, and the bearing characteristics presented could contribute to a better understanding of the performance of waterlubricated hydrostatic bearings.

火烧迹地土壤团聚体稳定性原位快速测定方法

森林火灾后因火烧迹地土壤斥水性,导致坡面径流和土壤可蚀性增强,提高了火后泥石流易发性,而土壤团聚体稳定性是影响土壤入渗能力和侵蚀敏感性的关键指标。目前常用于火烧迹地土壤团聚体稳定性测定的水滴冲击测定方法(counting the number of water drop impacts,CND),不适用于原位测定且耗时较长(滴定一组团聚体需要数小时)。因此文章提出一种基于冲击振荡破坏效应的团聚体稳定性测定方法(shock and vibration damage method,SVD)。充分考虑容重、有机质含量和斥水性对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,通过室内火烧模拟试验,制备了13种类型的土壤团聚体。采用自制的试验仪器进行SVD法正交试验测定土壤团聚体质量损失率,并与传统CND法测得的破坏团聚体的水滴数量进行对比。结果表明:SVD法的测定MT-6方案(冲击高度1 m、容器容水量40%、冲击5次、测定团聚体20颗)与CND法的测定结果具有很强的一致性(Kendall系数=0.797)和相关性(R2=0.634),测定时间较短(测定一组团聚体约5 min),且测定结果区分度较好(约62%的团聚体MLR位于区分度良好的40%~60%区间),将其作为SVD法的最优测定方案。此外,SVD法试验装置结构简单、便携易拆卸,可用于原位快速且定量地区分火烧迹地不同火烈度下土壤团聚体稳定性水平,对火烧迹地土壤侵蚀、水土流失治理以及火后泥石流起动机理研究具有重要指导意义。

低压配电电缆截面的计算与校验

低压配电电缆截面的计算与校验,在工程设计时通常是对过负荷保护与电缆载流量、用电设备端电压损失、低压断路器灵敏度、短路电流热稳定等进行分析。长距离低压配电电缆的线路阻抗大,末端短路电流小,易出现不满足低压断路器灵敏度校验。本文结合具体的工程案例,深入分析了低压配电电缆截面的计算与校验。通过选择低压电气设备的配置功能,避免了增大低压配电电缆截面,以节约工程建设投资。

水平井水平段最优长度设计方法研究

由于水平井水平段内摩擦损失的缘故，如果水平段内压降和油藏压降相当，导致水平段末端压降很小或者为零，这种现象常常出现在高渗透层的低压降生产油藏和生产压差受到限制的锥进油藏。因而研究水平井最优长度设计方法对水平井开发方案设计具有指导意义。本文分三种情况（底水油藏、气顶底水油藏、气顶油藏）建立了油藏内流动模型、井筒内流动模型、水平井水平段最优长度数学模型，在建立模型过程中，考虑了水平段内流动状态（层流、紊流）和管壁相对粗糙度对摩擦损失和水平井产能的影响，最后通过实例计算得到了几个结论。

明渠层流失稳与沙纹成因机理研究

动床水流中 ,泥沙起动之后 ,往往要出现沙纹 ,沙纹成因各家的解释不一· 白玉川 ,罗纪生的观点是 :沙纹的尺度较小 ,主要是由于明渠层流不稳定性波或床面近壁流层中小尺度拟序结构发展演化所致· 当床面边界附近扰动波或拟序结构以及水流自身所产生的床面底部切应力大于Shields切应力后 ,床面即产生响应 ,形成沙纹 ;如果扰动所产生的扰动切应力频率接近床面泥沙固有频率 ,则产生与泥沙颗粒的共振 ,这种现象也称之为“泥沙的检波性质” ,此时床面发生最大响应 ,沙纹发展速度也最快·

基于升华法的后掠翼混合层流控制研究

在低湍流度风洞中针对45°后掠角NACA64A-204翼型模型,采用升华流动显示技术研究不同吸气量和不同迎角状态下混合层流控制(HLFC)对转捩位置的影响。结合热线方法测量流向速度研究扰动增长的机制。实验结果表明:萘升华流动显示技术适合用来研究HLFC方法对后掠翼转捩的影响,可以直观和准确地表示后掠翼上的转捩位置;在无吸气的情况下,随着迎角从-6°到2°增大,层流区长度先增大后减小;HLFC方法可以显著推迟由横流不稳定触发的转捩;在同一迎角下增加吸气量,可以更有效地减小主要扰动波的能量。

水平井水平段最优长度设计方法改进

为解决水平井水平段最优长度设计问题,利用渗流力学理论,对油藏中流体在水平井内的流动进行合理的假设和简化;基于范子菲等人提出的模型,充分考虑了各种钻井费用以及石油价格对水平井水平段长度设计的影响,得到计算水平井水平段最优长度的新模型。同时,在范氏模型中引入产能计算误差的概念,通过实例计算,分析了水平段长度、井内流量、井筒粗糙程度、流体黏度、油藏渗透率、井筒直径对水平井产量及产能计算误差的影响。研究表明,对于确定的油藏,影响水平井产量及产能计算误差的主要因素是水平段长度、井筒粗糙度、井筒直径;对于特定的水平井,影响水平井产量及产能计算误差的主要因素是流体黏度、油藏渗透率和井内流量。

结构参数对超声波流量计水流特性影响的研究

超声波流量计应用于小管径时,在基表内部加装反射装置,延长声程,提高测量精度。反射装置对超声波流量计基表内水流特性影响较大,为了优化表内水流特性,本文针对U型反射的特点提出两种改进措施:反射柱上部削平部分和在此基础上加装导流片。利用SST K-ω模型,对3种基表内水流特性进行数值模拟,分析3种基表内流场分布、声道流速稳定性和压力损失。结果表明,反射柱上部削平部分没有改善流场分布,而在此基础上加装导流片流场明显得到改善,同时两者均增加了声道流速稳定性和减小了压力损失,但后者效果更为显著。

多孔表面抑制第二模态失稳的最优开孔率和孔半径分析

多孔介质、微槽道和超声波吸声材料等可用于抑制高超声速边界层第二模态扰动波。通过声波在无穷长小管道中的传播模型给定多孔介质表面的扰动边界条件,采用时间模式的线性稳定性理论分析了多孔介质表面对边界层稳定性的影响。对马赫数6热壁平板边界层的考察表明,多孔介质表面不仅可以大大推迟第二模态扰动波的中性点,还可以大大抑制最不稳定第二模态扰动波的幅值增长率。为了找到最优控制参数,在较广的参数范围内考察了多孔介质表面的开孔率和孔半径对第二模态扰动波幅值增长率的影响,得到了最优开孔率和孔半径沿流向的分布。最后,还考察了基本流的当地非平行性(法向速度)对控制效果和最优控制参数的影响。