A proposed classification of the Earth’s crustal areas by the level of geodynamic threat

It is accepted as a well-known fact that in different places on the Earth’s crust,a similar anthropogenic impact causes a dissimilar response.Seismic zoning maps are not designed to predict such geodynamic hazards as rock bursts,induced earthquakes,reactivation of tectonic faults,etc.,and therefore require careful adjustments in places of intense impact on the subsurface strata.In this regard,we consider the classification of the Earth’s crustal areas according to the degree of geodynamic hazard,i.e.its potential geodynamic response to anthropogenic intervention.This classification is based on the concept that there exists a critically stressed layer within the Earth’s crust.It is believed that such a critically stressed layer within the Earth’s crust extends from the Earth’s surface to a certain depth,and each point depends on the nature of the interaction between crustal blocks of different hierarchical levels.From this perspective,anthropogenic impact,such as mining operations,represents a direct impact upon the critically stressed zone.We recognize the hypothesis that the thicker the critical stressed rock layer,the stronger the response might be to anthropogenic intervention,as it has more accumulated energy.Four categories of geodynamic threat have been found and mapped.To verify this classification,the manifestations of the geodynamic hazards were studied.The intensity of geodynamic hazard increased from the first area to the fourth area.The phenomenon of large induced seismic events with hypocenters at great depths is explained on the basis of this theory,and could be associated with anthropogenic impacts from the surface directly on the regional zone of the critically stressed rock massif.The approach can be used to assess the geodynamic consequences of human exposure to the Earth’s crust.

Features of the Formation of Mineral Deposits at the Initial Stages of Formation of the Earth’s Mantle and Crust

The Purpose of the Work: The modern mantle and crust have a complex structure and, in addition, contain both thermal and material heterogeneities, as evidenced by the results of seismic and electromagnetic studies. Changes are also reflected by the change in the mineralogical and chemical composition of the matter. This structure was formed for the long geological history of the planet’s development and the process continues at the present time. The system remains unsteady. To understand the evolution of such dynamic structures, information is needed about the initial state of the system, in our case, about the state of the Earth at the final stage of its formation. It can be obtained only by the results of numerical modeling based on the results of the investigation of the evolution of isotope systems. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to identify the features of the formation of mineral deposits in the early crust and mantle. For this, it is necessary to obtain variants of the numerical solution of the problem of the formation of the planet. Solution Methods: An algorithm for solving a non-linear system of differential equations for solving a 3D boundary dynamic problem in the sphere of an increasing radius is developed. The numerical method of “through account” is used in the work. Results: Based on methods for solving boundary value problems for a system of differential equations with the use of new results of mineralogical and isotope studies of the oldest material samples, quantitative variants of the thermal evolution of the Earth, directly determining the formation of early metallogeny, are constructed. It is shown that the random distribution of particles and bodies of a protoplanetary cloud during the accumulation of the planet causes the formation of a random material and temperature composition of the growing crust and mantle, which ensured a special metallogeny of the cratons and their framing, which no longer repeated in the geological history of the planet. A special role in it was played by changes in the gravitational field during the growth of the planet and the angular velocity of the Earth’s rotation. Further Research: It is proposed to extend the results obtained to the conditions for taking into account the dynamics of the double Earth-Moon system.

Magnetic Structure of the Earth’s Crust in the White Sea Region

The geological structure of the White Sea area and the surrounding land areas has been well studied in the framework of individual case studies. There are a number of local models of the deep structure of the Earth’s crust available. We propose a uniform assessment of deep crustal bodies responsible for long-period (regional) magnetic anomalies and consider their correlation with surface structures. The aim of the study is to build a three-dimensional magnetic model of the Earth’s crust in the White Sea region using aeromagnetic data and modeling technologies of the Integro software package. The model is formed on the basis of a digital map of the anomalous magnetic field reduced to the pole. The sources of magnetic anomalies are considered to be located in the Earth’s crust. The 3D distribution of the relative magnetic susceptibility of rocks was obtained by solving the inverse problem of the magnetic survey. To separate the magnetic sources by frequency and depth, it was necessary to continue the magnetic field of the model upward and to calculate the TDR derivatives, which determine the lateral boundaries of the sources of positive magnetic field anomalies. 2D distributions of magnetic sources of the model for vertical and horizontal sections with depths of 10, 15 and 20 km are analyzed. The correlation between the surface and deep structures of magnetic sources of the Earth’s crust in the region is shown.

China's Observation Network For Earth's Crust Movement Now Operational

An observation network focusing on earthquakes wascompleted one year aheadof schedule and put into operationrecently. According to scientists, this135-million-yuan (U.S.$16.3million) project could also be usedfor geodetic surveying, ionosphereand sea-level observations,

Discovering Crustal Deformation Bands by Processing Regional Gravity Field

Objectives： This article presents a new computational procedure to discover scratches buried in the earth＇s crust. We also validate this new interdisciplinary analysis method with regional gravity data located in a well-known Dabie orogenic zone for test. Methods： Based on the scratch analysis method evolved with mathematical morphology of surfaces, we present a procedure that extracts information of the crustal scratches from regional gravity data. Because the crustal scratches are positively and highly correlated to crustal deformation bands, it can be used for delineation of the crustal deformation belts. The scratches can be quantitatively characterized by calculation of the ridge coefficient function, whose high value traces delineate the deformation bands hidden in the regional gravity field. In addition, because the degree of crustal deformation is an important indicator of tectonic unit divisions, so the crust can be further divided according to the degree of crustal deformation into some tectonic units by using the ridge coefficient data, providing an objective base map for earth scientists to build tectonic models with quantitative evidence. Results： After the ridge coefficients are calculated, we can further enhance the boundary of high ridge-coefficient blocks, resulting in the so-called ridge-edge coefficient function. The high-value ridge-edge coefficients are well correlated with the edge faults of tectonic units underlay, providing accurate positioning of the base map for compilation of regional tectonic maps. In order to validate this new interdisciplinary analysis method, we select the Dabie orogenic zone as a pilot area for test, where rock outcrops are well exposed on the surface and detailed geological and geophysical surveys have been carried out. Tests show that the deformation bands and the tectonic units, which are conformed by tectonic scientists based on surface observations, are clearly displayed on the ridge and ridge-edge coefficient images obtained in this article. Moreover, these computer-generated images provide more accurate locations and geometric details. Conclusions： This work demonstrates that application of modern mathematical tools can promote the quantitative degree in research of modern geosciences, helping to open a door to develop a new branch of mathematical tectonics.

Mechanism of Intraplate Earthquakes and Anthropogenic Causes in USA

In this paper we carried out an investigation about the possible causes for the enhancement of earthquakes in USA the last seven years. Our statistical and physical models indicated that the increased evolution of events in the country depends from the human actions. For further analysis we divided the country into three main seismological regions: western, central and, eastern. We roughly classified the areas by their thickness of Earth’s crust in a variation 25-45-25 km. The thickest area is in the mid-continent and most of this region are part of the Great Plains. In our study we are going to investigate the reason for the Mississippi Lime in Oklahoma a very thick area, started an unusual earthquake activity since 2010, most at Oklahoma/Kansas border. In this region also there are many anthropogenic activities concerning with the waste water wells and more than 4000 of them are active in the state. Wastewater disposal wells typically operate for longer duration and inject much more fluid than hydraulic fracturing, making them more likely to induce earthquakes. Enhanced oil recovery injects fluid into rock layers where oil and gas have already been extracted, while wastewater injection often occurs in never-before-touched rocks. Therefore, wastewater injection can raise pressure levels more than enhanced oil recovery, and thus increases the likelihood of induced earthquakes. Most injection wells do not trigger felt earthquakes. A combination of many factors is necessary for injection to induce felt earthquakes. These include the injection rate and total volume injected;the presence of faults or unknown fractures that are large enough to produce felt earthquakes;stresses that are large enough to produce earthquakes;and the presence of pathways for the fluid pressure to travel from the injection point to faults. Finally other causes of human action triggering earthquakes fluid injection, hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, mining, nuclear explosions, some of them will be mentioned and investigated in this paper. We also intend to explain why not all the waste wells are triggering earthquakes and how it would be strongly attached to the unevenness of the Earth’s crust.

南大西洋14°S热液区残余氧化物超显微组构及REE特征

南大西洋14°S热液区是由中国科研人员于2009年在大西洋中脊首次发现的。为进一步了解研究本区硫化物后期蚀变过程,我们利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及质谱仪(ICP-MS)等方法,对14°S热液区原生热液产物蚀变风化所形成的残余氧化物进行了超显微组构及稀土元素(REE)研究。结果显示,残余氧化物主要由无定形硅组成,结晶矿物种类少,结晶程度较差。热液成因的无定形硅在海水蚀变过程中,表现出溶解再沉淀的特征,易形成硅质盖层,有助于深部硫化物矿床的保存。原生热液产物遭受海水蚀变是一个富集REE的过程,表明表生环境下热液产物中稀土可较好地保存。

海南琼中台GPS垂直分量变化与降水、地下水位关系研究

针对1999~2012年海南省琼海加积井、儋州西流井的降水、水位观测资料,系统分析降水、地下水位与琼中GPS定点观测垂直分量时间序列形态变化图像的关系。研究表明,降水、水位和GPS垂直分量变化之间呈现出明显的年周期变化特征,并且彼此呈负相关。具体表现为：降水增加、水位上升,则GPS垂直分量变小,意味着地面隆起;反之,降水减少、水位下降,则GPS垂直分量增大,意味着地面下沉。对降水和水位变化引起GPS垂直分量改变的机理进行初步讨论。

From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.

On the asymmetric distribution of heat loss from the Earth'sinterior

Mean heat flows and heat losses of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are calculated using degree 12 spherical harmonic representation of the global heat flow field (Pollack et al., 1993). Mean heat flows and heat losses of 0° hemisphere and 180° hemisphere, with median lines being 0° longitude and 180° longitude, are also calculated. The mean heat flow of the Southern Hemisphere is 99.3 mW·m -2, significantly higher than that of the Northern Hemisphere (74.0 mW·m -2). The mean heat flow of 0° hemisphere (94.1 mW·m -2) is also higher than the value of 180° hemisphere (79.3 mW·m -2). The mantle heat loss from the Southern Hemisphere is 22.1×10 12 W, as twice as that from the Northern Hemisphere ( 10.8×10 12 W). The 16.9×10 12 W mantle heat loss from 0° hemisphere is close to 16.0×10 12 W from 180° hemisphere. The hemispherical asymmetry of global heat loss is originated by the asymmetry of geographic distribution of continents and oceans. The asymmetric distribution of heat loss is a long-term phenomenon in the geological history.

对流层散射通信传输损耗预计方法分析

采用ITU-R617和NBS-101两种散射通信传输损耗预计方法,分别对散射通信的2种应用模式——常规应用模式(电波波束沿地球切线方向,散射角较小)和越障应用模式(电波波束角抬高,散射角较大)进行传输损耗预计时发现,常规应用模式下二者预计结果相近,而越障通信应用模式下二者预计结果差异较大。针对该问题,在给出等效地球半径概念基础之上,分析了等效地球半径使用条件,并以此为依据,分别对ITU-R617方法和NBS-101方法进行了分析,给出了2种预计方法的适用范围,并通过实验数据对得出的结论进行了验证。

地球物质简史

地球上存在的大多数元素并非来自太阳,而是世代更迭的大阳系星际物质吸积凝聚而成。地球可分地壳、地幔和地核三个层圈。地壳中硅酸盐矿物的晶体结构是由硅氧四面体以共角项方式连接而成的岛、链、层及架状结构。随着深度增加硅氧四面体结构单元逐渐转变为硅氧八面体,形成尖晶石或钙钛矿型结构。了解矿物晶体结构以及它们随地球深度的相变规律对于无机化合物新物相的合成及性能的改进当有助益。

地壳隔热密封破坏——近100a气候变化的“发病机制”

皮肤真皮下面的皮下脂肪组织具有比皮肤更强的热绝缘作用,使机体内部的热不易传导到皮肤表面而散失,这对在低温条件下保持体温不致于过低是很重要的。通过对人体皮下脂肪组织的热绝缘功能、中国长沙马王堆一号汉墓与北京明十三陵定陵发掘、地壳热绝缘层破坏大地热流增大观测上的证明和支持、地球与金星环境、近100 a全球年平均气温的变化与大气中CO2浓度年增量和全球平均SST变化等进行对比分析,得出地球作为一个整体,地壳中的化石燃料有类似人体皮下脂肪组织热绝缘作用,油气、煤炭就是地球的"皮下脂肪组织"的结论。人类无休止的大规模开采矿产,使热绝缘功能减弱,大地热流增大使地球内部热量过多传至地表,导致地温、海温增高,这正是全球气候变暖的主要原因。并对如何修复地壳热绝缘层提出了解决办法。

关于地壳板块成因的猜想

地壳板块的形成,是由于外来星球的撞击而造成的。太平洋就是巨大的撞击坑,大西洋则是撞击产生的地球背面的S形裂谷。地球上的水,也很有可能主要来源于这次撞击。

有关上海地区地质构造的几点新认识

根据多种最新地球物理、地质勘探资料的综合研究,认为上海地块是一个周边被大断裂所围限,而有别于浙西和苏锡地区的多重推覆块断体构造,并对层间滑移面、岩浆作用与构造的关系、长江口潜在震源区的地质构造背景进行了讨论。

基于MATLAB/GUI的道路照明供电回路计算

城市道路照明供电回路具有供电距离远的特点,在设计中通常需要校验线路的电压损失及断路器的灵敏度,从而进行大量的计算分析。以MATLAB/GUI为平台开发了用于城市道路照明供电回路的计算程序。首先,推导出城市道路照明供电回路电压损失及末端接地故障电流计算公式;继而分析低压保护电器的选择,计算断路器及剩余电流动作保护器参数整定;最后,通过算例介绍计算程序的运行步骤及使用方法。