“Abnormal transient creep” in fine-grained Al-5356 alloy observed at low strain rates by high-resolution strain measurement

Transient creep at very low strain rates （less than 10-10 s-1） is still unclear. The traditional uniaxial creep testing is less useful due to unsatisfied resolution strain （~10-6）. To study transient creep behavior at such low strain rates, a high-resolution strain measurement using the helicoid spring specimen technique was employed in a fine-grained Al-5356 alloy at temperatures ranging from 0.47Tm to 0.74Tm （Tm： melting point）. To clarify transient creep mechanism at such low strain rates, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） was used in microstructure observation of crept specimens. The abnormal transient creep, high temperature strengthening at T〉Tp （Tp： the phase transformation temperature, 0.58Tm） or intermediate temperature softening at 0.4Tm〈T￡Tp and double-normal type （creep curves including double work-hardening stages） at T=Tp, were firstly observed. The substructure observation in a crept specimen at T=0.58Tm and e=1×10-4 shows pile-up dislocations including many small jogs with equal interval, and dislocations emitted from grain boundaries. The b-Al3Mg2 phase dissolves under the condition of testing temperatures higher than 523 K, which causes solid-solution quantity of Mg atoms to increase. Therefore, the “abnormal transient creep” may be related to the difference of solid solution strengthening caused by phase change during the creep tests.

Energy consumption in rock fragmentation at intermediate strain rate

In order to determine the relationship among energy consumption of rock and its fragmentation, dynamic strength and strain rate, granite, sandstone and limestone specimens were chosen and tested on large-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment with half-sine waveform loading at the strain rates ranging from 40 to 150 s- 1. With recorded signals, the energy consumption, strain rate and dynamic strength were analyzed. And the fragmentation behaviors of specimens were investigated. The experimental results show that the energy consumption density of rock increases linearly with the total incident energy. The energy consumption density is of an exponent relationship with the average size of rock fragments. The higher the energy consumption density, the more serious the fragmentation, and the better the gradation of fragments. The energy consumption density takes a good logarithm relationship with the dynamic strength of rock. The dynamic strength of rock increases with the increase of strain rate, indicating higher strain rate sensitivity.

Low cycle fatigue behavior of the extruded AZ80 magnesium alloy under different strain amplitudes and strain rates

Low cycle fatigue behavior of extruded AZ80 magnesium alloy was investigated under uniaxial tension-compression at different strain amplitudes and strain rates.The results show that the extruded AZ80 magnesium alloy exhibits cyclic hardening at strain amplitudes ranging from 0.4%to 1.0%,the asymmetry of hysteresis loops becomes increasingly obvious when the strain amplitude increases.Higher strain rates correspond to higher stress amplitudes,high mean stresses and short fatigue life.{10–12}extension twins play a role in the cyclic deformation under higher strain amplitudes(0.8%,1.0%).The relationship between total strain energy density and fatigue life can be described by the modified Morrow model.The effect of strain rate on the fatigue life can also be predicted by the model.

Complete splitting process of steel fiber reinforced concrete at intermediate strain rate

The complete splitting process of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） at intermediate strain rate was studied by experiment. The basic information of a self-developed SFRC dynamic test system matching with lnstron 1342 materials testing machine was given, and the experiment principle and the loading mode of cubic split specimen were introduced. During the experiment, 30 cubes of 150 mm×150 mm×150 mm and 36 cubes of 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm, designed and prepared according to C20 class SFRC with different volume fractions of steel fiber （0, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%） were tested and analyzed. At the same time, the size effect of SFRC at intermediate strain rate was investigated. The experimental study indicates that SFRC size effect is not influenced by the loading speed or strain rate. When the steel fiber content increases from 0 to 4%, the splitting strength of SFRC increases from 100% to 261%, i.e. increasing by 161% compared with that of the common concrete. The loading rate increases from 1.33 kN/s to 80.00 kN/s, and the splitting tensile strength increases by 43.55%.

Instantaneous Creep in Face-centered Cubic Metals at Ultra- low Strain Rates by a High-resolution Strain Measurement

Instantaneous creep in face-centered cubic metals, 5N Al（99.999%）, 2N Al （99%） and 4N Cu （99.99%） with different grain sizes, was firstly investigated by sudden stress-change experiments at ultra- low strain rates ε ≤10-10 s-1 and temperature T 〈 0.32 Tn. The experimental results indicate that the observed instantaneous creep is strongly dependent on grain size, the concentration of impurity, and stacking fault energy. Creep in high-purity aluminum, 5N Al, with a very large grain size, d 〉 1600μm, shows non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery of dislocations in the boundary of dislocation cells. On the other hand, for 5N A1 with a small grain size, d=30μm, and low-purity aluminum, 2N A1, with d8= 25μm, creep shows viscous behavior and may be related to ＇low temperature grain boundary sliding＇. For high-purity copper, 4N Cu, with d= 40 grn and lower stacking fault energy, creep shows a non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery process of dislocations. For all of the samples, creep shows anelastic behavior.

A CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR THE ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE OF LOW CYCLIC FATIGUE PROPERTY OF A NICKEL-BASE SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOY

Fully reversed low cyclic fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted on [0 0 1], [0 1 2], [(1) over bar 1 2], [0 1 1] and [(1) over bar 1 4] oriented single crystals of nickel-bared superalloy DD3 with different cyclic strain rates at 950 degrees C. The cyclic strain rates were chosen as 1.0 x 10(-2), 1.33 x 10(-3) and 0.33 x 10(-3) s(-1). The octahedral slip systems were confirmed to be activated on all the specimens. The experimental result shows that the fatigue behavior depends an the crystallographic orientation and cyclic strain rate. Except [0 0 1] orientation specimens, it is found from the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) examination that there are typical fatigue striations on the fracture surfaces. These fatigue striations are made up of cracks. The width of the fatigue striations depends on the crystallographic orientation and varies with the total strain range. A simple linear relationship exists between the width and total shear strain range modified by an orientation and strain rate parameter. The nonconformity to the Schmid law of tensile/compressive flaw stress and plastic behavior existed at 95 degrees C, and an orientation and strain rate modified Lall-Chin-Pope ( LCP) model was derived for the nonconformity. The influence of crysrallographic orientation and cyclic strain rate on the LCF behavior can be predicted satisfactorily by the model. In terms of an orientation and strain rate modified total strain range, a model for fatigue life was proposed and used successfully to correlate the fatigue lives studied.

Investigation on experimental method of low-impedance materials using modified Hopkinson pressure bar

To increase the detectability of split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） of low-impedance materials, modifications were conducted on traditional SHPB apparatus with a PMMA tube to output transmitted signal, and weak signals were further amplified by semiconductor strain gauges. Experiments on soft rubbers and cushioning foam materials were carried out. In order to analyze the accuracy of the experimental results, the stress equilibrium issues involved in the assumptions of SHPB were investigated. First, by way of re-constructing loading process of incident wave, the stress- strain curve was obtained, along with the stress equilibrium ratio of specimen. Secondly, the influences on the accuracy of stress-strain curves were investigated through the elastic modulus comparisons. And the results illustrate that the bilinear incident wave from experiments can ensure the stress equilibrium deformation of specimen after 2 normalized times, much sooner than ramp incident waves. Moreover, it even facilitates specimen deformation with a constant strain rate. The results confirm that the detectability of the modified SHPB can be down to tens kPa with enough accuracy level.

含钪超高强铝合金在应变速率10^(-3)s^(-1)下的热流变及动态再结晶行为

采用等温热压缩实验和电子背散射衍射分析技术,研究了Al-11.1Zn-2.3Mg-2.0Cu-0.05Sc合金在应变速率10^(-3)s^(-1),变形温度653~733 K条件下的热流变及动态再结晶行为,建立动态再结晶临界应力、临界应变、相对含量、晶粒平均尺寸的拟合方程。结果表明:相关特征参数的拟合方程可以较好地描述含钪铝合金在实验条件范围内的动态再结晶行为。变形温度的升高会增加晶粒内部的取向差,减弱晶粒沿法向的择优取向,有助于动态再结晶的发生。动态回复是含钪铝合金的主要软化机制。随着温度的变化,铝合金微观组织存在不连续动态、连续动态及几何动态三种再结晶机制。

低应变率冲击荷载下节理花岗岩的动力响应规律

岩体中节理面的存在是引起冲击应力波衰减的主要原因,会造成爆炸能量的衰减及降低爆破效果。为探讨低应变率下不同节理倾角花岗岩在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学性质、应力波传递规律和能量传递规律,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)试验装置对低应变率下3种不同冲击气压、4种不同倾角的节理花岗岩进行冲击试验。结果表明:(1)在含节理的岩样中,其峰值应力随节理倾角的增大呈下降趋势,随冲击荷载的增大呈上升趋势;(2)透射系数随节理倾角的增加先增大后减小,随冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大;(3)能量传递系数随节理倾角的增加先增高后降低,完整岩样、节理倾角θ=0º和45º的岩样,其能量传递系数都随着冲击荷载的增大而减小,而节理倾角θ=15º和30º的岩样,其能量传递系数随着冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大。

低应变率下NEPE推进剂“双屈服”特性及其粘-弹-塑性屈服模型

固体发动机全寿命周期中,推进剂药柱长期处于低应变率状态。为了分析硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂在低应变率下的屈服与损伤特性,开展了NEPE推进剂在低应变率(1.190×10^(-5)~2.381×10^(-2)s^(-1))下的单轴拉伸试验。研究表明,NEPE推进剂的应力-应变曲线呈“双屈服”态,最大抗拉强度、断裂强度随拉伸速率的下降而明显下降,但初始屈服点(“脱湿点”)与后继屈服点不受应变率的影响,两级屈服点应变近似保持一个稳定值,分别为13.5%和55.4%。因此,可将“脱湿点”应力视为推进剂的屈服强度。在此基础上,构建了NEPE推进剂粘-弹-塑性屈服模型,通过引入动屈服函数,建立了动屈服强度、粘塑性应变率与静屈服强度之间的关系。结合试验数据,NEPE推进剂静屈服强度为0.22 MPa。

低温纤维素降解菌假裸囊菌SDF-LT的分离、鉴定及其对玉米秸秆降解特性的研究

为筛选低温高效纤维素降解真菌,从河北省石家庄、邢台、唐山等地区的小麦-玉米轮作农田采集土壤39份作为分离样品。在10℃条件下,采用纤维素钠-刚果红培养基测定菌株透明圈大小;测定滤纸酶活性进行酶活性比较,最终筛选得到1株低温高效纤维素降解真菌SDF-LT,根据菌株形态学和ITS序列分析鉴定为假裸囊菌(Pseudogymnoascus)。采用自然低温条件下沙袋法测定菌株SDF-LT的秸秆降解能力,发现接种该菌株的玉米秸秆降解率在80 d时为42.67%,显著高于市售秸秆降解菌剂和空白对照。80 d时SDF-LT处理的玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量最少,分别为26.79%、28.52%、4.41%,显著低于常温秸秆降解菌剂和空白对照;采用扫描电镜观察秸秆的纤维结构发现,SDF-LT处理的秸秆纤维束结构断裂,纤维结构高度破坏。筛得的菌株SDF-LT为玉米秸秆的降解提供了菌种资源。

奥氏体转变温度以上变形时应变速率对低碳钢动态软化行为的影响

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,将一低碳微合金钢在Ac3温度以上(950℃)进行了4种不同的应变速率(10、7、3、1 s^(-1))的压缩变形,然后淬火处理。对高温变形的应力应变曲线用双微分法进行变换,发现材料变形过程中主要有两种软化机制,分别为动态相变和动态再结晶,随变形速率的增加,材料发生软化的两个临界应力呈线性升高的趋势;两个临界应变则随应变速率变化不大。用金相显微镜观察观察了材料淬火后的金相组织,发现材料内的Widmanstätten铁素体板条宽度随应变速率的增加而逐渐变细,多边形铁素体的数目随应变速率的增加而增加;Widmanstätten铁素体板条一般为平行或垂直关系,而垂直关系的Widmanstätten铁素体板条并不呈现严格的直角,而是偏离一定的角度。

聚丙烯复合材料动态力学性能及本构表征

为研究聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)复合材料的动态力学性能,进行了PP-TD20、PP+EPDM-TD20和PP-LGF203种材料在准静态和中应变率下的拉伸力学性能测试试验。试验结果表明,TD20和LGF20的加入分别将PP基体的强度极限提升约1倍和3.2倍,三元乙丙橡胶(ethylene propylene diene monomer,EPDM)在韧性方面起到显著增强作用,PP-TD20和PP+EPDM-TD20仍表现为韧性,而PP-LGF20改变为脆性材料。3种材料在弹性和塑性阶段均表现出较强的应变率敏感性,刚度、流动应力、屈服强度和强度极限随着应变率的增加而增大。采用修正的ZWT(Zhu-Wang-Tang)模型和修正的J-C(Johnson-Cook)模型构建几种材料的动态本构关系,识别模型参数,拟合的曲线与试验结果基本一致,表明这两种模型能够准确反映材料的动态力学行为。由修正的ZWT模型推广获得三维应力状态下的本构方程,编写VUMAT子程序,数值模拟得到的载荷-位移曲线与试验结果吻合较好,进一步表明了本构关系的有效性。

基于电磁加载的冲击测试方法及应用

针对国防军工和航空航天对材料、结构或产品进行冲击试验的广泛需求,以及现有冲击测试技术在加载速度、加载力、安全隐患及模式单一等方面存在的问题,提出了基于电磁加载的冲击测试方法,开发了电磁加载的冲击测试系统。电磁力驱动的冲击测试方法可针对不同的试验对象和不同试验要求,通过调整电源控制参数(主要是电容值和充电电压值)实现加载脉宽、载荷幅值及加载速度的精确调整和控制;通过改变电磁加载头方向便可实现拉伸-压缩试验的快速转换。此外,针对结构受复杂冲击加载的动态测试需求,基于电磁驱动的多轴多向加载可通过控制程序精准控制多驱动头同时放电,从而实现多轴多向同步加载,保证了作用于试件材料上的各向冲击载荷的同步性。因此,基于电磁加载的测试技术具有可控性好、重复性高、测试精度和试验效率高等优势,基于电磁加载的冲击测试解决了传统测试方法加载速度范围小、测试应变率范围有限、大加载力冲击测试难等难题,实现了冲击测试试验安全、稳定、可靠及更加精确的控制和测量。

Effects of Strain Rate on Low Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of High-Strength Structural Steel

The low cycle fatigue （LCF） behavior of a high-strength structural steel was investigated in the strain rate range of 4×10^-6 -0.12 s^-1 （0. 001-3 Hz） under constant total strain （±1%） control. The cyclic stress response at all strain rates exhibited behavior of rapid softening in the early stage of fatigue life and subsequent saturation up to failure. It was found that the stress amplitude, the plastic strain amplitude, the plastic strain energy density and the fatigue life depend mainly on the strain rate. The strain rate of 0. 012 s-1 was found as a transition point where the LCF of the steel showed different behavior from low strain rate to high strain rate. The relationship between the time to failure and strain rate was expressed well by a power law relation. The fracture surfaces of the fatigue sam-ples were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope （SEM） and the fracture mechanisms were discussed in terms of time-dependent deformation of the steel.

一种考虑应变率的复合材料动态压缩响应预测模型

本文提出一种考虑应变率效应的复合材料动态压缩响应预测模型,该模型基于人工神经网络,根据材料的弹性模量等属性参数即可预测其不同应变率下的动态压缩响应。建立了T300/QY8911预浸料制备的碳纤维增强复合材料高应变率压缩响应预测模型,预测了该材料应变率为517 s^(-1)、721 s^(-1)和1070 s^(-1)时的动态压缩响应,并开展试验,对预测结果进行了验证。结果表明,预测结果与试验结果吻合度较高,应力最大误差仅为-1.5856%,应变最大误差仅为1.7037%。

中低应变率加载条件下花岗岩尺寸效应的能量特征研究

能量相互转化过程的综合作用导致了岩石破坏,而其破坏的根本原因是岩石中储存的应变能的释放。对中低应变率加载条件下岩石尺寸效应能量特征的研究结果表明:花岗岩破坏时吸收的总能量U、弹性应变能U^e以及损伤应变能U^d均随试件尺寸的增长而降低;岩石强度与岩石中储存的能量有关,尤其与弹性储能有关,即弹性应变能愈高,岩石强度越大;试件长度由50mm变为125mm时,弹性储能逐渐降低,岩石破坏形态从劈裂破坏变为剪切破坏,大尺寸时局部化变形明显。能量是不同应变率加载条件下岩石破坏细微观及宏观特征存在差异的内在动力;亦是导致岩石强度存在尺寸效应的本质动因。

HTPB推进剂拉伸力学行为的应变速率相关超弹本构模型

为研究HTPB推进剂拉伸力学行为的应变速率相关性,采用万能试验机和液压试验机,在室温下开展了不同应变速率(1.2×10^(-4)~80s^(-1))的拉伸实验。结果表明:给定应变对应的应力随应变率对数双线性增加,1s^(-1)为双线性关系的转折点;随应变的减小,HTPB推进剂的应变率敏感性线性增强。在Mohotti建立的模型基础上,结合拉伸力学行为的双线性率相关特性及应变率敏感性的应变依赖性,提出改进的应变速率相关超弹本构模型。该模型以超弹性元件作为基础描述参考应变率下的力学行为,率相关元件乘入超弹性元件描述率相关特性。模型预测与实验曲线对比表明:所提出的率相关超弹本构模型能够描述HTPB推进剂在1.2×10^(-4)~80s^(-1)应变率、30%应变范围内的拉伸力学行为。

中应变率下材料动态拉伸关键参数测试方法

通过高速液压伺服材料试验机进行金属材料的中等应变率动态拉伸力学性能测试。为获取精确的动态拉伸载荷数据,提出了一种拉伸载荷的间接测量方法,在不改变试验机原有结构的情况下,解决了试验机自带载荷传感器测试数据在塑性段振荡导致材料真正动力学行为被掩盖的问题;通过数字图像相关的非接触测量方式进行动态拉伸应变的测量。实验验证表明,提出的载荷和应变测试方法可实现金属材料动态拉伸试验中的力学性能参数测试。

PMMA低、中应变率单向拉伸力学性能的实验研究

利用MTS810试验机和自行研制的中应变率材料试验机对有机玻璃(PMMA)准静态(应变率为2.00×10-2s-1,2.01×10-3s-1和2.38×10-4s-1)和中应变率(应变率为18.6s-1,2.81s-1,6.54×10-1s-1和2.92×10-1s-1)单向拉伸力学性能进行了实验研究。应变率为2.38×10-4s-1时,应力-应变曲线中存在软化段。结果显示,在上述应变率范围内,PMMA的力学性能具有明显的应变率相关性,表现为应变率强化、应变率硬化和高速脆性。PMMA的拉伸力学性能在应变率达到18.6s-1时出现了更大的应变率敏感性。采用包含一个非线性弹簧和六个松弛模式的粘弹性模型分析PMMA力学性能的应变率相关性,得到PMMA在低、中应变率下单向拉伸的本构方程,理论结果与实验结果符合较好。