Utilizing Water Treatment Residuals for Phosphorus Removal:Batch Trials,Column Trials and Effects of Three Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids

Phosphorus( P) has been recognized as a major limited nutrient responsible for the eutrophication of surface waters. Water treatment residuals( WTRs) are safe by-products of water treatment plants and are cost-efficient adsorbents. In this study, batch experiments and column experiments based on WTRs were employed to study the characteristics of P adsorption and the effects of lowmolecular-weight organic acids( LMWOAs)( citric acid, oxalic acid,and tartaric acid) on P adsorption. Different models of adsorption were used to describe equilibrium and kinetic data. The adsorption data were fitted well by a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption process was determined to be controlled by three steps of diffusion mechanisms through the intra-particle model.The adsorption equilibrium was well described by the Langmuir,Freundlich,Redlich-Peterson,and Sips isotherm models. Batch and continuous flow experiments indicated that the LMWOAs exhibited inhibitory action,and as pH increased,the inhibitory action became weaker for all the three acids. The effect of LMWOAs concentration was not significant on inhibition. The effects of LMWOAs were closely related to reaction time.

STRUCTURE,MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND BIOACTIVITIES OF(1→3)-β-D-GLUCANS AND ITS SULFATED DERIVATIVES FROM FOUR KINDS OF LENTINUS EDODES

Lentinan samples,(1→3)-β-D-glucans containing 4.6-15.2 wt% proteins,coded as L-I_1 L-I_2 L-I_3 and L-I_4(L-I)were isolated from four kinds of Lentinus edodes.These glucans were treated with acetone to remove the protein in orderto obtain free protein glucans coded as LNP-I_1,LNP-I_2.LNP-I_3 and LNP-I_4(LNP-I).The free-protein polysaccharideswere sulfated to give derivatives(S-LNP-I)with degree of substitution(DS)from 0.4-0.8.The structural features andweight-average molecular weight(M_w)of the samples were investigated by using infrared spectroscopy,elemental analysis,^(13)C-NMR,size exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering(SEC-LLS)and viscometry.The effects ofstructure and conformation of the polysaccharides on antitumor activities were assayed in vivo(Sarcoma 180 solid tumors)and in vitro(Sarcoma 180,HL-60,MCF-7 and Vero tumors).The results indicated that the predominant species of thesamples L-I and LNP-I in 0.2 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution existed as triple-helical chains with high rigidity and in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)as single-flexible chains.Interestingly,the antitumor activities of LNP-I are lower than those of the nativeglucans(L-I),whereas their sulfated derivatives have higher inhibition ratio against Sarcoma 180 than LNP-I.The resultsreveal that the binding of protein,sulfated modification and the triple helix conformation are important factors in theenhancement of the antitumor activities of polysaccharides on the whole.

Characteristics and distribution of low molecular weight organic acids in the sediment porewaters in Bosten Lake, China

The composition and vertical profiles of low molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） and the contribution of them to dissolved organic matter （DOM） in sediment porewaters in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China were investigated. The results showed that total concentration of LMWOAs was up to 94.5 μmol/L and their proportion in DOM was 5.6%, suggesting that LMWOAs were important chemical components in DOM in lake sediment porewaters. Among the seven LMWOAs, pyruvic and acetic acid had the highest concentrations with 26.30 and 8.31 μmol/L, accounting for 51.4% and 14.92% of LMWOAs, respectively. Trifluoroacetic and sorbic acid had the lowest concentrations, indicating that the compositions of LMWOAs in relative reducing environments were largely different from those reported in glacier, atmosphere and soils. The concentrations of lactic, acetic, formic, sorbic and oxalic acid decreased with increasing depth, probably relating to stronger microbial activities in the initial stage of early diagenesis. Trifluoroacetic acid was mainly anthropogenic with its concentration, showing a diusive trend from the surface to bottom sediments. The concentrations of lactic acid and nitrate generally showed a consistent profile. The increasing concentration of pyruvic acid in the vertical profile was just opposite to that of sulfate, revealing a significant negative relationship between them. Oxalic acid remained constant except for an obvious peak at 6 cm depth. The results indicated the diversities in sources and behaviors for various LMWOAs during early diagenesis in sediments.

Comparison of Low Stress Mechanical Properties of Light Weight Wool and Wool Blend Fabrics using the KES-F and FAST Instruments

This study compares the test results of the FAST (Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing) with those of the KES - F (Kawabata Evaluation Systems for Fabrics) for a range of nineteen light weight wool and wool blend fabrics in terms of the low - stress mechanical properties of bending, shear, and tensile deformation. It is found that there are very significant correlations between the corresponding parameters for extensibility and shear rigidity obtained from the test results of the two systems. The correlation between the values of bending rigidity obtained from the two systems is only moderate. Furthermore, for the fabrics tested in this study, the values of bending rigidity, shear rigidity, and extensibility measured using the KES - F instruments are higher than those of the corresponding parameters measured using the FAST instruments. The linear regression equation is given for each pair of corresponding parameter.

Manufacturing of Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Reinforced Tape and the Loss of Strength

Due to the low density and excellent mechanical proper-ties,high performance fiber reinforced materials have aconsiderable application in the area of high technologyand dally usage.In this paper,the Ultra-high Molecu-lar Weight Polyethylene(UHMWPE)fiber reinforcedPE tape prepared with the method of powder impregnat-ion was studied.The effect of impregnate length and thetensile force of the yarn on the fiber content as well as on the strength and modulus of the tape were discussed.Calculation shows that the strength and the modulus ofthe ULMWPE fiber can keep about 85％ after it undergothe process.

Preparation of High Molecular Weight Poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone)(85-15)

Poly（L-lactide-co-caprolactone）（85-15）[P（LLA-CL）（85-15）] was synthesized from high purity L-lactide and e-caprolactone using tin octoate as initiator by ring-opening polymerization, and characterized by infrared spectrum and IH-NMR spectrum. The synthesized P（LLA-CL）（85-15） is a random copolymer. The influences of polymerization temperature, polymerization time, dosage of initiator and polymerization pressure on the weight average molecular weight and the polydispersity index of P（LLA-CL）（85-15） were investigated. The optimum preparation conditions of P（LLA-CL）（85-15） are： the polymerization pressure is less than 0.5 Pa, the polymerization temperature is 130 ~C, the n（M）/n（I） ratio is 8 000/1, and the polymerization time is 36 h. Under the condition, the weight-average molecular weight of prepared P（LLA-CL）（85-15） is 65.6x 104, and molecular weight distribution coefficient is 1.15.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Organic Acids in Two Late-blooming Rhododendron Species

[Objectives]The spatial distribution characteristics of organic acids in two late-blooming Rhododendron species(Rhododendron decorum and Rhododendron stamineum)in Guizhou Baili Rhododendron National Forest Park were explored,in order to provide reference for exploring the plant-soil relationship of subtropical forest.[Methods]The fresh leaf,stem,root,litter,humus and soil samples of R.decorum and R.stamineum were collected.The contents of eight low molecular weight organic acids including oxalic acid,tartaric acid,malic acid,citric acid,acetic acid,lactic acid,succinic acid and formic acid were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).[Results]Oxalic acid is the main organic acid in the two species of Rhododendron.Among different samples,the content of organic acids was in the following order:root>fresh leaf>humus>litter>stem>soil.[Conclusions]The content of organic acids in the root was significantly higher than that in other parts.The types of organic acids in stems were the least.

小分子有机酸对恒电荷土壤胶体Pb^(2+)吸附-解吸的影响

供试土壤胶体对Pb2 + 吸附及吸附态Pb2 + 的解吸等温线均符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温式 .吸附常数Ka 值大小为土娄土 >黄绵土 >黑垆土 >黄褐土 ,其大小次序与表面总电荷密度σ0 大小一致 ,表明了各土壤胶体对Pb2 + 吸附强度的大小 .在小分子有机酸作用下 ,吸附量降低 ,吸附亲和力增加 ,柠檬酸的影响大于草酸的影响 ;解吸后残留Pb2 + 吸附常数Kd 值的大小基本为土娄土 >黄褐土 >黑垆土 >黄绵土 ,反映了解吸残留Pb2 + 吸附强度的大小 ,与各土壤胶体有机质和游离氧化铁含量有关 .在NaNO3 和草酸溶液中 ,吸附 解吸等温线相距较远 ,吸附 解吸之间存在着滞后性 ;在柠檬酸作用下 ,吸附 解吸等温线基本接近 ,二者之间具有一定的可逆性 .

UV-B辐射对元阳梯田水稻根系LMWOAs分泌量和根际微生物数量的影响

在元阳梯田地方水稻品种——白脚老粳的拔节孕穗期、抽穗扬花期和成熟期,通过小区实验研究不同UV-B辐射强度(0、5.0、10.0 k J·m^(-2))对水稻根系低分子量有机酸(LMWOAs)分泌量和根际7个类群微生物数量的影响,并对水稻LMWOAs分泌量和根际微生物数量进行相关分析。结果表明:UV-B辐射增强导致水稻根系草酸和琥珀酸分泌量增加,酒石酸和苹果酸分泌量下降。水稻根际细菌、真菌、自生固氮菌、纤维分解菌、无机磷细菌和钾细菌的数量均在成熟期最大,拔节孕穗期次之,抽穗扬花期最小;但放线菌数量在拔节孕穗期最大,抽穗扬花期次之,成熟期最小。UV-B辐射增强不改变根际微生物数量随生育期进程的动态变化规律,但导致水稻根际7个类群微生物的数量显著或极显著增加。水稻根系草酸分泌量与根际自生固氮菌、纤维分解菌数量呈显著正相关,琥珀酸分泌量与自生固氮菌数量呈显著正相关,与细菌、真菌、纤维分解菌、无机磷细菌和钾细菌数量呈极显著正相关。综上可知UV-B辐射增强影响大田水稻根际微生物的数量,与其改变水稻根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量密切相关。

低分子量有机酸对二氯喹啉酸在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用高效液相色谱仪及批量平衡试验方法,研究了乙酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、草酸、丁二酸和柠檬酸6种低分子量有机酸对麻沙泥和第四纪红土红壤吸附-解吸二氯喹啉酸的影响。结果表明:低分子量有机酸可推迟二氯喹啉酸在土壤中的吸附平衡时间,其吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学方程描述。Linear和Freundlich方程能较好地拟合二氯喹啉酸在供试两种土壤中的吸附等温线;二氯喹啉酸在麻沙泥中的吸附能力(lg Kf值)从大到小依次为苹果酸>柠檬酸>草酸=乙酸>丁二酸>酒石酸,在第四纪红土红壤中为苹果酸>丁二酸>乙酸>草酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸;低分子量有机酸浓度对二氯喹啉酸解吸的影响因有机酸种类和供试土壤的不同而差异较大,6种供试有机酸均促进了第四纪红土红壤对二氯喹啉酸的解吸,且其解吸率均明显高于麻沙泥对二氯喹啉酸的解吸率,但在麻沙泥中呈现不同的影响模式。

胶州湾近岸沉积物中五氯酚钠的吸附-解析研究

通过PCP-Na在胶州湾近岸沉积物中的吸附解析实验,研究了离子化有机污染物PCP-Na的吸附解析特征和动力学模型,并考察了低分子有机酸的影响。结果表明胶州湾近岸沉积物中PCP-Na的吸附解析过程可分为三个阶段,双常数速率方程能较好地描述吸附过程和解析过程,相关系数的平均值分别为0.9346和0.9429。沉积物中有机质含量越高,吸附量越大。3种低分子有机酸不同程度地抑制沉积物中PCP-Na的解析量,其抑制的大小顺序为:柠檬酸>草酸>酒石酸。

浸入式三相液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法对饮料中7种有机酸的同时测定

建立了一种利用三相液相微萃取（LPME）技术进行样品前处理、高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定饮料中酒石酸、甲酸、乙酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸7种低相对分子质量有机酸的分析方法。考察了萃取溶剂、搅拌速率、盐效应、萃取时间、接收相和给出相pH值等因素对萃取效率的影响。优化后的实验条件：磷酸三丁酯（TBP）为萃取剂,萃取速率为1 000 r/min,萃取时间为35 min,给出相pH为2.5,接收相pH为12.0。该方法在较宽线性范围内显示了良好的线性关系（r〉0.993 6）,检出限（S/N=3）为10.4-54.2μg/L,相对标准偏差小于4.8%。7种有机酸的富集倍数为13.3-51.4,样品的加标回收率为85%-103%。该方法操作简单、快速,只需使用极少量的有机溶剂,具有绿色环保的特点,可用于果汁饮料、红茶饮料及基质特别复杂的牛奶饮料中低分子量有机酸的测定,为分析复杂基质样品提供了有益的参考。

低相对分子质量有机酸对无机纳米颗粒吸附-解吸Ca^(2+)的影响

为了探讨低相对分子质量有机酸对无机纳米颗粒吸附-解吸Ca2+的影响,采用超声-离心-冻融方法提取蒙山茶园老冲积黄壤的无机纳米颗粒(≤100 nm),用热力学方法和NaNO3、HCl溶液解吸法,分别研究了柠檬酸、苹果酸、草酸3种低相对分子质量有机酸对土壤无机纳米颗粒吸附-解吸Ca2+的影响。结果表明,土壤无机纳米颗粒对Ca2+的吸附量均随平衡溶液Ca2+质量浓度增加而增加。加入柠檬酸、苹果酸后,土壤无机纳米颗粒对Ca2+的吸附量变化趋势相似,而加入草酸后吸附量变化趋势不同。土壤无机纳米颗粒对Ca2+吸附量依次递减的各柠檬酸添加组为0.1 mmol/L、0.5 mmol/L、1 mmol/L、CK、5 mmol/L、10 mmol/L,各草酸添加组为CK、0.1 mmol/L、0.5 mmol/L、1 mmol/L、5 mmol/L、10 mmol/L。低浓度的柠檬酸和苹果酸能够提高非专性吸附态Ca2+的解吸,而草酸和高浓度的柠檬酸、苹果酸能够提高专性吸附态Ca2+的解吸。

A review of environmental characteristics and effects of low-molecular weight organic acids in the surface ecosystem

Low molecular weight organic acids （LMWOAs） are prevalent on the earth＇s surface. They are vital intermediate products during metabolic pathways of organic matter and participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle during life activities. Photochemical reactions are pivotal for LMWOAs＇ origination and play a large role in determining their diversity and their ultimate fate. Within the long time that organic matter is preserved in sediments, it can be decomposed and converted to release organic and inorganic pollutants as well as C, N, and P nutrients, which are of potential ecological risk in causing secondary pollution to lake water. The sediment pool is a comprehensive and complex compartment closely associated with overlying water by various biochemical processes, during which LMWOAs play critical roles to transport and transform elements. This article elucidates geochemical behaviors of LMWOAs in the surface environment in details, taking natural water, soil, and aerosol as examples, focusing on reviewing research developments on sources and characteristics, migration and mineralization of LMWOAs and relevant environmental effects. Simultaneously, this review article depicts the categories and contents of LMWOAs or their contribution to DOC in environmental media, and evaluates their importance during organic matter early diagenesis. Through concluding and discussing the conversion mechanisms and influencing factors, the next research orientations on LMWOAs in lake ecosystems are determined, mainly concerning relationships with hydrochemical parameters and microorganisms, and interactions with pollutants. This will enrich the knowledge on organic matter degradation and related environmental effects, and help reconstruct a theoretical framework for organic compound succession and influencing factors, providing basic data for lake eutrophication and ecological risk assessment, conducive to better control over water pollution and proper management of water quality.

Identification of a novel seed size associated locus SW9-1 in soybean

Seed size is one of the vital traits determining seed appearance, quality, and yield. Untangling the genetic mechanisms regulating soybean 100-seed weight (100-SW), seed length and seed width across environments may provide a theoretical basis for improving seed yield. However, there are few reports related to QTL mapping of 100-SW across multiple ecological regions. In this study, 21 loci associated with seed size traits were identified using a genome-wide association of 5361 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across three ecoregions in China, which could explain 8.12%–14.25% of the phenotypic variance respectively. A new locus, named as SW9-1 on chromosome 9 that explained 10.05%–10.93% of the seed weight variance was found significantly related to seed size traits, and was not previously reported. The selection effect analysis showed that SW9-1 locus has a relatively high phenotypic effect (13.67) on 100-SW, with a greater contribution by the accessions with bigger seeds (3.69) than the accessions with small seeds (1.66). Increases in seed weight were accompanied by increases in the frequency of SW9-1T allele, with >90% of the bred varieties with a 100-SW >30 g carrying SW9-1T. Analysis of SW9-1 allelic variation in additional soybean accessions showed that SW9-1T allele accounting for 13.83% of the wild accessions, while in 46.55% and 51.57% of the landraces and bred accessions, respectively, this results indicating that the SW9-1 locus has been subjected to artificial selection during the early stages of soybean breeding, especially the utilization of SW9-1T in edamame for big seed. These results suggest that SW9-1 is a novel and reliable locus associated with seed size traits, and might have an important implication for increasing soybean seed weight in molecular design breeding. Cloning this locus in future may provide new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying soybean seed size traits.

Temporal and spatial variations of low-molecular-weight organic acids in Dianchi Lake, China

Low-molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） in eutrophic lake water of Dianchi, Southwestern China Plateau were investigated diurnally and vertically using ion chromatography. Two profiles （P1 and P2） were studied due to the difference of hydrochemical features. Lactic, formic, pyruvic and oxalic acid were detected as major components at P1 and P2 which were on average 7.98 and 6.53 ~tmol/L, respectively, corresponding to their proportions of 2.68% and 2.48% relative to DOC. Pyruvic acid was regarded as the uppermost species at P1 and P2, reaching up to 3.82 and 3.35 μmol/L and accounting for 47.9% and 51.3%, respectively, in individual TOA. Although humus were of biogenetic production at both sites, the significant negative correlation between diurnal variations of TOAs, fluorescence intensity （FI） of protein-like components and humic-like components at P1 indicated LMWOAs were greatly originated from bacterioplankton excretion and degradation. However, correlations between diurnal variations of humic-like FI and physicochemical parameters demonstrated algal origination of LMWOAs at P2. Although content of humus was high, TOA at P2 was 1.45 ~tmol/L lower than that at P1, due to the co-influence of more intense photo-oxidation and aggregation at P2. Therefore, TOAs exhibited quite opposite diurnal variation trends of increasing-decreasing and decreasing-increasing at P1 and P2, respectively. Except for impact of solar radiation, bacterial decomposition and assimilation rendered shifts of maximal LMWOAs along water column at P1. Covering with massive algae, UV rays penetrated shallower depth that LMWOAs assembled in surface layer water before 18：00 at P2 and represented decreasing profiles.

低分子量有机酸对δ-MnO_(2)吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响研究

制备并表征了δ-MnO_(2),研究了不同实验条件下柠檬酸(CA)、草酸(OA)、乳酸(LA)、水杨酸(SA)等四种低分子质量有机酸(LMWs)对δ-MnO_(2)吸附As (Ⅲ)的影响。结果表明,无论是单一的LMW还是混合LMWs对δ-MnO_(2)吸附As (Ⅲ)都产生一定的抑制作用。单一LMW对δ-MnO_(2)吸附As (Ⅲ)的影响顺序为:CA> OA,LA>SA;混合LMWs的影响为:SA和OA会加剧CA对δ-MnO_(2)吸附As (Ⅲ)的抑制作用。这可能与LMWs的结构和As(Ⅲ)的初始浓度有关,当As (Ⅲ)的初始浓度较低时,LMWs通过与δ-MnO_(2)发生静电作用、与材料表面游离Mn^(2+)发生络合反应抑制δ-MnO_(2)吸附As (Ⅲ);当As (Ⅲ)浓度较高时,LMWs阻碍As (Ⅲ)扩散到δ-MnO_(2)的表面微孔结构中,同时也会抑制As (Ⅲ)与游离的Mn^(2+)形成沉淀。研究成果在一定程度上为土壤中As (Ⅲ)的迁移、转化及污染修复提供技术支撑。

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake,China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids （LMWOAs） were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter （DOM） in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs （lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid） were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime （10：00-18：00 on Jun 13, 2008） than nighttime （21：00-6：00 the next morning）, in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion （ 1 m water depth）, reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs＇ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid （TOA） up until 18：00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion （〉1 m water depth）. Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials＇ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs＇ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids （including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate） in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823pmol＇g-1, with an average of 0.912p.mol.gL The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.2124-0.089, 0.3024-0.228, 0.301-4-0.214, 0.014zk0.018 and 0.086＋0.118 pmol.g-% respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchange- able Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively corre- lated with inorganic anions （chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates） in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concen- trations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.